VT TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY Wisdom « Integrity - Excellence SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) ARCHITECTURE ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS FIRST SUBANG MALL, SUBANG JAYA TUTOR: MR. ADIB ADELINE TING YUH CHEE 0314648 CHENG CHEN LIANG 0310043 LIM FOU SING 0314997 TSAI WAN CHING. 0315185 WONG JIAN KAI 0314794TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Electrical Supply System 2.4 Literature Review 34 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room 2.3.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Room 2.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 2.3.4 Transformer and Low Voltage Switch Room 2.3.5 Generator Set Room 2.3.6 Main Switch Board 2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room 2.3.8 Meter 2.3.9 Distribution Box 23.10 Lightings 2.4 Uniform Building By Law 2.5 Analysis & Suggestions 3.0 Fire Protection System 3.1 Literature Review 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Passive Fire Protection 3.3.1 Buffer Floor 3.3.2 Beams and Columns 3.3.3 Compartment Wall 3.3.4 Fire Emergency Room 3.3.5 Ventilation in Lift Shaft 3.4 Active Fire Protection 3.4.1 Fire Control Room 3.4.2 Water Tank 3.4.3 Fire Pump Room 3.4.3.1 Jockey Pump 3.4.3.2 Booster 3.4.3.3 Duty Pump 3.4.3.4 Standby Operation Pump 3.4.4 Wet Riser 3.4.5 Dry Riser 3.4.6 Fire Alarm 3.4.7 Fire/Smoke Detector 3.4.8 Sprinkler System 3.4.9 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System 3.4.10 Fire Extinguisher 3.4.0.1 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher 3.4.10.2 Foam Fire Extinguisher 3.4.10.3 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher 3.4.11 Fire Roller Shutter 3.4.12 Fire Hydrant 3.5 Uniform Building By Law4.0 Mechanical Transportation System 4.1 Literature Review 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Case Study 4.3.4 Machine/Control Room 4.3.2 Elevator 4.3.3 Fire Control Switch 4.34 Fire Fighter's Elevator 4.3.5 Escalator 4.36 Inclined Moving Walkway 4.4 Uniform Building By Law 45 Analysis & Suggestions 5.0 Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditional System 5.1 Literature Review 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 AHU Room 5.3.1.1 Air Handling Unit System 5.3.2 Fan Coil Unit 5.3.3 Chiller Room 5.3.4 Cooling Tower 5.3.5 Fan Room 5.3.6 Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation System 5.4 Uniform Building By Law 5.5 Analysis & Suggestions 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 ReferencesAbstract This paper is based on the research work of a commercial building, First Subang. This research draws upon mostly a complete collection of reviews, published articles and journals, observations and individual analysis. The fundamental purpose of this study is to identify the relationships between the components of a functional system ina building, which is relevant to electrical supply, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning, fire protection system and mechanical transportation. This research is mainly for education purpose. Acknowledgment ‘We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the engineer, Mr. Bai who kindly assisted us during site visit and provided relevant information in this report. Doubtlessly to say, this report would not be finished on time without Mr.Adib’s guiding, 50 we would like to acknowledge Mr.Adib for the lecture slides and chary guiding along. Lastly, acknowledging the facilities manager who approved us for the site visit for First Subang on time, spending his precious time to guide us around in the building and access to authorized rooms, including explaining how the machines works in details.1.0 Introduction First Subang was developed by Titaya Group, a property development company who in charged of E-Tiara projects. It's situated right in the heart of the thriving SS15, Subang Jaya. Itis a composition of retail area for the first 2 levels, and topped by two office towers. It consists 2 office towers on a retail podium made up of a basement, 5 floors of parking and 3 retail floors, including purpose-built supermarket, bank and restaurant which provides convenience to the residential users, though the AEON D'Hati Supermarket has occupied most of the space at lower ground floor. It has a total of 130 office suites in Southern Tower and Northern Tower. It’s situated within a high catchment financial and convention area, and easily accessible via 7 highways. The building is also broadband-ready, with available WiFi connection at the selected common areas. This report is to enhance our ability to understand the basic building services in a multi-storey building such as mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system, electrical supply system, mechanical transportation system and fire protection system.2.0 Electrical Supply System 2.1 Literature Review ‘COLOUR KEY: Be rosnesen im oirunon Surstato0 eV"! ‘Step oun ancien Tronercin Lines =, soce| ane 735, 500,36, 290, 80 th aE ‘5 lag a Energy has historically been made available for useful work by burning a fossil fuel such as coal or oil. Electricity constitutes a form of energy itself, which occurs naturally only in unusable forms such as lightning and other static discharges. The primary problem in the utilization of electric energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it cannot be stored and, therefore, must be generated and utilized in the same instant. This is the reason on why electricity has been playing a significant role in our daily life as a source of supply to provide mechanical ventilation and artificial lightings in the building. It is essential for modem living and business in the current society. There are 3 different branch of electrical supply companies in Malaysia that provides electric, which is