Tillage

1: Introduction And Types & Effects

of tillage.
2: Modern Concept on Tillage.
 Tillage
1: Introduction 2: Modern
And Types of Concept on
tillage Tillage.
 Introduction of
Tillage

• Definition
• Types Of Tillage
• Effects Of Tillage
• Weed Control Methods
Definition of Tillage:

Tillage: Tillage is the agricultural preparation of Soil by The

ploughing or mechanical manipulation of soil and
preparing soil for seed to sow, cultivate and raise crops by
providing good condition of soil for seed germination,
seedling establishment and growth of crops.

Tillage is the agricultural preparation of Soil by

mechanical operation of various types, such as digging,
stirring, and overturning.

"cultivation" or "cultivating" may refer to selective

secondary tillage of row crops fields that kills weeds while
sparing the crop plants.
 Introduction
Tillage: Tillage is the agricultural preparation of Soil by The ploughing or mechanical
manipulation of soil and preparing soil for seed to sow, cultivate and raise crops by
providing good condition of soil for seed germination, seedling establishment and
growth of crops.
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of Soil by mechanical operation of various
types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.
"cultivation" or "cultivating" may refer to selective secondary tillage of row
crops fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.
Tilth: The good physical condition of soil for crop growth obtained after tillage.
Q: The agricultural preparation of Soil by mechanical operation of various types,
such as digging, stirring, and overturning soil for seed germination, seedling
establishment and growth of crops. Is called?
A:Tillage.
B: Tilth.
C: Cultivation.
D:other.
Answer:A:Tillage.
Q: The agricultural preparation of Soil by
mechanical operation of various types, such as
digging, stirring, and overturning soil for seed
germination, seedling establishment and growth of
crops. Is called?
A:Tillage.
B: Tilth.

C: Cultivation.
D: other.
Answer : A:Tillage
• Q: the cultivation in narrow sense refer to
which type of tillage of row crops fields that
kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.?
• A: Primary tillage.
• B: Secondary Tillage.
• C:Conservation Tillage.
• D:ploughung.
• Answer: B: Secondary Tillage.
Q: the cultivation in narrow sense refer
to which type of tillage of row
crops fields that kills weeds while
sparing the crop plants.?
A: Primary tillage.
B: Secondary Tillage.
C:Conservation Tillage.
D:ploughung.
Answer : B: Secondary Tillage
 Types of tillage
Types of Tillage:
1: primary tillage or preparatory tillage.
2: Secondary tillage
• primary tillage or preparatory tillage.
• Breaking, opening and turning of soil for seed bed preparation . It is called primary plough .
• What is seed bed?

• Seed bed is formation of soil ideal for crop growth also called soil in good tilth.

• Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest, when the soil is wet enough to allow plowing but also
allows good traction. Some soil types can be plowed dry. The objective of primary tillage is to attain a reasonable
depth of soft soil, incorporate crop residues, kill weeds, and to aerate the soil.

• It implements Deshi plough,

• Ridge plough which includes Earthing up and forming ridges and furrows in soil ,
• Disk plough which is Deep Plough including harrowing action with rotating steel
discs
etc.
• Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to
produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops. Harrowing and
rototiing often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.
• Secondary tillage is any subsequent tillage, in order to incorporate
fertilizers, reduce the soil to a finer tilth, level the surface, or
control weeds

• Secondary tillage: It is done after primary tillage is over.

• It is actually creating good seedbed for proper planting.
• It implements cultivators, Harrows, Planker, Roller etc.
• Primary tillage loosens the soil and mixes in fertilizer or plant
material, resulting in soil with a rough texture.
• Secondary tillage produces finer soil and sometimes shapes the
rows, preparing the seed bed. It also provides weed control
throughout the growing season during the maturation of the crop
plants.
• After primary tillage , soil condition will be which type of texture?
• A: finer soil texture.
• B: rough soil texture.
• C: Intermediate soil texture.
• D: other.
• Answer : B: rough soil texture.

• After secondary tillage , soil condition will be which type of texture?

• A: finer soil texture.
• B: rough soil texture.
• C: Intermediate soil texture.
• D: other.
• Answer : A: finer soil texture.
Q: After primary tillage , soil
condition will be which type
of texture?
A: finer soil texture.
B: rough soil texture.
C: Intermediate soil texture.
D: other.
Answer : B: rough soil texture..
Q: After secondary tillage ,
soil condition will be which
type of texture?
A: finer soil texture.
B: rough soil texture.
C: Intermediate soil texture.
D: other.
Answer : A: finer soil texture.
 Weed Control
The tillage kills the weeds via 2 mechanisms: 1:uprooting them
2: burying their leaves
or a combination of both.
Weed control both prevents the crop plants from being outcompeted by the weeds
(for water and sunlight) and prevents the weeds from reaching their seed stage,
thus reducing future weed population aggressiveness.

