CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE

Topic: Differential Calculus

Differential Calculus
Limit of a Root of a Function
It deals with the rate of change of one quantity with respect to
another. Or you can consider it as a study of rates of change of ()
lim n g x = n lim g x
x→a x→a
()
quantities. For example, velocity is the rate of change of
distance with respect to time in a particular direction. If f(x) is a Indeterminate Forms
function, then f'(x) = dy/dx is the differential equation, where
f’(x) is the derivative of the function, y is dependent variable If the expression obtained after substituting the limit to a given
and x is an independent variable. function does not give enough information to determine the
original limit, it is known as an indeterminate form.
The rate of change of a function with respect to a chosen input
value (the independent variable) is called derivative. The The indeterminate forms include:
process of taking the derivative of a function is called
0 ∞
differentiation. 1. 00 2. ∞ 0 3.1∞ 4. 5. ∞ − ∞ 6. 0 × ∞ 7.
0 ∞
Limit of a Function
Solution to Indeterminate Forms
It is the value a function approaches as the variable
approaches a value. The L’Hospitals’ Rule:

x→a
()
lim f x = L The L’Hospitals Rule works only for the limit of a quotient that
takes the indeterminate form 0/0 or ∞ / ∞
General Rule:
Rule 1: (Form 0/0)
Limits involving algebraic operations are often performed by
replacing subexpressions by their limits. The resulting
definite value is the limit of the function desired. The function
()
⎡g x ⎤ ()
lim ⎡⎣g x ⎤⎦ → 0
lim ⎢ ⎥ and x→a
is said to be increasing or decreasing without limit if the ⎢⎣()
x→a h x
⎥⎦ x→a
()
lim ⎡⎣h x ⎤⎦ → 0
resulting value is positive infinity or negative infinity,
Therefore,
respectively.

lim ⎢
()
⎡g x ⎤
⎥ = lim
g' x ()
Theorems On Limits x→a h x
⎢⎣ ()⎥⎦ x→a h' x
()
Limit of a constant
Rule 2: (Form ∞/∞)
lim c = c
x→a

Limit of a constant and a function ()

⎡g x ⎤ ()
lim ⎡⎣g x ⎤⎦ → ∞
lim ⎢ ⎥ and x→a
{ ( )} = c {lim g ( x )}
lim c g x
x→a x→a
⎢⎣()
x→a h x
⎥⎦ x→a
()
lim ⎡⎣h x ⎤⎦ → ∞
Therefore,
Sum or Difference of Functions
{ ( ) ( )} = lim g ( x ) ± limh( x )
lim g x ± h x lim ⎢
()
⎡g x ⎤
⎥ = lim
g' x ()
x→a x→a x→a x→a h x
⎢⎣ ()⎥⎦ x→a h' x
()
Limit of the Product of Functions

x→a
{ ( ) ( )} = lim g ( x ) i limh( x )
lim g x i h x
x→a x→a
Note: If the resulting limit of the above mentioned rules still
takes the same indeterminate form, then extend the evaluation
to the next order derivative. This rule of repeated differentiation
Limit of the Quotient of Functions is applicable until the limit is no longer indeterminate.
()
⎧⎪ g x ⎫⎪ lim g x ()
lim ⎨ ⎬=
x→a
()
⎡g x ⎤ g' x () g'' x ()
g''' x ()
x→a h x
⎪⎩ () ⎪⎭ lim h x () lim ⎢
x→a h x
⎥ = lim
() x→a h' x
= lim
()
x→a h'' x
= lim
()
x→a h''' x
!
()
x→a
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus

Limit of Some Special Functions: Theorems on Calculus

x
⎛ sinx ⎞ ⎛ e x − 1⎞ Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1. lim ⎜ =1 8. lim ⎜ =1
x→0 ⎝ x ⎟ ⎠ x→0 ⎝ x ⎟⎠ “It states that differentiation and integration are inverse
operations.”
⎛ sinx ⎞ ⎛ a x − 1⎞
2. lim ⎜ =0 9. lim ⎜ = lna
x→0∞ ⎝ x ⎟ ⎠ x→0 ⎝ x ⎟⎠ Rolle’s Theorem
⎛ cosx ⎞ ⎛ xn − an ⎞ “If f(x) is continuous over a closed interval [a,b] and
3. lim ⎜ =0 10. lim ⎜ = nan−1 differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and if f(a)=f(b)=0, then
x→∞ ⎝ x ⎟⎠ x→a ⎝ x − a ⎟ ⎠ there is at least one number c in (a,b) such that f’(c)=0.”
⎛ 1− cosx ⎞
4. lim ⎜ =0
x→0 ⎝ x ⎟⎠ 11. lim u = ∞
u→∞

⎛ tanx ⎞ u
5. lim ⎜ =1 12. lim = ∞, k ≠ 0
x→0 ⎝ x ⎟⎠ u→∞ k

1 k
(
6. lim 1+ x
x→0
) x
=e 13. lim = ∞, k ≠ 0
u→0 u

x
⎛ 1⎞ k
7. lim ⎜ 1+ ⎟ = e 14. lim = 0, k ≠ 0
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠ u→∞ u

Derivatives
()
f' c = 0
Given a continuous function y=f(x), the derivative of y or f(x) is Mean Value Theorem
defined as the (instantaneous) rate of change of y with respect
to the independent variable x, expressed mathematically as: If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), then there is a
dy ( ) ()
f x + Δx − f x
()
f' x = = lim
dx Δx→0 Δx
number c in (a,b) such that :

Graphically, the (instantaneous) rate of change of a function is

the slope of the tangent line at a point on a graph of that
function.

slope tangent line = slope secant line

() ()
f b −f a
()
f' c =
b−a

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus

−1 du
Derivatives of Algebraic Functions 4.
d
dx
(
cot −1 u = )
1+ u2 dx
d
1.
dx
()
c =0

d
5.
d
(
sec −1 u = ) 1 du
2.
dx
(x) = 1 dx u u2 − 1 dx
−1 du
6.
d
(
csc −1 u = )
3.
d n
dx
( )
u = nun−1
du
dx
dx u u2 − 1 dx

d du dv Derivatives of of Logarithmic Functions

4. ( )
u± v = ±
d 1 1 du
dx dx dx 1.
dx
(
loga u = )
u lna dx
d dv du
5. ( uv ) = u + v
d 1 du
dx dx dx 2.
dx
( )
lnu =
u dx
du dv
d ⎛ u ⎞ v dx − u dx
6. = Derivatives of of Exponential Functions
dx ⎜⎝ v ⎟⎠ v2

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 1.

d u
dx
( )
a = au lna
du
dx
d
1. ( sinu) = cosu du
dx dx 2.
d u
dx
( )
e = eu
du
dx
d du
2.
dx
( )
cosu = − sinu
dx
Maxima and Minima
d du
3.
dx
( )
tanu = sec 2 u
dx
d
4.
dx
( cotu) = − csc 2 u du
dx
d du
5.
dx
( )
secu = secutanu
dx
d du
6.
dx
( )
cscu = − cscucotu
dx
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.
d
dx
(
sin−1 u = )
1 du
1− u2 dx
−1 du
2.
d
dx
(
cos −1 u = )
1− u2 dx
Critical Points
3.
d
dx
(
tan−1 u = )
1 du
1+ u2 dx 1. At maximum point: f’(x)=0 and f’’(x)<0
2. At minimum point f’(x)=0 and f’’(x)>0
3. At point of inflection f”(0)=

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus

How to Attack Worded Problems in Maxima

and Minima?
ü Illustrate a diagram for the problem.
ü Derive an equation representing the quantity to be b z
maximized or minimized. This quantity will typically be =
b+a X
represented in terms of two or more variables.
Maximum length of wire
ü Formulate a single variable for the equation.
ü Differentiate and equate the function to zero.