the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) for peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak Energy (SE) for Sarawak ‘These companies are important for all the occupants in Malaysia as they are the one providing and managing the daily electrical supply to all the household and commercial buildings. ‘The electrical distribution system starts from the electric generating station, thermal power plant and hydro electric power plant. The electric will be distributed according to the ‘power distribution grid’, the amount of voltage distributed are depending on the amount of electrical appliances used by the building's occupants. In the process of delivering the electricity to the users, which is also known as the power distribution grid, the voltage is expected to rise or drop depending on function and location. The amount of electric and the location of the building will affect the amount of voltage transferred. In the electrical supply system, the electric from the power generating station will pass through the step up transformer to increase the power, to save the use of limited source and to cover back the energy loss due to resistance of the lines. The high current produced enables the voltage to be transformed up to 132, 275 or 400KV for national transmission. Later on, the current will pass through the step down transformer where the current is brought down as the incoming current is too high for domestic purposes. And then the current is distributed to the facilities of the area around the substation based on the need of that certain building.The electrical equipments and systems installed in the building are known as electrical distribution equipment. It is a necessary to do a thorough analysis and calculations on the amperage load and short circuit values of each individual part of the distribution system in order to achieve an efficient electric distribution system in the building.2.2 Introduction First Subang Mall is a commercial building which requires more energy compare to the residential buildings. Hence, essential components like TNB high tension (HT) room, consumer high tension (HT) room, transformer & low voltage switch room, vacuum circuit breaker, generator and electrical riser room have to present in the building. Beside that, for safety purpose, emergency exit noticeboard and lighting are also applied in the building according to the Malaysia UBBL 1994 Law. Below that, each of the components will be explained more detailed and analyzed their actual functionality and practicality. These systems require a significant amount of space. Because much of these systems’ hardware is normally hidden from view-within concealed construction spaces or special rooms-the layout of these systems should be carefully integrated with each other. baa | | ‘l " Diagram 2.2 Circulation of Electrical System The diagram above shows overall circulation flow of an electrical system in First Subang, from TNB High Tension Room distribute to each individual electrical room. Details for each individual room system will be explain later on.2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room Figure 2.3.1 Tenaga National Berhad High Tension Room For the building which we are studying on, the First Subang Mall, is a commercial building which requires more energy compare to the residential buildings, therefore High Tension Room has to be designed in the building to split off the current and transter to different step down transformers to reduce the amount of voltage and able to transfer them according to the usage needs for each individuals in the building. The electric supply is following the nation grid system, which is providing multiple paths between various generation sources and loads. Also, it transfers power from one geographic area to another to achieve overall system operating economics. Finally, it helps to interconnect the bulk power facilities of individual power station so they can better withstand major disturbances.LOWER GROUND ee rtsuoronin Diagram 2.3.1.1 Lower Ground Plan ‘As shown in Diagrams 2.3.1, the TNB High Tension Room is located at lower ground level, along the street, for easier accessibility by the authorized personnel, such as the electrical engineers from TNB. The TNB High Tension room here supplies electric power to First Subang Mall, as well as Empire Mall and Subang Parade. Diagram 2.3.1.2 Elevation2.3.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Room Figure 2.3.2 Consumer High Tension Room ‘The Consumer HT room is located next to the TNB HT room. The close proximity between these rooms ensure the prevention of loss and drop in current due to the resistance inside the electric cable. This is a room containing switch gears, it's also known as “unit substation”. The current flows from the TNB High Tension room will be split and fed into different transformers in the Consumer High Tension room, each receiving 11kV and transform them to the Incomers and MSB. Their function is to step down the voltage so it will be safer to distribute depending on the usage of each department and facility in the building. The switchboards are all dead front, meaning, they all have circuit breakers, switches, fuses and live parts completely enclosed in a metal structure. Their durable grey finishing gives an aesthetic appeal and assisting wiring in dimly lit areas. Each step down transformers are functioning for different area, though all also step down the power to 2000kV first, one is for the landlord, one is for the tenants. Landlord referring to the public areas in the mall, lke lift, car parks, toilets, where as the another one is for tenants who are living there, and last one is for the chiller. Various safety precautions have been taken here. There's rubber mat placed on the ground near to the Main Switch Board. The purpose is to prevent the maintenance crew or authorized personnel from conducting earthling, therefore minimizing the chances of getting fatal electric shocks.LOWER GROUND Diagram 2.3.2.1 Lower Ground Plan Consumer High Tension(HT) Room is located next to TNB High Tension(HT) Room as if break down of electrical supply occurs, maintenance checked can be done at Consumer HT Room and TNB HT Room at the same time. [icone Tartavoncen Diagram 2.3.2.2 Elevation2.