Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols

Comprehensive List of
Mathematical
Symbols
Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols
Comprehensive List of
Mathematical Symbols
For the corresponding web guides, see Mathematical Symbols.
Table of Contents
1 Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Key Mathematical Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Key Mathematical Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Key Mathematical Infinities . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Other Key Mathematical Objects . . . . . . . . 6
2 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Variables for Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Variables in Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Variables in Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Variables in Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Variables in Set Theory and Logic . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Variables in Probability and Statistics . . . . . . 9
3 Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Common Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Other Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Table of Contents
4.1 Common Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.2 Function-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Elementary Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Algebra-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Geometry-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6 Logic-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.7 Set-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.8 Vector-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.9 Matrix-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.10 Probability-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.11 Statistics-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.12 Key Probability Functions and Distributions . . 19
4.13 Calculus-related Operators . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Relational Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1 Equality-based Relational Symbols . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Comparison-based Relational Symbols . . . . . 21
5.3 Number-related Relational Symbols . . . . . . 22
5.4 Geometry-related Relational Symbols . . . . . 22
5.5 Set-related Relational Symbols . . . . . . . . . 22
5.6 Logic-related Relational Symbols . . . . . . . . 23
5.7 Probability-related Relational Symbols . . . . . 23
5.8 Calculus-related Relational Symbols . . . . . . 24
6 Notational Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1 Common Notational Symbols . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 Notational Symbols in Geometry and Trigonom-
etry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3 Notational Symbols in Calculus . . . . . . . . . 25
6.4 Notational Symbols in Probability and Statistics 26
7 Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1 Constant
1.1 Key Mathematical Numbers
1.1 Key Mathematical Numbers 3

Symbols LaTeX Code Example

(Explanation)
0 $0$ 3+0=3
(Zero, additive
identity)
1 $1$ 5×1=5
(One, multiplicative
identity)
√ √ √
2 $\sqrt{2}$ ( 2 + 1)2 = 3 + 2 2
(Square root of 2)
e $e$ ln(e2 ) = 2
(Euler’s constant)
π2 1 1
π $\pi$ = 2 + 2 + ···
(Pi, Archimedes’ 6 1 2
constant)
√
1+ 5
φ $\varphi$ φ=
(Phi, golden ratio) 2
i $i$ (1 + i)2 = 2i
(Imaginary unit)
1.2 Key Mathematical Sets

(Explanation)
∅ $\varnothing$ |∅| = 0
(Empty set)
N $\mathbb{N}$ ∀x, y ∈ N, x + y ∈ N
(Set of natural
numbers)
Z $\mathbb{Z}$ N⊆Z
(Set of integers)
4 1.2 Key Mathematical Sets

Z+ $\mathbb{Z}_+$ 3 ∈ Z+
(Set of positive
integers)
√
Q $\mathbb{Q}$ 2∈
/Q
(Set of rational
numbers)
R $\mathbb{R}$ ∀x ∈ R (x2 ≥ 0)
(Set of real numbers)
R+ $\mathbb{R}_+$ ∀x, y ∈ R+ (xy ∈ R+ )
(Set of positive real
numbers)
C $\mathbb{C}$ ∃z ∈ C (z 2 + 1 = 0)
(Set of complex
numbers)
Zn $\mathbb{Z}_n$ In the world of Z2 ,
(Set of integer modulo 1 + 1 = 0.
n)
R3 $\mathbb{R}^3$ (5, 1, 2) ∈ R3
(Three-dimensional
Euclidean space)
1.3 Key Mathematical Infinities

(Explanation)
ℵ0 $\aleph_0$ ℵ0 + 5 = ℵ0
(Cardinality of natural
numbers)
c $\mathfrak{c}$ c = 2 ℵ0
(Cardinality of real
numbers)
ω $\omega$ ∀n ∈ N (n < ω)
(Smallest infinite
ordinal number)
1.3 Key Mathematical Infinities 5

1.4 Other Key Mathematical Objects

(Explanation)
0 $\mathbf{0}$ ∀v ∈ V, v + 0 = v
(Zero vector)
e $e$ e◦e=e
(Identity element of a
group)
I $I$ AI = IA = A
(Identity matrix)
Z
C $C$ 1 dx = x + C
(Constant of
integration)
> $\top$ For each proposition P ,
(Tautology) P ∧ > ≡ P.
⊥ $\bot$ For each proposition P ,
(Contradiction) P ∧ ¬P ≡ ⊥.
Z $Z$ Z ∼ N (0, 1)
(Standard normal
distribution)
2 Variables
2.1 Variables for Numbers
(Explanation)
m, n, p, q $m$, $n$, $p$, $q$ m+n−q =1

