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How can you store data forever?

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Larye Parkins, Building, troubleshooting, and repairing computers since ‘65

Answered October 31, 2020

Originally Answered: What is the best way to store data for the long term?
Off-line storage has a limited shelf life due to both media aging and technology obsolescence. The volume
of data has rapidly outpaced write-once/read many storage solutions like optical storage media (CDs, less
than 1 GB, DVDs, less than 5 GB), though the media itself is inexpensive, it is time-consuming to copy an
archive onto multiple individual disks, and a technical issue if a file needs to span multiple media. And,
since the optical devices are relatively slow, running a periodic integrity check is time-consuming. Optical
media has a fairly long shelf-life, but, with the trend toward cloud storage, many systems, especially
notebooks, no longer come equipped with an optical drive.

USB hard drives are relatively inexpensive now, and are available in multi-terabyte capacities for $100-$150
USD, and 1–2 TB capacities for $50–$100 USD. Hard drives have a useful life of 5–10 years, so the best
way to keep data long term is to back it up one one or more media platforms and refresh it from time to
time, copying from old media to new. This requires a curation plan and some strategy for deciding what
data to retain. Hard drives can become corrupted through internal failure or power outages, so it is
imperative to run a filesystem maintenance check on archives at regular intervals, and verify that the
multiple copies are identical, and make new copies if one is damaged.

Cloud storage has become relatively inexpensive for smaller storage requirements, and is reliable, since
reputable storage providers use distributed error-correcting storage elements. But, the the longer data is
retained, the more it costs, as storage is billed monthly, priced by capacity, whether the full capacity is
used or not. The life span of cloud storage depends entirely on the long-term fortunes of the service
provider and the stability of the industry, and the industry is less than 15 years old at this point, though still
expanding. The other issue is the possibility of loss of access due to non-payment or loss of login
credentials, and storage and retrieval requires access to the Internet, plus cost of data communications.
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Tuzai Smith, Soloprenuer, running two eCommerce stores

Answered January 15, 2019
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
First off, I strongly disagree with my fellows that online is the best way for long-term storage of your
important data.

That’s terrible.

Online storage are managed by third parties, and you, my dear friend, have literally no control over them.

So I don’t think it’s wise to store your photos or data on a platform which is controlled by someone else.

Besides, those reputed online storage have a yearly subscription fees for using their spaces.

So if you want to store your photos for [let’s say] 3 or 5 years, then you have to spend a heck of lot of
money.

And not to mention the sudden data breach which is quite common these days.

So for long term storage, I would NOT recommend those online sites.

They are of course good to use, especially for easy sharing of your documents and vacation photos, but
they must not be the primary storage for keeping your important files.

For cost-effective and risk-free storage, I would rather recommend you to store your data in a DVD.

Be it a video file, pictures, or audios, you can easily burn and save them into a DVD format and get a hard
copy of it.

Tools like DVD Creator has simple features for burning DVDs and it also costs only a few bucks.

So I would rather suggest you to use DVD for storing your data for a long term.

DVD might be an obsolete thing in distant future, but hey, it will not be lost.

In fact, you can still access and watch mm films that are from 65s. So it’s obvious that even if DVD
becomes obsolete, you can still accesses your data with absolute ease.

And most importantly, not singe one of your data will ever be lost.

So try out DVD storage. It’s cheap and long-lasting.

Hope this helps

Cheers…
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3 comments from Danil Smirnov and more

Riya Vatsa, B.Tech from Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

Answered September 30, 2017
Originally Answered: How can you store data forever ?
There has been a significant advancement in the field of technology and science over past few decades.
Digital revolution has wormed its way into every part of our lives. What if I tell you that we can now store
data till eternity! Difficult to digest? Well, it’s true.

Scientists of Optoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Southampton have put an end to
the quest for high-density, sacrosanct and eternal storage. A whole new technology of digital data storage
could now protect the legacy of the documents that are treasured. They have engineered a nano-
structured glass material that can store 360 terabytes of data with an approximate lifespan of 13.8 billion
years in five dimensions.