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Figure 2.3.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that performs the same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. When an unexpected high surge of current issued, these breakers will use high density air to break the circuit from causing any unnecessary damage to the main switch boards thereby prevent power surges and fires. It breaks the circuit quicker than fuses, which is why fuses are normally used in lower voltage electrical equipment whereas vacuum circuit breaker are used in high tension room. In a vacuum circuit breaker, there're two electrical contacts are enclosed in a vacuum One of the contacts is fixed and one is movable. When the circuit breaker detects a dangerous situation, the movable contact pulls away from the fixed contact, interrupting the current. Because the contacts are in a vacuum, arcing between the contacts is suppressed, ensuring that the circuit remains open. As long as the circuit is open, it will not be energized. Cross section of Vacuum interrupter2.3.4 Generator Set Room Figure 2.3.4 Generator Set Room When there is a breakdown in power supply from the TNB, the generator in Generator Set Room will be generating electricity for the building until the power supply has been regained. The generator act as a backup electric supply source when there’s a electrical shortage from the main power supply from Tenaga Nasional Berhad. However, this power supplied by generator will only be enough for the lightings which are directly connected, such as lift, lobby and toilet, but would not be supplying for the tenants’ offices due to shortage of electricity supplied. 10Figure 2.3.4.1 Electric Generator Set ‘The engine generator set comprises of three components which are fuel systems, the body set, and the exhaust facilities. The noise produced by the generator during maintenance and regular testing are extremely loud, but there's a big fan operating to cool the generator as well which will be explained later on. Figure 2.3.4.2 Nickel Cadmium Battery The core of the generator is nickel cadmium battery, it's the starter of the machine, The nickel cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes nuFigure 2.3.4.3 Diesel Fuel Tank Battery has much lower specific energy than the fuel such as gasoline, therefore the diesel fuel is required for the workout of the generator while still using battery to operate, even though the gasolines can only be stored for a year at most, and disposal is difficult. The diesel fuel passes through the motor and allow combustion to occur. At this stage, the dynamo will generate electric field and current will be channeled to the LV Room followed by the distributing areas. 2Figure 2.3.4.4 Radiator Cooling Generator Set ‘As the generator will be generating heat as well while generating electricity, precautions of preventing over heating and fire from occurring have been taken. There's radiator cooled diesel engine generator set allocated right next to the generator to extract heat from the engine and pumped outside. The radiator cooling system is made up of tubes surrounded by fins. Figure 2.3.4.5 Fresh Air Intake Above the entrance of the generator set room, there's a air fin to allow the air enter while still able to filter out the unwanted dust though the mesh to allow more ventilation for cooling the room. Ventilation is very important especially when the generator is operating due to the heat it produced. aGROUND FLOOR Diagram 2.3.4.1 Ground Floor Plan Generator Set Room is located above all of the other electrical rooms as the generator itself produces more heat compared to the others and so a higher location is ideal for better ventilation compared to basement and ground floor that is more stuffy. al aaa ey yaya Diagram 2.3.4.2 Elevation 1“2.3.5 Transformer and Low Voltage Switch Room Figure 2.3.5 Transformer The stepped down current from each transformer is transferred to their own respective Main Switch Boards (MSB) in the Low Voltage Room. In First Subang, there are 3 MSBs for landlord, tenant and chiller. These panels are the main power switches of the entire building, one is for the landlord, one is for the tenants and the ather one is for chiller. Landlord referring to the public areas in the mall, lke lift, car parks, toilets, where as the another one is for tenants who are living there. Similarly, these panels are set back from the wall to allow maintenance from the engineers. The room is extreme hot due to the heat generated by the passage of current through transformer coils due to the winding cable resistance. Therefore, extra fan is placed in the room 1BASEMENT Diagram 2.3.5.1 Basement Plan Transformer Room is located one floor below Consumer High Tension(HT) Room and TNB High Tension(HT) Room as distribution of electricity can be transferred quicker through the electrical circuits in between these rooms. RE Treastermer room Diagram 2.3.5.2 Section2.3.6 Main Switch Board (MSB) Figure 2.3.6.1 Main Switch Board ‘An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one or more sources of supply to several smaller regions of usage. It is an assembly of one or more panels, each of which contains switches that allow electricity to be redirected. Switchboards consist of various electronic apparatus used to operate electric circuits. The function