Q: The tillage kills the weeds and prevents the crop plants from being outcompeted by
the weeds and prevents the weeds from reaching their seed stage, thus reducing
future weed population . What are the mechanisms of weed control by tillage?
A:uprooting them
B: burying their leaves
C:Adding Fertilizers .
D: Both A And B.
Answer: D: Both A And B.
Q: The tillage kills the weeds and prevents the crop
plants from being outcompeted by the weeds and
prevents the weeds from reaching their seed stage,
thus reducing future weed population . What are
the mechanisms of weed control by tillage?

A:uprooting them
B: burying their leaves
C:Adding Fertilizers .
D: Both A And B.
Answer: D: Both A And B. .
 Effects of tillage

• Positive
• Plowing: Loosens and aerates the top layer of soil or horizon A,
which facilitates planting the crop.
• Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients
evenly into the soil.
• Mechanically destroys weeds.
• Dries the soil before seeding
• Q: Which of the following mechanism is used to destroy weeds in
agriculture land?
• A: Irrigation.
• B: Adding Fertilizers.
• C:Tillage.
• D:Other.
• Answer : C:Tillage.
• Negative
• Soil loses nutrients , like nitrogen and fertilizer, and its ability to store water.
• Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil. Results in more runoff and erosion since the soil absorbs water more
slowly than before
• Tilling the soil results in dislodging the cohesiveness of the soil particles thereby inducing erosion.
• Chemical runoff.
• Reduces organic matter in the soil.
• Reduces microbes, earthworms, ants, etc.
• Destroys soil aggregates.
• Compaction of the soil, also known as a tillage pan.
• Eutrophication (nutrient runoff into a body of water).
• Can attract slugs, cut worms, army worms, and harmful insects to the leftover residues.
• Crop diseases can be harbored in surface residues.
• Which of the following is not the negative effect that arise after tillage in Agriculture land?
• A:it Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil.
• B: it induces erosion and Chemical runoff.
• C:Eutrophication or nutrient runoff.

• D: Destroys Weed.
• Answer:D: Destroys Weed.
Which of the following is not the negative
effect that arise after tillage in Agriculture
land?

A:it Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil.

B: it induces erosion and Chemical runoff.

C:Eutrophication or nutrient runoff.

D: Destroys Weed.

Answer:D: Destroys Weed.

Q: Which of the following mechanism is
used to destroy weeds in agriculture land?
.

A: Irrigation.
B: Adding Fertilizers.
C:Tillage.
D:Other.
Answer : C:Tillage
 Modern Concepts on Tillage
• Modern Tillage concepts:
• 1Minimum Tillage.
• 2Zero Tillage.
• 3Conservation Tillage.
• 4: Intensive farming (introduction of herbicides)
• Intensive tillage
• In intensive farming , depth of tillage is reduced . In primary tillage plough is replaced with
cultivator . It is done on heavy soils. Elimination of tillage is accompanied by direct drilling of seed.
• Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% crop residue cover of small grain residue. Intensive tillage
often involves multiple operations with implements such as a mold board, disk, and/or chisel plow .
After this, a finisher with a harrow , rolling basket, and cutter can be used to prepare the seed bed.

• What is amount of crop residue cover of small grain residue in the Intensive tillage ?

• A: less than 15% .

• B: 25% to 35%.
• C: 35% to 40%.
• D: more than 50%.

• Answer: A: less than 15% .

 Modern
1: Minimum 2 : Zero 3: 4: Intensive
Tillage
Tillage. Tillage. Conservation farming
operations:
Tillage.
• Minimum Tillage:
• only that tillage is used which is necessary for placing seed at proper depth and covering them. By
omitting operations that are not necessary and that don’t benefit .tillage is done only for seed bed
preparation. 30-50% crop residues are placed on soil surface,
• Tillage with both combination of seedling and tillage at a time.
• It includes decomposition of plant residue or organic residue on soil surface due to which soil
condition is improved.
• Disadv.: Seed germination is lower.
• More nitrogen is required to be added as decomposition of organic matter is low.
• Continuous use of herbicides is necessary which causes pollution.
• Types:
• Row-zone tillage.(primary tillage with MB plough and secondary tillage in only row zones)
• Plough plant tillage.( Special planter is run over the field )
• Wheel track tillage.(Tractor is used for sowing and wheels of tractor pulverizes row zone)
• Reduced tillage[edit]
• Plough tilling the field
• Reduced tillage[note 1] leaves between 15 and 30% crop residue cover on the soil or 500 to 1000
pounds per acre (560 to 1100 kg/ha) of small grain residue during the critical erosion period. This
may involve the use of a chisel plow, field cultivators, or other implements.
• Zero tillage:( it is reffered to as no tillage and crop is planted on
unprepared soil )
• Primary tillage is completely avoided.
• Secondary tillage is restricted to seedbed preparation in row zone only.
• It keeps 50-100% residue on soil surface.
• Herbicides like paraquant and glyphosate are used before sowing.
• No-till – Never use a plow, disk, etc. ever again. Aims for 100% ground
cover.
• Till planting is adopted in zero tillage.
• Till planting has 4 operations:
• 1:cleaning the crop row.
• 2:opening of soil for seed insertion.
• 3:placing seed.
• 4:covering the seed.
• All these functions are accomplished in one operation.
• Rotational Tillage – Tilling the soil every two years or less often (every other year, or every third
year, etc.).[7]
Zone tillage:.
• Strip-Till – Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows
untilled.[7]
Zone tillage is a form of modified deep tillage in which only narrow strips are tilled, leaving soil in
between the rows untilled. This type of tillage agitates the soil to help reduce soil
compaction problems and to improve internal soil drainage.It is designed to only disrupt the soil in
a narrow strip directly below the crop row. When combined with cover crops, zone tillage helps
replace lost organic matter, slows the deterioration of the soil, improves soil drainage, increases soil
water and nutrient holding capacity, and allows necessary soil organisms to survive.
• Which of the following type of tillage is used in which only narrow strips are tilled, leaving soil in
between the rows untilled that help reduce soil compaction problems and to improve internal soil
drainage ?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: zone tillage.
• Answer: D: zone tillage.
• Conservation Tillage:
• Aka stubble mulch tillage., Reduced Tillage or Eco follow tillage
• Mulch-till - Soil is covered with mulch to conserve heat and moisture. 100% soil
disturbance.
• It is used for conservation of soil from erosion and prevention of soil moisture.
• It is the method of putting organic residue on the surface of soil as a protective
cover against soil erosion and protection of evaporation loss of soil moisture.
• Conservation tillage[edit]
• Conservation tillage[note 1] leaves at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface,
• of small grain residue on the surface during the critical soil erosion period. This
slows water movement, which reduces the amount of soil erosion. Additionally,
conservation tillage has been found to benefit predatory arthropods that can
enhance pest control.[4] Conservation tillage also benefits farmers by reducing fuel
consumption and soil compaction.
• These types of tillages such as Row-zone tillage, Plough plant tillage, Wheel track tillage
• Are example of ?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Which tillage is implemented with cultivators, harrows , plankers etc for actually creating good
seedbed for proper planting?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• B::Secondary tillage
• Which of the following tillage is used when cost benefit is necessary for omitting certain
operations?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• D: Minimum Tillage.

• Which tillage implements ridge plough and disk plough for Breaking, opening and turning of soil for
seed bed preparation ?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• A: : primary tillage .
• Which of the following type of tillage is used when crop is planted on
unprepared soil?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• C:Zero Tillage.
• Which of the following type of tillage is used for conservation of soil from
erosion and prevention of soil moisture.?
• A: : Conservation Tillage.
• B:: stubble mulch tillage
• C: Reduced Tillage or Eco follow tillage.
• D: All.
• Answer: D: All.
• In Which of the following type of tillage Primary tillage is completely avoided.
• Secondary tillage is restricted to seedbed preparation in row zone only.
• ?
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• C:Zero Tillage.

• The good physical condition of soil for crop growth obtained after tillage is called?
• A: Tilth.
• B: Disc Plough.
• C:Harrows.
• D:Plankes.
• Answer:A: Tilth.
• Which of the following tillage implements perform harrowing action
with rotating steel
discs?
A. Cultivator
B. Blade harrow
C. Disc Harrow
D. Hooked harrow
E. None of the above
Answer: C
Direct drilling of seed by eliminating tillage is done in which type of
farming?
• A:Organic Farming.
• B : Intensive farming .
• C: Precision Farming.
• D: None.
• Answer : B : Intensive farming .
 Till planting
• Till planting with 4 operations: 1:cleaning the
crop row. 2:opening of soil for seed insertion.
3:placing seed. 4:covering the seed accomplished
in one operation is adopted in which tillage?.
• A: : primary tillage .
• B::Secondary tillage
• C:Zero Tillage.
• D: Minimum Tillage.
• Answer:
• C:Zero Tillage.