A femtosecond laser produces nanostructures in the glass at super-fast speeds (femtosecond means one
quadrillionth of a second). It is coined as a “Superman memory crystal” as in the memory crystals used in
Superman movie.The striking features of the glass include thermal stability up to 1,000°C and virtually
unlimited lifetime at room temperature (13.8 billion years at 190°C ) opening to a whole new era of eternal
data archiving. With super intense light pulses, the laser is actually able to restructure the glass inside and
crystallize it.The recording method is described as “5D” because the information encoding is in five
dimensions — three-dimensional position plus size and orientation.The structure of the glass not only
provides a stable structure, but it’s also optimal for recording data. The recorded information is read by a
quantitative birefringence measurement system integrated into an optical microscope. As a very stable
and safe form of portable memory, the technology could be highly useful for organizations with big
archives, such as national archives, museums, and libraries, to preserve their information and records.

So far the team has made copies of the King James Bible, Isaac Newton’s Opticks and the Magna Carta
have in order to preserve them for the future. Dr. Kazansky and his team also recently presented a copy of
the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the UN.
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Ria Yukihana Cherry, Researching long term storage management and recovery
Answered October 2, 2020
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
First take into account all the factors that could affect your data:
- Online services can be taken down
- You might lose your storage media
- Your data can get corrupted or degraded over time
- Your storage media can fail completely

Ideally, solutions would include some or all of the following:

- Store data on a media or service under your control
- Avoid online services entirely
- Use good reliable storage media options. Hard disks are good for 5~10 years or more if used sparingly, 2
years if regularly used. SSDs can last for double that probably, if not more
- Make multiple copies of your data
- Check up on your disks occasionally. Replace dead ones with new copies.
- Provision for rebuilding data in case your data gets corrupted
- Use some form of RAID storage or other mirror/parity augmented storage
- Use a file system that is fault tolerant, perhaps stores hashes and parity to maintain data integrity similar
to higher RAID levels
- Keep copies at different places. That way you won’t lose all your copies together if something happens
- Use encryption in case you’re storing sensitive data (and make sure to keep the key at a safe place; all
that storage is of no use if you can never use it again)
- Keep backups of backups of backups. You can never have too many backups
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1 comment from Ron Hagley

Andrew Daviel, former computer security officer at TRIUMF (1981-2019)

Answered August 12, 2019

Originally Answered: What is the most future-proof way to store data today?
Printed out on low-acid archival quality paper, with carbon-based ink, in an OCR-readable font with ECC
codes on each line. Should be good for a thousand years or so if stored properly.

Punch cards made from gold leaf should be good for much longer than that, properly stored and not
stolen.

20-odd years ago I had the idea that the best way to preserve data was to encourage people to steal it. If
there are thousands of copies around the world on Bittorrent, kept by different people on a variety of
formats, it should survive the occasional technology change. But that’s assuming all these people are still
interested, and keep moving it forward.

One of the problems with future-proofing is that technology does not always follow a smooth upward path
- sometimes it goes backwards. At least, it has in the past and the idea that our current civilization cannot
possibly collapse is incredible hubris. It might only have another century or so if we don’t address climate
change/pollution/population growth. So if you want data to be accessible, it has to be accessible to a low-
tech future, or at least one that has cycled around and rebuilt a different tech - one that perhaps can read
microscopic holes with a microscope but can’t extract stored charges from a silicon substrate in a flash
card.

10 of the Oldest Known Surviving Books in the World

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 Roberto Santocho, 40+ Years High Tech/Silicon Valley Startups at Consultants (1977-present)
Answered August 9, 2019

Originally Answered: What is the most future-proof way to store data today?
I have been involved in several archive projects and have had to attempt to recover data after it has been
archived for only a few years.

You have make some critical decisions now

Which applications are needed now to view and process your data now

Are those applications going to be available in the future

Are the file formats going to be readable in the future (surprisingly we lost some file
because formats that we expected to last decades, we were surprised when support for
them disappeared almost immediately after we archived the files)

Will the operating system that we used with the applications, above, be able to be
installed on future hardware.