of a switchboard is to transmit electricity from one source to another. Normally, high voltage appliances such as lifts and elevators take their powers directly from sub-switch board whereas the low voltage appliances such as lightings are to be managed by distribution board. In other words, SSB controls high power facilities, where as the lightings go under distribution Board Figure 2.3.6.2 Sub Switch Board wv2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room Figure 2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room (Source: Estana Court 2014) A riser room is where the electrical distribution equipment (Switchgears and Panels) that supplies the electrical systems of the building is located. Electrical conduits that feed the various equipment, A/C units and sub panels and fire pumps originate here. 182.3.8 Electric Meter Figure 2.3.8.1 Electric Meter The electric meter is an instrument that measures the amount of electric energy used by a consumer in a house, shop, offices etc. It is calibrated in kilowatt-hours. One kilowatt-hour is the amount of electric energy required to provide 1,000 watts of power for a period of one hour. The amount of electric meter in a building depends solely on the number of tenants at each floor. For most domestic electric meter it is usually enclosed in a glass case which contains a revolving disk which in turn rotates a series of numbers or dials. When the electric current passes through the meter, the disk rotates to measure the exact amount of kilowatts used whenever there is electric current that pass through the meter. The speed of rotation varies depending on how much electricity the user is using in that building for particular device such as running a washing machine, microwave and water heater etc. It is important to note that different electric appliance uses different amount of electricity for its operating Figure 2.3.8.2 Meter There are meters for each sub station in First Subang as shown in figure 2.3.8.2. 19LOWER GROUND Diagram 2.3.8 Lower Ground Floor Plan ‘As shown in diagrams 2.3.8, the meter room is situated nearby the switching room and and the previous electricity room, this is for ease of checking by the maintainers from the building and TNB. Easy access for meter checking regularly by the TNB maintainers as well to check no problem occur on the meter. 202.3.9 Distribution Room Figure 2.3.9 Distribution Board After passing through the electric meter, the electricity will be diverted to the distribution board which will be located inside the electric room. The distribution board is also known as panelboard or breaker panel. The main function of the distribution board is to divide the electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit. The distribution board offers protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from ground faults. The electricity from the distribution board is then further delivered to Miniature Circuit Board(MCB) and Earth Leakage Circuit Board(ELCB). Figure 2.3.9.1 Distribution Board wiring EnGROUND FLOOR Diagram 2.3.9.1 Ground Level Plan As shown in diagrams 2.3.9, the meter room is situated in the building passageway for easy access for the maintenance on fuse and circuit breaker if necessary. The passageway is narrow and hidden so the normal users in the mall are less likely to use that path, as it's meant for the maintainers. F Va ayaa l Diagram 2.3.9.2 Elevation 22.3.10 Lighting Diagram 2.3.10 Lighting Distribution The diagram 2.3.10 shows one of the distribution of electric to the lightings in First Subang. The type of light bulb used in the down lights in the building is the compact fluorescent light bulbs. Most commercial buildings use this type of lightings as it offers long life and high quality energy efficient task lighting. The lighting portion of the bulbs are normally a small tube structure, either in parallel form or in a swirled shape. Though the usage of lightings might seem a lot in the plan but they are all placing along the path after calculating the distance and their range of coverage, so the whole circulation path would be bright enough for the occupants’ comfort level 22.4 Uniform Building By Law © Section 240 (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force. © Section 241 In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by native of the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system. Whereas according to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997, itis listed that: Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, ete. Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger. Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, ete. Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be: (1) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger (2) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure. 22.5 Analysis & Conclusion ‘The Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR) board is placed in each electrical room for safety purpose. The board provides information to prevent apparent death from electric shock as emergency procedure can be performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain funetion in a case that a person is unresponsive with abnormal breathing Even though there's a board in every electrical room to guide the people during emergency situation, however, this is still not considerate enough especially for the ‘OKU people. According to UBBL, visible indicator alarm signals did not use in First Subang and create danger to the deaf people. Although deaf people isn't the main group among the users, they still exist in the building and rely on the system. Hence, First Subang should consider more on the OKU people since it's a commercial building. In conclusion, electric supply system in First Subang is quite complete since it fulfill ‘most of the Uniform Building By Law's requirements. All kind of users and it will cause trouble in special case. A good system should consider every users and fulfill their needs. Hence, local authority should enhance the system and regularly check all the components’ availability. 