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Differential Pressure Meters
Differential Pressure Meters
Differential Pressure
METERS
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
3.1.1 Advantages
(a) Simplicity of Construction;
There are No Moving Parts to go wrong inside the pipe,
and any Electrical Readout Equipment is wholly on
the Outside of the Pipe where it can be Easily Serviced.
(b) Versatility:
They can be used with almost Any Fluid,
from Superheated Steam to Sulphuric Acid.
(c) Economy:
By Choosing the right kind of Differential Pressure Meter,
one can have either a Low Initial Cost, or a Low Head Loss
and hence Low Pumping Costs but Not Both together.
(d) Experience:
There is an Abundance of Published Information,
and of advice enshrined in Codes of Practice, relating to
Differential Pressure Meter used in very many different ways.
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Differential Pressure Meters
3.1.2 Disadvantages
(a) The Accuracy is not quite as high as that of
some of the more Modem Types of Meter
Especially If, the Differential Pressure Meter is
Sold without Calibration for the sake of Cheapness.
(Actual Accuracies obtainable depend on Circumstances,
but as a very rough guide figures of ±1% if Calibrated
and ±2 or 3% if Uncalibrated.)
(b) Output Signal, Differential Pressure, is Not Linear
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with Flowrate but is proportional to Qv .
This not only necessitates the extraction of a square root every time a reading is
taken (which is no great problem with modern data processors),
But, it means that the Rangeability much Lower than
that of Flowmeters with a Linear Output.
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
3.1.4 Selecting
A Differential Pressure Meter
The Main Kinds of Differential Pressure Meter
in Common use are described below.
The Lengthy, Expensive VenturiMeter has a Low Head loss
and its High Initial Cost is therefore justified in situations
where Large Quantities of liquid are pumped Continuously
For Example, in Main Water Supply Pipelines.
Where Head Loss is Not Very Important,
as is often the case in Process Plants and in Gas Lines,
the Cheapness of the Orifice Plate is the Decisive Factor.
The Nozzle is of Intermediate Size and Cost,
although it creates the Same Head Loss as an Orifice Plate.
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi
Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
Venturi Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
Orifice
Plates
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Differential Pressure Meters
1.1.2 Concentric
Orifice Plates
Most Orifice Plates are made with Circular Orifice Concentric with Pipe.
There is Variation in the Geometry of Orifice-Plate Meters,
and especially in the Positioning of the Pressure Tappings,
and in the Shape of the Upstream Edge of the Orifice.
In the Typical Orifice-Plate Installation of Fig. 3.7,
the Tappings are in the adjacent pipes at distances of
D Upstream and D/2 Downstream.
Another Common Arrangement is to put the Tappings
in the Pipe Flanges adjacent to the Orifice Plate.
If these are drilled Radially They are known Flange Tappings
if drilled Obliquely They are termed Corner Tappings.
The Position of the Tappings affects Discharge Coefficient
and account is taken of this in the predicted values of C.
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
The Orifice Plate of Fig. 3.7 is described as 'Square-Edged'
because that is the Shape of its Upstream Face,
although Less significant Downstream Edge is Chamfered.
This is the Commonest Form for Orifice Plates, used with
Clean Gases and Clean Liquids of Low Viscosity.
With Viscous Liquids: it is necessary to make
the Downstream Edge of the Orifice Square
and the Upstream Edge either Radiussed or Chamfered;
The Former is termed the Quarter-Circle Orifice Plate,
and the Latter the Conical-Entry Orifice Plate.
Orifices have Constant C at Re between about 5000 and 50 000.
The Discharge Coefficients of Orifice Plates are liable to Vary
with Reynolds number,Re rather more than those of Venturi Tubes
C should Not Vary by more than about ±0.5%
over the Normal Working Range.
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
3.3.4 Integral
Orifice Plates
Some Manufacturers offer
A Compact Unit comprising an Orifice Plate
with a Differential Pressure Sensor
and Signal Transmitter built in.
They are normally available for the Smaller Pipe Sizes Only.
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Differential Pressure Meters
Orifice Meter
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Differential Pressure Meters
Nozzles
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Differential Pressure Meters
1.4 Nozzles
Nozzles can be used in 2 quite Different Ways:
as Differential Pressure Meters for Liquids and Gases;
or as Sonic Velocity regulating and Metering Devices
for use with Gases Only.
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
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Differential Pressure Meters
The Very Low Head Loss of these devices is offset to some extent
by their Higher Initial Cost and, in some cases,
by an increased Sensitivity to Upstream Flow Disturbances.
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Differential Pressure Meters
Remember that:
Most Orifice Plates have the Square Edge
on the Upstream Face,
But
Conical-Entry and Quarter-Circle Plates have the Square Edge
on the Downstream Face.
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Differential Pressure Meters
Even then one must expect traces of Air to get into the Tappings;
an Air Bleed is always provided somewhere in Pressure Tubing,
and it is Essential that this should be used from Time to Time
so that the occasional Air Bubble is cleared Away.
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Differential Pressure Meters
(c) Stay within the Recommended Range of Flowrates for Meter,
since Coefficient of Discharge may not apply Outside this Range.
(g) When used with Wet Gases, Orifice Plates are often
provided with a Drain Hole.
This will affect the Discharge Coefficient Slightly;
take care to Apply the Appropriate Correction.
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