(Integers and natural
numbers)
6 2.1 Variables for Numbers

a, b, c $a$, $b$, $c$ ax + by = 0

(Coefficients for
functions and
equations)
x, y, z $x$, $y$, $z$ If 2x + 5 = 3, then
(Unknowns in x = −1.
functions and
equations)
∆ $\Delta$ ∆ = b2 − 4ac for
(Discriminant) quadratic polynomials
X
10
i, j, k $i$, $j$, $k$ i = 55
(Index variables) i=1
t $t$ At t = 5, the velocity

(Time variable) is v(5) = 32.
z $z$ z z̄ = |z|2
(Complex numbers)
2.2 Variables in Geometry

(Explanation)
P , Q, R, S $P$, $Q$, $R$, $S$ P Q ⊥ QR

(Vertices)
ℓ $\ell$ ℓ1 k ℓ2
(Lines)
α, β, γ, θ $\alpha$, $\beta$, α + β + θ = 180◦
(Angles) $\gamma$, $\theta$
2.3 Variables in Calculus

(Explanation)
2.3 Variables in Calculus 7

f (x), g(x, y), h(z) $f(x)$, $g(x,y)$, f (2) = g(3, 1) + 5

(Functions) $h(z)$
3
an , bn , cn $a_n$, $b_n$, an =
(Sequences) $c_n$ n+2
eh − e0
h, ∆x $h$, $\Delta x$ lim =1
(Limiting variables in h→0 h
derivatives)
δ, ε $\delta$, For all ε > 0, there is a
(Small quantities in $\varepsilon$ δ > 0 such that |x| < δ
proofs involving implies that |2x| < ε.
limits)
F (x), G(x) $F(x)$, $G(x)$ F 0 (x) = f (x)
(Antiderivatives)
2.4 Variables in Linear Algebra

(Explanation)
u, v, w $\mathbf{u}$, 3u + 4v = w
(Vectors) $\mathbf{v}$,
$\mathbf{w}$
A, B, C $A$, $B$, $C$ AX = B
(Matrices)
λ $\lambda$ Av = λv
(Eigenvalues)
2.5 Variables in Set Theory and Logic

(Explanation)
A, B, C $A$, $B$, $C$ A⊆B∪C

(Sets)
8 2.5 Variables in Set Theory and Logic

a, b, c $a$, $b$, $c$ a∈A

(Elements)
P , Q, R $P$, $Q$, $R$ P ∨ ¬P ≡ >
(Propositions)
2.6 Variables in Probability and Statistics

(Explanation)
X, Y , Z $X$, $Y$, $Z$ E(X + Y ) =

(Random variables) E(X) + E(Y )
µ $\mu$ H0 : µ = 5
(Population means)
σ $\sigma$ σ1 = σ2
(Population standard
deviations)
s $s$ s 6= σ
(Sample standard
deviations)
n $n$ For n ≥ 30, use the
(Sample sizes) normal distribution.
ρ $\rho$ Ha : ρ < 0
(Population
correlations)
r $r$ If r = 0.75, then
(Sample correlations) r2 = 0.5625.
π $\pi$ π = 0.5
(Population
proportions)
X
p $p$ p=
(Sample proportions) n
2.6 Variables in Probability and Statistics 9

3 Delimiters
3.1 Common Delimiters
(Explanation)
. $.$ 25.9703
(Decimal separator)
: $:$ 1 : 4 : 9 = 3 : 12 : 27
(Ratio indicator)
, $,$ (3, 5, 12)
(Object separator)
(), [], {} $()$, $[]$, $\{ \}$ (a + b) × c
(Order-of-operation
indicators)
(), [] $()$, $[]$ 3∈
/ (3, 4], 4 ∈ (3, 4]
(Interval indicators)
3.2 Other Delimiters