253.0 Fire Protection System 3.1 Literature Review Fire is a chemical reaction in which energy in the form of heat is produced. Flame, heat and light are released during fire while it happens and may react with many materials that makes the fire burn heavier and faster. Fire is created with with three factors, oxygen, fuel and heat. Therefore there are many ways in extinguishing the fire through taking off any of the factors. Fire safety foundation has to be considered in a building due to the risk assessments in it. Fire safety foundation has the duty to do all that is reasonably practicable to safeguard relevant persons who may be employees and visitors that may be exposed to risk in the event of fire Based on Malaysia UBBL 1984 law, fire precautions legislation is generally to include matters that exist on safety legislation which includes the means of detection and giving warning in case of fire, provision of means of escape, means of fighting fire, provision on structural stability and the means to resist the spread of fire within and between buildings. Buildings have to comply the legislation by the use of both passive and active fire protection system. In the case of fire safety in a construction, one of the most important issues is the method in managing fire factors at different spaces. Passive fire protection is one of the components of fire protection in construction industry which mostly focus on reducing the speed of combustion while providing good circulation for escape routes. In order to inhibit the spread of fire within the building, the internal linings shall adequately resist the spread of flame over their surfaces and decrease the rate of fire growth. Internal linings refer to the materials used in lining any partition, wall, ceiling or other internal structure. Active methods for fire protection involves powered devices to exhaust, pressurize and in particular situations, oppose the smoke with forced air to prevent smoke and gas movement. The active methods give warning or the provision on fighting fire in a building such as the use of fire alarm, extinguisher, sprinkler, none water base system and more. The active protection system consists of several individual components at in the building to rescue residents in fire accidents. There might be conflict between occupants during fire emergency evacuation. One of the main concern by the engineers is to delay the spreading of fire based on the fire safety construction requirements whereas architects concern on fire safety at different spaces within a building. Safety management is the key aspect to strive for Continuous improvement of performance. This is to ensure that both passive and active fire protection systems can perform well through regular inspection and maintenance so that standards and effectiveness of the systems are kept. 263.2 Introduction First Subang Mall is a commercial building which has 20 stories, fire protection system has to be planned well since users’ life is the most important issue and rescue action will be hard to executed when there's fire in the building. In order to strengthen the fire protection, First Subang Mall has both active and passive fire protection system, which is valid according to the Malaysia UBBL 1994 Law. Overall, common components like fire control room, fire pump room, dry riser, fire alarm, fire alarm and fire smoke detector are applied to this building. Fire emergency exit and ventilation in lift shaft also take into consideration for safety purpose. Diagram 3.2.1 Circulation of a Sprinkle System Diagram 3.2.2 Circulation of a CO? Suppression System ‘The diagrams above shows the flow of two particular active systems, sprinkle system and CO? suppression system. In sprinkler system, water is stored in water tank, and pumped through the pump room system then spray in the particular space where fire has been detected. Details of each component will be explain further in Chapter 3.3. 73.3 Case Study 3.3 Passive Fire Protection Systems Passive fire protection system apply on materials that are always present and do not rely on the operation of any form of mechanical device. Passive fire protection systems can be seen in the form of fire rated doors, barrier, ceilings and structural fire protection. The overall aim of passive systems is to contain the fire by the use of fire rated partitions and doors to prevent the fire and smoke from moving from one compartment to another. The selection of materials helps to delay the collapse of the building structure and the growth of fre. Figure 3.3 Components of Passive Fire Protection System ‘The figure above shows the components which help in delaying the spreading of fire. Few components will be explain in details in chapter 3.3 later. 