If the hardware is also archived, will it power up successfully in ten or twenty years from
now (the surprise for us was that the electrolytic capacitors had a massive failure rate),
disk drives did not spin up, archive tape was no longer supported and spare tape drives
did not work

Are you going to archive all the necessary documentation to be able to rescue your data
from the archive

Is the documentation going to be readable in the future

We found high failure rates in all of the above steps, and more

It seems more prudent to implement an annual archival process where the last year’s
archive is brought online, saved onto this year’s formats and applications and thus be
moved forward so it can always be restored with current applications and operating
systems.

Plain text files and CSV file (CSV formatted spreadsheets) are most probably safe and
they can be put on LTO tape and probably be recoverable in the future.

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Robert Lee
Answered August 17, 2018
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
Use mid-capacity, commodity SATA mechanical drives. Take your pick of drives from: How Long Do Hard
Drives Last: 2018 Hard Drives Stats . Drive reliability doesn’t actually matter much, but why not since the
marginal cost of choosing known good ones is close to zero.

Buy an external disk dock. Archive to it on a regular schedule. Ship some of them offsite also on a regular
schedule. Ship some back for audit also on a regular schedule.

Unless you know what you’re doing, and exactly why you’re doing it, stay far away from:

1. Tape. You won’t be able to recover your data. Tape is niche. In 10 years, the probability that you
can’t find a working and compatible tape drive is much higher than a computer with a SATA port.

2. Cloud. You don’t have the internet access bandwidth to for anything resembling usefulness. You
don’t have the recurring budget for keeping any reasonably sized archives live. You have no
guarantee that the company will be there in 10 years, that their privacy policy is enforced, etc.

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2 comments from Cristian M Ioan and more

Thomas Rush, Added RAM by 16k DIPP chip to his first computer in 1986. Laptop user since
1995
Answered January 13, 2016
Originally Answered: How can you store data forever ?
There is no "forever", without eternal storage for the data storage device itself. And eternal storage for that.
And ...

The problem with trying to store data for long periods of time (let's say, a thousand years or more) is at
least three-fold:

1) Preserve the physical media. The stone tablet or paper or flash drive or hologram or M-Disk (I leave out
optical media, because even the archival quality media lasts for only decades.

2) Know the language. We had great examples of a dead language that we simply had no way to translate,
until the Rosetta Stone was discovered.

3) Be able to read the medium, if 'electronic': will people be able to read flash drives in a thousand years?
Or will computers have evolved enough to make USB devices unnecessary, and unknown?

The question: "How do we preserve communication for millennia?" has been asked for tasks as diverse as
plaques on spacecraft sent to other solar systems, and warning signs posted at nuclear waste facilities.
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 Irné Barnard, B.Comm Computer Science & Economics, University of Port Elizabeth (1999)
Answered April 23, 2019
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
Physically one medium you can use is M Disc. It’s a form of optical drive much like a DVD, but has the
capability to keep its data for 100 years or more.

However, the trouble with any such idea is if that would still be a thing in so long a time. Would you still be
able to get machines capable of reading that data. We’ve already seen stuff go defunct in just a decade or
two (think Iomega’s Bernoulli and Zip disks from the 1990s). Chances are pretty high that things like M
Discs will also become unavailable in the future, or at least difficult to get hold of a drive capable of
reading one.

Thus think about this in another way: Instead of looking for one medium you store the data onto and then
forget about for years and decades, think of your data as being a live entity. Move it around once in a while
to “refresh” it. By re-writing it once a year or so, all the above is overcome and none of the problems arise.

I.e. you use whatever’s available at that exact moment. Whatever’s good enough to hold the data for at
least a year, cheap enough not to break your bank account. And you will always have access to it. No
issues like a drive no longer being manufactured.
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Akilan N M K, B. Tech Computer Science Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and

Technology (2021)
Answered March 30, 2020
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
I love collecting movies, games, and all sorts of things. I think the best way to reliably store data would be
to follow these three guidelines:

Always use technologies which are more commonly used.