(Explanation)
   

a 1 4
(), [], x y ,   $()$, $[]$,  
b $\begin{pmatrix} x 3 6
(Vector/matrix & y \end{pmatrix}$,
indicators) $\begin{bmatrix} a
\\ b \end{bmatrix}$
{} $\{ \}$ {π, e, i}
(Set builder)
|, : $\mid, :$ {x ∈ R | x2 − 2 = 0}
(“Such that” markers)
10 3.2 Other Delimiters

||, kk $| |, \| \|$ k(3, 4)k = 5

(Metric-related
operators)
 
f (x) x≥a 1 x≥0
g(x)
$\begin{cases} f(x) f (x) = 
x<a & x \ge a \\ g(x) & 0 x<0
(Piecewise-function x < a \end{cases}$
marker)
hi $\langle \rangle$ hka, bi = kha, bi
(Inner product
operator)
de $\lceil \rceil$ d2.476e = 3
(Ceiling operator)
bc $\lfloor \rfloor$ bπc = 3
(Floor operator)
4 Operators
4.1 Common Operators
(Explanation)
x+y $x+y$ 2a + 3a = 5a
(Sum)
x−y $x-y$ 11 − 5 = 6
(Difference)
−x $-x$ −3 + 3 = 0
(Additive inverse)
x × y, x · y, xy $x \times y$, (m + 1)n = mn + n
(Product) $x \cdot y$, $xy$
x ÷ y, x/y $x \div y$, $x/y$ 152 ÷ 3 = 50.6
(Quotient)
4.1 Common Operators 11

x 53 + 5 53 5
$\displaystyle = +
y \frac{x}{y}$ 6 6 6
(Fraction)
xy $x^y$ 34 = 81
(Power)
√
−b ± ∆
x±y $x \pm y$
(Plus and minus) 2a
√ √
x $\sqrt{x}$ 2 ≈ 1.414
(Positive square root)
|x| $|x|$ |x − 3| < 5
(Absolute value)
. x
x% $x \%$ x% =
(Percent) 100
4.2 Function-related Operators

(Explanation)
dom f $\operatorname{dom}f$ If g(x) = ln x, then

(Domain) dom(g) = R.
ran f $\operatorname{ran}f$ If h(y) = sin y, then
(Range) ran(h) = [−1.1].
f (x) $f(x)$ g(5) = g(4) + 3
(Image of an
element)
f (X) $f(X)$ f (A∩B) ⊆ f (A)∩f (B)
(Image of a set)
f ◦g $f \circ g$ If g(3) = 5 and f (5) =
(Composite 8, then (f ◦ g)(3) = 8.
function)
4.3 Elementary Functions
12 4.3 Elementary Functions


(Explanation)
kn xn + · · · + k0 x0 $k_n x^n + \cdots The polynomial

(Polynomial) + k_0x^0$ x3 + 2x2 + 3 has a root
in (−3, −2).
ex , exp x $e^x$, $\exp x$ ex+y = ex · ey
(Natural exponential
function)
bx $b^x$ 2x > x2 for large x.
(General exponential
function)
ln x $\ln x$ ln(x2 ) = 2 ln x
(Natural logarithmic
function)
log x $\log x$ log 10000 = 4
(Common
logarithmic function)
ln x
logb x $\log_b x$ log2 x =
(General logarithmic ln 2
function)
sin x $\sin x$ sin π = 0
(Sine function)
√
π 2
cos x $\cos x$ cos =
(Cosine function) 4 2
sin x
tan x $\tan x$ tan x =
(Tangent function) cos x
4.4 Algebra-related Operators

(Explanation)
gcd(x, y) $\gcd (x,y)$ gcd(35, 14) = 7

(Greatest common
factor)
4.4 Algebra-related Operators 13

bxc $\lfloor x \rfloor$ b3.6c = 3

(Floor operator)
dxe $\lceil x \rceil$ dπe = 4
(Ceiling operator)
min(A) $\min (A)$ If min(A) = 3, then
(Minimum) min(A + 5) = 8.
max(A) $\max (A)$ max(A ∪ B) ≥ max(A)
(Maximum)
x mod y $x\bmod y$ 36 mod 5 = 1
(Modulo operator)
X
n X
5
2
ai $\displaystyle i = 55
i=m \sum_{i=m}^n a_i$ i=1
(Summation)
Y
n Y
n
ai $\displaystyle = n!
i=m \prod_{i=m}^n a_i$ i=1
(Pi Product)
.
[a] $[a]$ [a] = {x | xRa}
(Equivalence class)
deg f $\deg f$ deg(2x2 + 3x + 5) = 2
(Degree of
polynomial)
z̄ $\bar{z}$ 5 − 8i = 5 + 8i
(Complex
conjugate)
|z| $|z|$ |eπi | = 1
(Absolute value of
complex number)
π
arg z $\arg z$ arg(1 + i) = + 2πn
(Arguments of 4
complex number)
4.5 Geometry-related Operators

(Explanation)
14 4.5 Geometry-related Operators

∠ABC $\angle ABC$ ∠ABC = ∠CBA

(Angle)
∡ABC, m∠ABC $\measuredangle ∡ABC = ∡A0 B 0 C 0
(Measure of angle) ABC$, $m\angle ABC$
←→ ←→ ←→
AB $\overleftrightarrow AB = BA
(Infinite line) {AB}$
AB $\overline{AB}$ If B 6= B 0 , then
(Line segment) AB 6= AB 0 .
−→ −→ ∼ −−→
AB $\overrightarrow AB = CD
(Ray) {AB}$
|AB| $|AB|$ |AB| < |A0 B 0 |
(Distance
between two
points)
4ABC $\triangle ABC$ 4ABC ∼
= 4A0 B 0 C 0
(Triangle)
□ABCD $\square ABCD$ □ABCD = □DCBA
(Quadrilateral)
4.6 Logic-related Operators

(Explanation)
¬P $\lnot P$ ¬(1 = 2)
(Negation)
P ∧Q $P \land Q$ P ∧Q≡Q∧P
(Conjunction)
P ∨Q $P \lor Q$ πe ∈ Q ∨ πe ∈
/Q
(Disjunction)
P →Q $P \to Q$ P → Q ≡ (¬P ∨ Q)
(Conditional)
P ↔Q $P \leftrightarrow Q$ P ↔ Q =⇒ P → Q
(Biconditional)
4.6 Logic-related Operators 15

∀xP (x) $\forall x P(x)$ ∀y ∈ N (y + 1 ∈ N)

(Universal
statement)
∃xP (x) $\exists x P(x)$ ∃z (z 2 = −π)
(Existential
statement)
4.7 Set-related Operators

(Explanation)
A, Ac $\overline{A}$, A=A
(Complement) $A^{c}$
A∩B $A \cap B$ {2, 5} ∩ {1, 3} = ∅
(Intersection)
A∪B $A \cup B$ N∪Z=Z
(Union)
A/B, A − B $A/B$, $A-B$ In general,
(Set difference) A − B 6= B − A.
A×B $A \times B$ (11, −35) ∈ N × Z
(Cartesian product)
P(A) $\mathcal{P}(A)$ P(∅) = {∅}
(Power set)
|A| $|A|$ |N| = ℵ0
(Cardinality)
4.8 Vector-related Operators

(Explanation)
kvk $\| \mathbf{v} \|$ k(3, 4)k = 5

(Norm of vector)
16 4.8 Vector-related Operators

u·v $\mathbf{u} \cdot u · u = kuk2

(Dot product) \mathbf{v}$
u×v $\mathbf{u} \times u×u=0
(Cross product) \mathbf{v}$
projv u $\operatorname{proj} proj(0,1) (5, 4) = (0, 4)
(Projection vector) _{\mathbf{v}}
\mathbf{u}$
span(S) $\operatorname{span} span({i, j}) = R2
(Span of vectors) (S)$
dim(V ) $\dim(V)$ dim(R3 ) = 3
(Dimension of
vector space)
4.9 Matrix-related Operators

(Explanation)
A+B $A+B$ A+X =B

(Matrix sum)
A−B $A-B$ In general,
(Matrix difference) A − B 6= B − A.
−A $-A$ B + (−B) = 0
(Additive inverse)
kA $kA$ (−1)A = −A
(Scalar product)
AB $AB$ AI = IA = A
(Matrix product)
AT $A^T$ IT = I
(Matrix transpose)
A−1 $A^{-1}$ (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
(Matrix inverse)
tr(A) $\operatorname{tr} tr(AT ) = tr(A)
(Trace of matrix) (A)$
4.9 Matrix-related Operators 17


x y 1 4

det(A), |A|,

$\det(A)$, $|A|$,

= 2 − 12 = −10
w z $\begin{vmatrix} x & 3 2
(Determinant) y \\ w & z
\end{vmatrix}$
4.10 Probability-related Operators