283.3.1 Butfer Floor Diagram 3.3.1 Buffer Floor The buffer floor is made of fire resisting construction materials. There are few areas that need to construct with buffer floor to resist the fire. These areas include boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas, laundries, repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials, storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous, liquified petroleum gas storage areas, linen rooms, transformers rooms and substations, and flammable liquids stores 3.3.2 Beams & Columns Figure 3.3.2 Beam and Column Beams and columns forming part of any structure and carrying is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials. 23.3.3 Compartment Wall CELE 2 oo sere LEVEL 1 Figure 3.3.3 Compartment Wall in Red ‘As stated in UBBL, there is a limitation of the spreading speed of fire for the compartment. The compartment wall restricts the movement of smoke so that the smoke will not spread easily throughout the whole building within a short time. It optimizes evacuation routes during fire and also accommodates different activities to enable each compartment have their own fire protection systems. There is also a limit of dimensions on volume of the compartment which is 7000 cubic meters based on 5" Schedule of UBBL 1984. However, automatic sprinklers can double up the limit to 14000 cubic meters. Besides that, buildings which exceed 30 ‘meters in height, all floors which are more than 9 meters above ground level shall be constructed with compartment floor, except mezzanine floor. Walls shalll also be solid masonry or concrete with thickness of 200mm, 203.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit Figure 3.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit Door Storey exit is a fire rated door to a protected staircase or a corridor protected with a fire resisting structure in accordance with the 9" schedule to these By-laws. In the case of ground floor accommodation, storey exit means a door leading direct to a place safety outside the building. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases. ‘Travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.3 meters from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any comers or obstructions with 0.3 ‘meters clearance there from and ending at the storey exit. Individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than 6 person, the travel distance shall be measured form the doors of such rooms, provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 meters. Based on the 7th schedule of UBBL 1984, maximum travel distance for dead end limit is 15 meters, for nsprinklered is 30 meters and for sprinklered is 45 meters. More than 2 storey exits shall be provided and in no case closer than 5 meters measured between the nearest edges of the openings and must within limits of travel distance. Emergency exit signs must be readily visible. Lettering shall be in read against a black background. lluminated signs shall be provided. Besides that, exit doors shall be closed automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power ‘failure of the fire alarm. Each exit shall give direct access to final exit, protected staircase leading to a final exit and an external route leading to a final exit. In every case, one of the protected staircases shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected staircase shall be sufficient width and number to accommodate the relevant occupancy. Exits should never decrease in width along their length of travel. Common exit should be larger than the sum of the width of the exits converging it 1GROUND FLOOR Diagram 3.3.4 Ground Floor Plan The location of the fire escape room is located with a distance away from the open public area. This is because the fire escape room is designed to provide the accessibility of the users who are unable to escape from the main entrance in time. As it’s an emergency escape, so it's located at such space where people would not access normally. 23.3.5 Ventilation in Lift Shafts Figure 3.3.6 Lift Shaft Openings in a lift shaft are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shaft shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meters per lft located at the top of the shaft. The vent shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts. Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 mm in diameter. The basic idea is that an elevator shaft pressurization has recently received renewed attention as a means of smoke control in tall buildings. The basic idea is that a fan system floods the shaft with ambient air during a fire, thereby preventing smoke from entering the elevator shaft by creating positive pressure differences across all elevator doors. In the absence of fan pressurization, the driving forces of smoke movement, including the buoyancy of hot smoke and stack effect, can cause smoke flow through an elevator shaft to threaten life at locations remote from the fire. 23.4 Active Fire Protection System The fundamental purpose of active fire protection system includes automatic fire detection and fire suppression to prevent the passage and spread of smoke and fire from one area of the building to another. The overall aim of active system is to extinguish the fire by detecting the fire early and evacuate the building, alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire, control the movement of smoke and fire suppress the fire of oxygen and fuel. Depend on the operation of a mechanical device, active systems in the form of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation. The overall aim of active system is to extinguish the fire by: * Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building. * Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire. © Control the movement of smoke and fire. © Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel. Below are the progress of active fire protection system in First Subang, EEE Ee Eee ~- Eee [eer =” «| Seegheroon | Tee | Figure 3.4.1 Diagram of the Active System The carbon dioxide fire suppression system in First Subang is installed in most of the mechanical and also the electrical room because it consist of all the electrical equipment that can be dangerous and highly flammable which may danger the occupants in the building. Carbon dioxide is used instead of water because the gas can help to extinguish the effect by displacing the oxygen gas in the air. The CO2 fire suppression system is used because it will not cause any damage to the electrical equipment in the room. The further details will be explained in 3.4.7 later. Era