We may have M-Discs, Magnetic Tapes, and other ones, but they need special hardware
which may not be available in the future. Some technologies do fade away with time and
the not-so-popular technologies like M-Discs may not have enough support in the future.
That’s why I feel it’s better to use SSDs and hard disks for now. SSDs are slightly better
than hard disks because SSDs have lower failure rates compared to hard disks since they
don’t have moving parts, but are more expensive than hard disks.

Do not rely on third-party services.

Cloud storage has its own problems: internet bandwidth, privacy concerns, no control
over their hardware and policies, and the storage costs. It is better to keep our data with
 us. When our data is on the cloud, we need good internet connectivity to access the data.
Moreover, cloud solutions can be very costly in the long run.

Replication- keep copies of data. Perform regular backups.

Keep two to three copies of data. We can store duplicates of our data locally or on the
cloud. A copy of the data on the cloud is advisable. We may also go for RAID (RAID 1 and
RAID 5 are commonly used. RAID 10 may also be used, but is more expensive).

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Michael Rutledge, 20+ years of systems and network engineering

Answered August 9, 2019
Originally Answered: What is the most future-proof way to store data today?
Multiple copies on multiple platforms using different technologies. A K+P(2) replica.

Put one on a cloud storage service, keep a copy on a disk drive and toss it in a bank safe deposit box, and
keep a third copy on tape, like LTO.

It really depends on how future proof you’re talking. Do you want something that you can use in 10 years?
20 years?

LTO Linear Tape-Open - Wikipedia is probably the most preserved technology out there that maintains
long term archival quality and backward compatibility. These things have been around forever and there’s
plenty of people using them for long term archival that have enough invested in the technology that you’re
not going to have a problem finding an LTO reader in 20 years.

I’d add that for each technology you use you should keep multiple copies on that media so that you can
produce parity data in the event the media degrades. Say for example you make bluray disks and get a
scratch on one disk and you can read part of it, but not the end, and you’re using an archive that’s
compressed. Being able to piece together that file on down the road will be critical.

Also you should look at erasure coding for any of the actual direct data files. Something like par2 would
work fine, just use a very high parity coding.
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Joseph Danko, former IT Hardware Specialist at Unisys (1968-2008)

Answered April 23, 2019
Originally Answered: What is the best way to store computer data long term?
Finally, a question that requires some real critical thinking. Information experts have been pondering this
issue for many years. One example: the National Archives have been archiving all possible music and
spoken word recordings. Their technique is as low tech as possible, 12 inch 78 rpm continuous groove
disks playable with a non-electronic device.

The problem with archived data for the future is data retrieval device technology that may have
disappeared or can not be reproduced. Data stored today may need to be re-stored on new technology as it
ages. There is no guarantee that any storage technology in use today will function at all in the future.
Storage media can deteriorate. I worked in broadcasting 55 years ago. Magnetic tape stored for much
more than a few months suffers from magnetic print-through that shows up as audible background noise.
They would wind the tapes all the way to the end. When played back the tape would need to be rewound
first which mostly erases the print-through information.

Data is volatile so careful planning is necessary.

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John Stampfel, former Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs (1972-2004)

Answered August 14, 2020

Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
As you read and evaluate the answers as of 8/13/20, please consider that the original question (“What is
the best way for long-term data storage?”) did not say (all of which may impact the validity of the
approach) :

what is the meaning of “long-term” (personal lifetime, generations)

if it was personal or business data.

the amount of data, will it increase over time?

the frequency of access

the required speed to access the desired data

the budget, current and future

who will maintain the stored data (can it be recopied periodically?)

must it be redundantly stored

from where must it be capable of being accessed

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Kyle David, Founder at Grant & Co Grantwriting (2018-present)

Answered April 12, 2020
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
The first question is: Why are you storing the data? How accurate does it need to be? How does it need to
be retrieved? Let’s look at some data problems:

At nuclear waste storage facilities where the waste will need to be isolated for 10,000 years,
writing in english simply won’t work. They need to use diagrams to show to someone who might
come across it that it is dangerous.