Applications for Maxima and Minima

x = hH
Ground distance x for best viewing angle
2 2 2
z3 = x3 + y3
Shortest ladder

1
sinθ =
3
h = 4r
Minimum Volume of a cone circumscribing a sphere of
radius r
L = a +b
Shortest line tangent to an ellipse

H
h=
3
4
2 2 2
Vcylinder = Vcone
c = a +b
3 3 3 9
Longest rod
Maximum volume of a cylinder inscribed in a cone of
radius r and height h.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus

6
r= R
3
2
h= R
3
Vsphere
Vcylinder = x=y=z
3
Maximum volume of a cylinder that can be cut from a Maximum volume of a rectangular box (closed) for a
sphere of radius R. given surface area:

y = 3x
h = 2r Strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from a
log of circular cross section:
Maximum volume of a right circular cone if lateral
area is given or minimum lateral area if volume is
given:
Maximum Volume :
4 1
h= R Breadth: x = 2b
3 3
Maximum Convex Area :
2
5 Depth: y = 2a
h= R 3
4 Strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from a
Maximum volume or Maximum area of a right circular log of elliptical cross section:
cone inscribed in a sphere of radius R.

How to Attack Worded Problems Time Rates?

x = 2y
Maximum volume of a rectangular box (open at the
top) with square base for a known area A, or
minimum surface area for a known volume.
ü Illustrate a diagram for the problem.
ü Determine which rates are given and which rate you need
to find.
ü Formulate a single variable for the equation.
ü Differentiate and equate the function to zero.
ü Substitute all the given information and find the unknown
rate.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus
23. The sum of two numbers is 21. The product of one of the
Sample Problems numbers by the square of the other is to maximum, what are
the numbers?
x2 − 1 24. Two posts, one 8 m and the other 12 m high are 15 m apart.
1. Evaluate : lim
x→1 x − 1 If the posts are supported by a cable running from the top of
x 3 − 2x + 5 the first post to a stake on the ground and then back to the
2. Evaluate : lim top of the second post, find the distance from the lower post
x→∞ 2x 3 − 7 to the stake to use minimum amount of wire.
sin3x 25. A person in a rowboat is 3 km from a point P on a straight
3. Evaluate : lim shore while his destination is 5 km directly east of point P. If
x→0 x
he is able to row 4 KPH and walk 5 KPH, how far from his
z 2 + z − 1− 3i destination must he land on the shore in order to reach his
4. Evaluate : lim 2
x→1+i z − 2z + 2 destination in shortest possible time.
( sinx ) 26. If the radius of the sphere is measured as 5 in with a
100