(Explanation)
n! $n!$ 4! = 4 · 3 · 2 · 1
(Factorial)
nP r $nPr$ 5P 3 = 5 · 4 · 3
(Permutation)
     
n 5 5
nCr,   $nCr$, $\displaystyle  = 
r \binom{n}{r}$ 2 3
(Combination)
P (E) $P(E)$ P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.3
(Probability of
event)
P (A ∩ B)
P (A|B) $P(A|B)$ P (A|B) =
(Conditional P (B)
probability)
E(X) $E(X)$ E(X + Y ) =
(Expected value of E(X) + E(Y )
random variable)
V (X) $V(X)$ V (5X) = 25V (X)
(Variance of
random variable)
4.11 Statistics-related Operators

(Explanation)
18 4.11 Statistics-related Operators

X $\overline{X}$ 3X = 3X
(Sample mean)
P
2 2 (X − X)2
s $s^2$ s =
(Sample variance) n−1
P
2 2 (X − µ)2
σ $\sigma^2$ σ =
(Population n
variance)
4.12 Key Probability Functions and Distri-

butions
(Explanation)
Bin(n, p) $\operatorname{Bin} If X stands for the

(Binomial (n, p)$ number of heads in 10
distribution) coin tosses, then
X ∼ Bin(10, 0.5).
Geo(p) $\operatorname{Geo} Y ∼ Geo(1/5), then
(Geometric (p)$ E(Y ) = 5.
distribution)
U (a, b) $U(a,b)$ If X ∼ U (3, 7), then
(Continuous (7 − 3)2
uniform V (X) = .
12
distribution)
N (µ, σ 2 ) $N(\mu, \sigma^2)$ If X ∼ N (3, 52 ), then
(Normal X −3
distribution) ∼ Z.
5
zα $z_{\alpha}$ z0.05 ≈ 1.645
(Critical z-score)
tα,ν $t_{\alpha, \nu}$ t0.05,1000 ≈ z0.05
(Critical t-score)
χ2α,ν $\chi^2_{\alpha, \nu}$ χ20.05,30 ≈ 43.77
(Critical Chi-
squared-score)
4.12 Key Probability Functions and Distributions 19

Fα,ν1 ,ν2 $F_{\alpha, \nu_1, F0.05,20,20 ≈ 2.1242

(Critical F-score) \nu_2}$
4.13 Calculus-related Operators

(Explanation)
n+3 1
lim a
n→∞ n
$\displaystyle \lim_ lim
n→∞
=
{n \to \infty} a_n$ 2n 2
(Limit of
sequence)
π sin x
lim f (x)
x→c
$\displaystyle \lim_ lim =
x→3 2
(Limit of function) {x \to c} f(x)$ π
lim sin x
2 x→3
sup(A) $\sup(A)$ sup( [−3, 5) ) = 5
(Supremum)
( )
1 1
inf(A) $\inf(A)$ If B = , , . . . , then
(Infimum) 1 2
inf(B) = 0.
f 0 , f 00 , f 000 , f (n) $f'$, $f''$, $f'''$, (sin x)000 = − cos x
(Derivative) $f^{(n)}$
Z b Z 1
1 π
f (x) dx $\displaystyle \int_a^ 2
=
a
b f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$ 0 1+x 4
(Definite integral)
Z Z
f (x) dx $\displaystyle \int f(x) ln x dx = x ln x − x
(Indefinite \,\mathrm{d}x$
integral)
fx $f_x$ If f (x, y) = x2 y 3 , then
(Partial derivative) fx (x, y) = 2xy 3 .
20 4.13 Calculus-related Operators

5 Relational Symbols
5.1 Equality-based Relational Symbols
(Explanation)
x=y $x = y$ 3x − x = 2x
(Equal)
x 6= y $x \ne y$ 2 6= 3
(Non-equal)
x≈y $x \approx y$ π ≈ 3.1416
(Approximately
equal)
x ∼ y, xRy $x \sim y$, $xRy$ xRy if and only if
(Related to) |x| = |y|
x≡y $x \equiv y$ 2 ≡ 101 in mod 33
(Equivalent to)
f (x) ∝ g(x) $f(x) \propto g(x)$ V ∝ r3
(Proportional to)
5.2 Comparison-based Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
x<y $x < y$ sin x < 3

(Less than)
x>y $x > y$ π>e
(Greater than)
x≤y $x \le y$ n! ≤ nn
(Less than or
equal to)
5.2 Comparison-based Relational Symbols 21

x≥y $x \ge y$ x2 ≥ 0
(Greater than or
equal to)
5.3 Number-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
m|n $m \mid n$ 101 | 1111