Let’s say your objective is to get the most views on your social media profile. You could try to get
all the views this week. But what if you spread the views out over hundreds of years? Would you
rather be Carly Rae Jepsen with a one hit wonder or Shakespeare who took centuries before he
received the attention that Carly did?

What if you need perfect replication of the data? You can store information on the Bitcoin
blockchain. It’s not cheap though: $22 million per GB.

See more solutions on Data impermanence .

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Lee Rutter, lives in Archbold, OH

Answered October 31, 2020
Originally Answered: What is the best way to store data for the long term?
The best way is to acquire an office 365 account and sync your documents and desktop to the cloud.

Then, you get a 5TB external USB-powered drive and copy or using Acronis Backup, backup your files
regularly.

For pictures, I like to use Shutterfly, where I can upload my pictures.

For videos, I like to get 16TB external drive - for storing my videos and another for backing up the first
drive.

I also make use of iCloud and Google drive.

With the OneDrive app for IOS or Android, you can use the app to scan PDF documents directly to the
cloud. I use that app to make copies of paper documents.
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Claudio Lanzetta, Storage Specialist at Dell EMC (2016-present)

Answered August 17, 2018
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
It depends on the amount of data, mostly.

For the moment, magnetic tapes. Yes, sounds ridiculous, but it still is the cheapest and most reliable way
to store data.

The most widely used media is Linear Tape-Open - Wikipedia . We’re at LTO-8 now.

In a domestic environment, I would say hard drives. Magnetic tapes are quite cheap, but the equipment to
read and write them can become quite expensive.

With a hard drive, you only need to spend as low as 10€ on a docking station and say a 30€ hard drive and
you should be set for a few years.
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Sam Mathews
Answered November 18, 2019

Microsoft just worked with Warner Bros to put “Superman” on their new glass cold-storage device, Project
Silica since Warner Bros needed a permanent archiving device, and archived it over the course of a week.
It’s laser-etched glass.

It can store for thousands of years, and I’d assume it could be replicated anyway at that time. It can survive
boiling, etc.
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David Belina, Managing Consultant

Answered October 31, 2020

Originally Answered: What is the best way to store data for the long term?
The difficulty with “long-term” storage is whether there will be machines/operating systems available to
“decode” the storage medium when someone needs to see it. There are companies that advertize their
ability to keep records for long terms and I think they use a system of migrating storage to newer
technologies as they evolve. (Probably pretty pricy also)
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J Cheng
Answered August 17, 2018
Originally Answered: What is the best way for long-term data storage?
Suggest Google Account.

1. Photos - Upload to Google Photos - All your photos organized and easy to find Use High Quality
mode

2. Documents - Use Google Suite format

3. Notes - Store information on Sign in - Google Accounts These can be searched using Google’s
powerful search function

With proper house keeping it is possible to minimize online storage use and enjoy unlimited storage. See
this for tips J Cheng's answer to How can I get more than 15GB storage free in Google Drive?
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Sam Bancroft, Design and maintenance of small to medium DB systems

Answered January 13, 2016

Originally Answered: How can you store data forever ?

You cant , sorry. You can get pretty close with M-Disc, which uses a rock substrate to produce DVDs and
Blu Rays which are rated for a thousand years.
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Ed Wald, Project Manager (2004-present)

Answered October 31, 2020
Originally Answered: What is the best way to store data for the long term?
The best method is burning it on to a DVD or CD and storing the media in a cool dry place. Also buy an
external USB DVD/CD reader/writer and store it with the media.
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Nicolae Marasoiu, 13 years: Postgres,Oracle,HBase,Druid.Optimistic concurrency,

optimization, ORM.
Answered January 13, 2016
Originally Answered: How can you store data forever ?
use cloud storage e.g. AWS S3. it has 9 nines durability with geo replication. the earth will have no
inhabitants but will have your files or objects;)
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