5. Evaluate : lim possible error of 0.02 inch, find the approximate error and
x→0 x 99 sin2x the percentage error in the computed value of the volume.
27. A closed cylindrical container has a capacity of 128 π cu.m.
6. Find the partial derivative of 2x2y+xy2 with respect to x.
Determine the minimum surface area.
!" #
7. Let f=yx. What is at x=2, y=1? 28. Find the minimum distance from the curve y=2(sqrt2x) to the
!$!% point (6,0).
8. Find the rate of change with respect to x of the slope of the 29. At noon, one ship (A) was 100 km directly north of another
tangent line to the curve x2-xy+y2=3 at (1, 2). ship (B). Ship A was sailing south at 30 kph and B was
9. Determine all the number c which satisfy the conclusion of sailing east at 15 kph. After how many hours will the two
Rolle’s Theorem for the given function and interval f(x)=2x- ships be nearest each other?
x2-x3 on [-2,1] 30. A kite, at a height of 60 ft is moving horizontally at a rate of
10. Determine all the number c which satisfy the conclusion of 5 ft/s away from the boy who flies it. How fast is the cord
Mean Value Theorem for the given function and interval being released when there are 100 ft out?
f(x)=4x3-8x2+7x-2 on [2,5] 31. Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 20 ft deep and 10 ft
x +1 across the top, at a rate 15 cu. Ft. per minute. Find how fast
11. Differentiate : y = is the water rising when it is 8 ft deep?
x+2
32. Two sides of a triangle are 5 and 8 units, respectively. If the
12. Differentiate : y = x included angle is changing at the rate of one radian per
second, at what rate is the third side changing when the
13. Differentiate : y = 2 − 3x 2 included angle is 60°?
14. Differentiate : y = cos 2x − 3( ) 33. A point is moving along the circle x2+y2=25 in the first
quadrant in such a way that its x coordinate changes at the
15. Differentiate : y = 5 2x+1 rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is its y coordinate changing as
16. Differentiate : y = arctan3x the point passes through (3, 4)?
17. Differentiate : y = arcsin4x 34. A ladder 20 feet long is placed against a wall. The foot of
the ladder begins to slide away from the wall at the rate of 1
⎛ x⎞ ft/sec. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall
18. Differentiate : y = arcsinh ⎜ ⎟ when the foot of the ladder is 12 feet from the wall?
⎝ 2⎠
35. Find the approximate radius of curvature of the function
19. Find the second derivative of y with respect to w of the y=x2-3x+1 at the point (1,-1).
function y=(3w2-4)(3w2+4).
20. Solve y’’ of y=cot-1(3x)
21. Given function y=x3-9x2+15x-3, determine the critical points.
22. What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be
inscribed in a semi circle of radius 10 cm?

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus

Take Home Exam A. x + z C. x + y

B. y + z D. x+ y + z
1. Evaluate 9. Find the minimum distance from the point (6,0) to the
x2 − 1 parabola y2 -8x.
lim 2
x→1 x + 3x − 4 A. 5.656 C. 3.232
B. 4.342 D. 4.522
A. 2/5 C. ∞
B. 0 D. 5/2
2
10. If Ω ( x,y ) = x 3y + e xy , find Ωyx
2. Evaluate: 2 2 2
A. 3x2 + 2xy 3e xy + 2ye xy C. 3x2 + 2xy 2e xy
x − 16
2
lim 2 2 2
x→4 x−4 B. 3x2 + 2xy 2e xy + 2ye xy D. 3x2 + 2xy 3e xy
A. 6 C. 12 sin ( x )
B. 10 D. 8 11. Find the dy/dx of f ( x ) =
1 − 2cos ( x )
3. Evaluate cos ( x ) + 2 sin ( x ) + 2
A. f ' ( x ) = C. f ' ( x ) =
lim
x (1 − 2cos ( x )) 2
(1 − 2cos ( x ))2
x→0 1− e x
cos ( x ) − 2 sin ( x ) − 2
B. f ' ( x ) = D. f ' ( x ) =
A. 0 C. 1 (1 − 2cos ( x )) 2
(1 − 2cos ( x ))2
B. -1 D. 1/2
12. What value of c in the open interval (0,4) satisfies the MVT
4. Evaluate
for f ( x ) = 3x + 4
x 3 − 2x + 9
lim A. 0 C. 3/5
x→∞ 2x 3 − 8
B. 5/3 D. 2
A. 1/2 C. 1/3
B. 2/3 D. 1/4 13. Find the radius of curvature of the function y=In x at (1,0).

5. Find y’ if xy + x − 2y − 1 = 0 A. 2.83 C. 3.62

B. 5.43 D. 4.73
x 1− x
A. y ' = C. y ' = 14. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 cm. What is the
( x − 2)2
( x − 2)2 maximum possible area of the triangle in sq. cm.?
1 1+ x A. 100 C. 170
B. y ' = D. y ' =
( x − 2)2
( x − 2)2 B. 120 D. 160

6. Find the slope of the curve y =x3 – x +5 at (2,-1). 15. An airplane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1km, passes
directly over an observer. If the constant speed of the plane
A. 11 C. -11 is 240 kph, how fast is its distance from the observer
B. 12 D. -12 increasing 30 seconds later?