(Divisibility)
m⊥n $m \perp n$ 31 ⊥ 97
(Coprime integers)
5.4 Geometry-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
ℓ1 k ℓ2 $\ell_1 \parallel P Q k RS
(Parallel) \ell_2$
−→ −−→
ℓ1 ⊥ ℓ2 $\ell_1 \perp \ell_2$ AB ⊥ BC
(Perpendicular)
F ∼ F0 $F \sim F'$ 4ABC ∼ 4DEF
(Similar figures)
F ∼= F0 $F \cong F'$ □ABCD ∼
= □P QRS
(Congruent
figures)
5.5 Set-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
22 5.5 Set-related Relational Symbols

2
a∈A $a \in A$ ∈R
(Member of) 3
a∈/A $a \notin A$ π∈
/Q
(Not a member of)
A⊆B $A \subseteq B$ A∩B ⊆A
(Subset of)
A=B $A = B$ If A = B, then A ⊆ B.
(Equal Sets)
5.6 Logic-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
P =⇒ Q $P \implies Q$ x is even =⇒
(Implies) 2 divides x
P ⇐= Q $P \impliedby Q$ x = 3 ⇐= 3x + 2 = 11
(Implied by)
P ⇐⇒ Q, $P \iff Q$, x 6= y ⇐⇒
P ≡Q $P \equiv Q$ (x − y)2 > 0
(If and only if)
P ∴Q $P \therefore Q$ i ∈ C ∴ ∃z (z ∈ C)
(Therefore)
π
P ∵Q $P \because Q$ x= ∵
(Because) 2
sin x = 1 and cos x = 0
5.7 Probability-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
A⊥B $A \perp B$ If A ⊥ B, then

(Independent P (A ∩ B) =
events) P (A) ∩ P (B).
5.7 Probability-related Relational Symbols 23

X∼F $X \sim F$ Y ∼ Bin(30, 0.4)

(X follows
distribution F )
5.8 Calculus-related Relational Symbols

(Explanation)
x
f (x) ∼ g(x) $f(x) \sim g(x)$ π(x) ∼
(Asymptotically ln x
equal)
f (x) ∈ O(g(x)) $f(x) \in O(g(x))$ 2x2 + 3x + 3 ∈ O(x2 )
(In the big-O of)
6 Notational Symbols
6.1 Common Notational Symbols
(Explanation)
. . ., · · · $\ldots$, $\cdots$ 12 + 22 + · · · + n2
(Horizontal
ellipsis)
 
 a11 · · · a1n 
 
..., . . . $\vdots$, $\ddots$  ..
 .
. . . .. 
. 
 
(Vertical ellipsis)  
am1 · · · amn
f : A → B, $f : A \to B$, $A A function g : N → R
A→B
f \overset{f}{\to} B$ can be thought of as a
(Function’s sequence.
domain/codomain
specifier)
24 6.1 Common Notational Symbols

x 7→ f (x) $x \mapsto f(x)$ The function x 7→ x2 is

(Function increasing in the
mapping rule) interval [0, ∞).
Q.E.D., ■, □ $Q. E. D.$, Thus the result is
(End-of-the-proof $\blacksquare$, established as desired.
symbols) $\square$ ■
Q.E.A., ⊥ $Q. E. A.$, $\bot$ Multiplying both sides
(Contradiction of the equation yields
symbols) that 1 = 2. ⊥
6.2 Notational Symbols in Geometry and

Trigonometry
(Explanation)
◦
$^{\circ}$ cos(90◦ ) = 0
(Degree)
!◦
0 0 35
$'$ 35 =
(Arcminute) 60
!0
00 00 20
$''$ 20 =
(Arcsecond) 60
rad $\mathrm{rad}$ π rad = 180◦

(Radian)
grad $\mathrm{grad}$ 100 grad = 90◦
(Gradian)
6.3 Notational Symbols in Calculus

(Explanation)
n2 + 1
+∞ $+\infty$ → +∞
(Positive infinity) n
6.3 Notational Symbols in Calculus 25

−∞ $-\infty$ lim ex = 0
x→−∞
(Negative infinity)
∆y
∆x $\Delta x$ m=
(Change in ∆x
variable)
dx $\mathrm{d} x$ dy = f 0 (x) dx
(Differential)
∂f
∂x $\partial x$ dx
(Partial ∂x
differential)
df $\mathrm{d} f$ dg(x, y) =
(Total differential) ∂g ∂g
dx + dy
∂x ∂y
6.4 Notational Symbols in Probability and

Statistics
(Explanation)
i.i.d. i.i.d. Given n i.i.d. random

(Independent and variables X1 , . . . , Xn ,
identically V (X1 + · · · + Xn ) =
distributed) V (X1 ) + · · · + V (Xn ).
H0 $H_0$ H0 : µ = 23
(Null hypothesis)
Ha $H_a$ Ha : σ12 6= σ22
(Alternative
hypothesis)
7 Additional Resources
• Ultimate LaTeX Reference Guide: A definitive reference guide
on the LaTeX language, with the commands, environments and
26 6.4 Notational Symbols in Probability and Statistics

packages most LaTeX users will ever need

• Definitive Guide to Learning Higher Mathematics: A standalone
10-principle framework for tackling higher mathematical learning,
thinking and problem solving
• 10 Commandments of Higher Mathematical Learning: An illus-
trated web guide on 10 scalable rules for learning higher mathe-
matics
• Definitive Glossary of Higher Mathematical Jargon: A tour around
higher mathematics in 100 terms
6.4 Notational Symbols in Probability and Statistics 27

Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols

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Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols

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For the corresponding web guides, see Mathematical Symbols.

4.1 Common Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1 Key Mathematical Numbers 3

Symbols LaTeX Code Example

1.2 Key Mathematical Sets

4 1.2 Key Mathematical Sets

1.3 Key Mathematical Infinities

1.3 Key Mathematical Infinities 5

1.4 Other Key Mathematical Objects

m, n, p, q $m$, $n$, $p$, $q$ m+n−q =1

6 2.1 Variables for Numbers

a, b, c $a$, $b$, $c$ ax + by = 0

t $t$ At t = 5, the velocity

2.2 Variables in Geometry

P , Q, R, S $P$, $Q$, $R$, $S$ P Q ⊥ QR

2.3 Variables in Calculus

2.3 Variables in Calculus 7

f (x), g(x, y), h(z) $f(x)$, $g(x,y)$, f (2) = g(3, 1) + 5

2.4 Variables in Linear Algebra

2.5 Variables in Set Theory and Logic

A, B, C $A$, $B$, $C$ A⊆B∪C

8 2.5 Variables in Set Theory and Logic

a, b, c $a$, $b$, $c$ a∈A

2.6 Variables in Probability and Statistics

X, Y , Z $X$, $Y$, $Z$ E(X + Y ) =

2.6 Variables in Probability and Statistics 9

3.2 Other Delimiters

10 3.2 Other Delimiters

||, kk $| |, \| \|$ k(3, 4)k = 5

4.1 Common Operators 11

4.2 Function-related Operators

dom f $\operatorname{dom}f$ If g(x) = ln x, then

4.3 Elementary Functions

12 4.3 Elementary Functions

Symbols LaTeX Code Example

kn xn + · · · + k0 x0 $k_n x^n + \cdots The polynomial

4.4 Algebra-related Operators

gcd(x, y) $\gcd (x,y)$ gcd(35, 14) = 7

4.4 Algebra-related Operators 13

bxc $\lfloor x \rfloor$ b3.6c = 3

4.5 Geometry-related Operators

14 4.5 Geometry-related Operators

∠ABC $\angle ABC$ ∠ABC = ∠CBA

4.6 Logic-related Operators

4.6 Logic-related Operators 15

∀xP (x) $\forall x P(x)$ ∀y ∈ N (y + 1 ∈ N)

4.7 Set-related Operators

4.8 Vector-related Operators

kvk $\| \mathbf{v} \|$ k(3, 4)k = 5

16 4.8 Vector-related Operators

u·v $\mathbf{u} \cdot u · u = kuk2

4.9 Matrix-related Operators

A+B $A+B$ A+X =B

4.9 Matrix-related Operators 17

4.10 Probability-related Operators

4.11 Statistics-related Operators

18 4.11 Statistics-related Operators

4.12 Key Probability Functions and Distri-

Bin(n, p) $\operatorname{Bin} If X stands for the

4.12 Key Probability Functions and Distributions 19

Fα,ν1 ,ν2 $F_{\alpha, \nu_1, F0.05,20,20 ≈ 2.1242

4.13 Calculus-related Operators

20 4.13 Calculus-related Operators