7. Given the function y=x3-3x2+4x+5. Determine the A. 150.67 kph C. 186.62 kph
coordinates of the point of inflection. B. 214.66 kph D. 235.45 kph

A. (-1,-3) C. (2,9) 16. Divide the number 60 into two parts so that the product P of
B. (0,5) D. (1,7) one part and the square of the other is maximum. Find the
smallest part.
8. Find the partial derivative of u = xy + yz + zx with respect to x.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Calculus
24. The altitude of a cylinder of maximum volume which can be
A. 15 C. 20 inscribed in a right circular cone of radius r and height h
B. 30 D. 22 is_____.
17. What is the derivative of In cos x? A. h/3 C. 2h/3
B. 3h/2 D. h/4
A. sec x C. – sec x
B. – tan x D. tan x 25. A ladder 20 feet long is placed against a wall. The foot of
the ladder begins to slide away from the wall at the rate of
18. An object moves along a straight path at a speed 1 ft/sec. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the
v(t)=4t2+3t+2 in m/s, where t=time in seconds. Find the wall when the foot of the ladder is 12 feet from the wall?
distance travelled after 4 seconds.
A. 2/3 ft/sec C. 4/3 ft/sec
A. 112.56 m C. 117.33 m B. 3/2 ft/sec D. 3/4 ft/sec
B. 135.68 m D. 125.75 m 26. A plane, P, flies horizontally at an altitude of 2 miles with a
speed of 480 mi/h. At a certain moment it passes directly
19. A cone-shaped paper cup is being filled with water at the over a radar station, R. How fast is the distance between
rate of 3 cubic centimeters per second. The height of the the plane and the radar station increasing 1 minute later?
cup is 10 centimeters and the radius of the base is 5
centimeters. How fast is the water level rising when the 1930 1930
A. mi / h C. mi / h
level is 4 centimeters? 17 19
A. 3/2pi C. 3/4pi 1920 1920
B. mi / h D. mi / h
B. 2/3pi D. 4/3pi 17 19
20. A manufacturer estimates that the cost of production of “x” 27. An open box is formed by cutting squares of equal size
units of a certain item is C=40x-0.02x2-600. How many from the corners of a 24 by 15-inch piece of sheet metal
units should be produced for minimum cost? and folding up the sides. Determine the size of the cutout
that maximizes the volume of the box.
A. 500 C. 800
B. 1200 D. 1000 A. 1 in C. 3 in
B. 2 in D. 4 in
21. A rectangular lot is to have an area of 1600 sq. m. Find the
least amount of fence that could be used to enclose the 28. Find the equation of the tangent line at point (3,10) in
area. y=x2+1.
A. 260 C. 160 A. y=-4x+14 C. y=-5x+17
B. 210 D. 180 B. y=6x-8 D. y=-14x+114

22. A trough filled with water is 2m long and has a cross 29. What is the largest possible volume a right circular cylinder
section in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid 30 cm wide can have if it is inscribed in a sphere of radius 5?
at the bottom, 60 cm wide at the top, and a height of 50 cm.
500π
If the trough leaks water at the rate of 2000 cm3/min, how A. C. 500π
fast is the water level falling when the water is 20 cm deep? 3 2 3 5
500π
A. 5/21 cm/min C. 11/21 cm/min B. D. 500π
B. 8/21 cm/min D. 13/21 cm/min 3 3 3 6

23. A baseball diamond is a square whose sides are 90 ft long. 30. A point is moving along the circle x2+y2=25 in the first
If a batter hits a ball and runs to first base at the rate of 20 quadrant in such a way that its x coordinates changes at
ft/sec, how fast is his distance from second base changing the rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is its y coordinate changing
when he has run 50 ft? as the point passes through (3, 4)?

A. 7.09 ft/sec C. 6.78ft/sec A. -3/2 cm/sec C. -7/2 cm/sec

B. 8.12 ft/sec D. 5.45 ft/sec B. -5/2 cm/sec D. -9/2 cm/sec
GOD BLESS EVERYONE!

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado