UNIVERSITY Wisdom + Integrity » Excellence W TAY LOR’S BUILDING SERVICES 60903 > BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS 7 SS15 COURTYARD, SUBANG JAYA Bin’ Mohamad Bint A Baker 0323246 0325369TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 5 2. Introduction to $S15 Courtyard 6 2.1, Site Introduction 2.2. Service Floor Make Up 2.3. Floor plan 3. Fire Protective System 9 3.0.1, Literature Review 3.0.2. Location of Equipment 3.0.3. Overview 3.1. Active Fire Protection System 13 3.1.1. Literature Review 3.1.2. Fire Detection 3.1.2.1. Heat Detector 3.1.3. Fire Notification System 3.1.3.1. Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) 3.1.3.2, Manual Call Point Manual Pull Station System Reset 1.3.5. Emergency Light System 3.1.3.6. Fireman Switch 3.1.4. Fire Fighting System 3.1.4.1, Non-water Based System 3.1.4.1.1. Fire Extinguisher 3.1.4.2. Water Based System 3.1.4.2.1. External 2 Way Fire Hydrant 3.1.4.2.2. Fire Hose Reel System 3.1.4.2.3. Wet Riser 3.1.4.2.4, Fire Sprinkler System 3.2. Passive Fire Protection System 31 3.2.1, Literature Review 3.2.2. Purpose and Group Compartment 3.2.2.1. Separation of Fire Risk Areas 3.2.2.2. Fire Rated Door 3.2.2.3. Fire Rated Walls and Floors 3.2.3. Fire Appliance Access 3.2.4. Means of Escape 3.2.4.1. Fire Evacuation Route 3.2.4.2. Escape Travel Distance 3.2.4.3. Fire Escape Staircase 3.2.4.4, Emergency Exit Sign 3.2.4.5, Assembly Point 3.3 Summary BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 2TABLE OF CONTENTS 4, Mechanical Ventilation System 56 4.0.1 Literature Review 4.0.2 Overview 4.03 UBBL Compliance 4.1 Air Handling Units (AHU) 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Location of AHU Rooms 4.1.3 Main Components of AHU 4.2 Ductworks and Exhaust Systems 4.2.1 Overview 4.2.2 Location of Duct Shafts, Exhaust Fan Rooms and Ventilation Spaces 4.2.3 Components of Ventilation System 4.3 Summary 5. Air-Conditioning System 71 5.0.1, Literature Review 5.0.2. Overview and Equipment Connections 5.1. Cooling Tower 5.1.1. Overview 5.1.2. Location & Position in A/C system 5.1.3. Constituent Part of Cooling Tower 5.1.4, Process 5.1.5. Building Context 5.2. Chilling Tower 5.2.1. Overview 5.2.2, Location & Position in A/C System 5.2.3. Constituent Part of Chiller 5.2.4, Process 5.2.5. Building Context 5.3. Air Handling Units 5.3.1. Overview 5.3.2. Location & Position in A/C system 5.4, Packaged Chiller 5.4.1, Overview 5.4.2, Location & Position in A/C system 5.4.3. Constituent Part of Air-Cooled System 5.4.4,Process 5.4.5. Building Context 5.5. Ductless Split-Type A/C 5.5.1. Overview 5.5.2. Location & Position in A/C system 5.5.3. Constituent Part of Split A/C system 5.5.4. Process 5.5.5. Building Context 5.6. UBBL Compliance BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 3TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. Mechanical Transportation 101 6.0.1 Literary Review 6.0.2 Floor Plan diagram 6.0.3 Overview of arrangement 6.0.4 Overview (in relation to building) 6.1. Elevator 6.1.1 Overview 6.1.2 Lift Type and Specifications 6.1.3 Building specific explanation & purpose 6.1.4 UBBL regulation study 6.15 6.2 Escalator 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Mechanisms of an Escalator 6.2.3 Safety Precautions 6.2.3 Summary 7. Summary 116 8. References 124 BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORTABSTRACT 1.0 ABSTRACT A building, much like most of us, are comprised of skin, bones, circulatory system and muscles. It's artificial counterparts are, respectively, the building fabric, structural frame, circulatory infrastructure and building services. Without either, they wouldn’t exist to be. The directive of this report is to technically address and analyse the four types of building services, crucial to aid, comfort and secure a bullding’s occupants. In many cases, the lay-person fails to acknowledge the importance of these elements that often times stay tucked away inconspicuously. What's out of sight isn’t necessarily out of mind. These four services will be the focus of the report - Mechanical Ventilation Systems, Air-conditioning Systems, Fire Protection Systems and Mechanical transportation - and how they work in tandem. UBBL codes and regulations are referred to, ensuring compliance to its corresponding usage and/or building conditions. Our site visit came in three stages, with consent from the mall management. Our group were granted access throughout the visit while being accompanied by the staff. We were lead on a tour of the mechanical ventilation & air-conditioning systems on the first day, April 8th. On April 19th, we visited the fire protection systems and finally the mechanical transportation systems on April 27th. Relevant service rooms/facilities are recorded through notes and photographs, with their location pinpointed on a floor plan received from the management office head, Mr Chang. Here are our findings. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 5INTRODUCTION 2.1 SITE INTRODUCTION SS15 Courtyard is a mixed-typology establishment covering 300 square feet of gross built-up area by developers Titijaya Asset SDN. BHD. The first four floors houses a commercial mall, predominantly of food outlets. A purpose built grocery store occupies half the Lower Ground floor, as an anchor tenant, with retail stores scattered around the mall. An open car park sits atop the mall from the 2nd to the Sth floor. The upper levels are divided into two towers where the private offices and residences of First Subang are located, occupying floor 6 to floor 16. A sky-lobby on the 6th floor serves as the main access point to this section of the building. The building sits in the middle of a cluster of commercial shoplots that plays a vital role as a hub of commerce within $815, hence bringing in high volume traffic in and around the building. A high volume of visitors are accounted for when designing the building, making the quality of building services of high priority. 2.2 SERVICE FLOOR MAKE UP The Courtyard’s Mall makes up a total of 4 floors, the first being the basement. The central cooling tower is located at the 6th floor, above the 2 carpark floors, and supplies air to the entire mall, while the grocery store air conditioning is supplied by a stand-alone refrigerant on the 2nd floor. The mall shares a network of wet-risers connected to a main water tank, supplying water to fire rooms and water sprinklers to the floors of the mall. Naturally, this tank is set on the 4th floor of the mall with a water pump to aid in the production of the necessary pressure. The mall shares a grid system that eases compartmentalisation in the event of a fire, equipped with shutters and fire doors. Fire rooms are also found on every floor of the building as per requirements. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 6INTRODUCTION The basement contains much of the bulk of mechanical ventilation that work in tandem with active fire-protection systems for safety measures, especially in an enclosed basement carpark. The mall shares an entire length of two lift lobbies for mechanical transportation of patrons. 2.3 FLOOR PLANS Below are the floor plans: Figure 2.3.1. Basement floor plan Figure 2.3.2. Lower ground floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT iINTRODUCTION Figure 2.3.5. Second floor plan Figure 2.3.4, First floor plan a se] les) els Figure 2.3.6. Sixth floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORTFIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 9FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.0.1. Literature Review The need of having fire protection in a building is necessary as the system protects building occupants, building structure, building properties and prevent fire from spreading. The life safety of occupants in a building must always be the priority and itis possible by minimum fire protection in respect of various aspects such as means of escape, containment of fire within a building and means of detection and extinguishment of fire. Planning for fire protection involves an integrated approach in which system designers need to analyze building components as a total package. Fire protection itself is divided into two categories which are: © Active Fire Protection * Passive Fire Protection 3.0.2 Location of Equipments Figure 3.0.2.1. Basement floor plan Figure 3.0.2.2. Lower ground floor plan (Passive rine prorEcTiON sistem iB Active Fine PROTECTION sySTEM HB passive rine prorection stem BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 103.0.2 Location of Equipments Figure 3.0.2.6. Second floor plan Et FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM =z Figure 3.0.2.4. First floor plan a \[s]els{alala [lala a pelelela| ele lele| Figure 3.0.2.7. Sixth floor plan I Act aie recon srstem HB Passive rine PROTECTION s¥STEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | -FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.0.3 Overview & Equipment Connections As an overview, to detect early stages of fire, manual and automatic means of active fire protection system plays a part in fire detection, fire notification and fire fighting system. On the other hand, the three main criteria in passive fire protection system that are considered during the planning stage in designing the commercial building, SS15 Courtyard are purpose group and compartment, fire appliance access and means of escape. The following combined plays a huge role in maintaining the building and most importantly ensuring the building's occupants safety ina case of a fire. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 12ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 13,ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.1, Literature Review Active fire protection (AFP) is an essential part of fire protection system. Contrary to passive fire protection system, AFP requires a valid amount of motion and response in order to work. Fire can be suppressed either through manual or automatic control. Manual control consists of using fire extinguisher or hose-reel system and automatic control includes fire sprinkler system which would usually be found in large commercial building such as $S15 Courtyard. This system aims to detect early stages of fire, allowing fire extinguishing and excavation of occupant process to be done safely. t. Fire Detection System 2. Fire Notification System 3. Fire Fighting System BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 14ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.2. Fire Detection System Fire detection system’s main function is to quickly detect a growing fire and alert buil emergency response department before any major damage occurs. There are 3 different types of fire detection systems by detecting either through: 1. Heat Detector 2. Smoke Detector 3. Flame Detector UBBL 1984 SECTION 225: Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. 3. Heat Detector Heat detectors are created to be able to respond during the increase of temperature through thermal energy of a heat sensitive element. It is used to assist in reducing property damaged. This detector is suitable for spaces such as kitchen as the heat detectors does not react to to smokes, meaning they are not prone to false alarm from cooking or exhaust fumes. As SS15 shops are mainly restaurants and cafes, this helps in reducing any faulty alarms from occurring. Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Heat detector BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 15ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM . Fire Notification System Manual fire alarm systems depend upon human intervention, either through manual call p pull stations which are motorized bells or wall mounted sounders. UBBL 1984 SECTION 237: (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alar system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. 3. Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) A fire alarm control panel (FACP), also known as fire alarm control unit (FACU), is the component that controls a fire alarm system. When information is acquired on the panel from environmental sensors that is designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information that is needed to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. 4 different types of basic FACP panels: 1. Conventional panels 2. Coded panels 3. Addressable panels. 4. Multiplex systems. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 16ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Conventional Panel A conventional panels employs one or more circuits connected to sensors that are devised to rapidly decrease the circuit resistance when environmental influence on any sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold. Structure of the bi 16 is subdivided into definite zoning,(eg. Different floorings of a multi-storeys building), to facilitate location and control fire within a building. UBBL 1984 SECTION 238: Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres height shall be provided with a command and control located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the. Public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, :fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing by-the switchboard. Figure 3.1.3.1.1.1. FACP (1) Figure 3.1.3.1.1.2. FACP (2) BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 7ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.3.2. Manual Call Point Manual call point systems are usually connected to a central fire alarm control panel (FACP). It is used to activate an alarm ig the break glass or a simple button press and at times nal by oper: connected to a nearby fire station dispatcher. When triggered, there will be an indicator on the monitoring unit to point out the location of the call point and can only be manually reset if situation is rectified, Figure 3.1.3.2.1. Break glass manual call point 3.1.3.3. Manual Pull Station Pull stations are commonly a single actions where it only requires the user to pull down the handle to ring the alarm. Fire alarm can only be reset by a building personnel or emergency responders by opening the station with a key. This causes the handle to resume to its original position, which allows the alarm to be reboot from the FACP to stop the ringing of the alarm. Usually itis placed near an exit to ensure that occupant excavating during an event of fire is able to pull down the pull station and ‘warn everyone in the building. Figure 3.1.3.2.2. Break glass and pull handle station Figure 3.1.3.2.3. Key ignition panel BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 18ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4. System Reset This component resets the panel after an alarm condition. All triggered devices are reset, clearing the panel from any alarm condi ns. A system reset frequently needed to clear super ry condi however it does not commonly clear trouble conditions as usually majority of trouble conditions will clear automatically once conditions are back to normal. Figure 3.1.3.4.1. First floor plan of system reset panel BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 19ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Emergency Light System Emergency lighting are created to automatically turn on when the primary source of power ceased. Exit signs are also used in junction with emergency lighting to ensure means of egress lighting; exit scharge is known as the portion of the means of egress system between cessation of the exit and a public way. The sole purpose of emergency lighting is to direct occupants safely out of the building by providing a sufficient level of vi y towards the exits or escape routes. Figure 3.1.3.5.1 Emergency light system Figure 3.1.3.5.2 Emergency light system BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 20ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3 Firemen Switch In the event of an emergency, firemen is able to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices with a fireman's switch which is a specialized switch. They can be used to switch off any electrical equipment in case of fire or to prevent explosions from overheating equipment. However, in order for the switch to bea valid device it has to comply the following standards: * It has to be isolated from all live conductors and there should only be one switch that is able to control the entire exterior and a second switch for the interior. + Has to be labelled with a nameplate “FIREMAN’S SWITCH " and painted red on the switch for indication. Figure 3.1.3.6.2 Firemen switch Figure 3.1.3.6.1. Lower Ground floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 2ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.3.7. Fire Alarm Bell Fire alarm bell delivers high pressure sound pressure output gicing warning to users during an event of fire. Most of the fire alarm bells makes sounds like a siren with alternative frequencies Figure 3.1.3.7.1. First floor plan with fire alarm bell BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 22ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4, Fire Fighting System A fire fighting system consist of two types of system that is applied to control the fire, which are non water based system and water based system. UBBL 1984 SECTION 245: (1) All fire fighting installations and appliances other than those conforming to the standards listed in by-law 244 shall be of those as tested and approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Every plan, drawing or calculation: in respect of any automatic sprinklers or other fixed installations shall be submitted together with the relevant forms as prescribed in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. Non Water Based System Non water based systems uses other agents besides water to suppress fire. 3.1.4.1.1. Dry Powder Portable Fire Extinguisher A fire extinguisher is a device that is used to extinguish and/or suppress small fires during emergency situations. It consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel that contains an agent, in this case dry powder based agent, which will be discharged when triggered. However it is not intended to be use onan out of control fire that has reached the ceiling or endangering users. UBBL 1984 SECTION 227: Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall b« ilar extinguishers in} sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and si a building shall be of the same method of operation. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 23ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4.2. Water Based System Water based system is basically using water as the m element to suppress fire. Components using water based system are as follow: External 2 way fire hydrants Fire hose reel system ~ Wet riser system Automatic sprinkler system UBBL 1984 SECTION 247: (1) Water Storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scales as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Main water storage tanks within the building , other than for the hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basements levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. (3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need jons in the for replenishment shall be exempted from the restri location UBBL 1984 SECTION 248: (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 24ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4.2.1. External Two Ways Fire Hydrant An external fire hydrant, also known as fireplug, is a connection point from a water supply that the firefighters can tap into. A hose is attached from the fire hydrant to the fire engine consisting a powerful pump to boost the water pressure once the valve is opened manually. Requirements: ~ Not more than 30m away from the breeching inlet for the building - Not less than 6m from the building = Spaced not more than 90m apart along access road - Minimum width of access road is 6m. UBBL 1984 SECTION 225: (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres fro the nearest point of fire brigade access. (3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 25ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Figure 3.1.4.2.1.3. External Fire Hydrant Figure 3.1.4.2.1.1. Ground floor plan Figure 3.1.4.2.1.4, External Fire Hydrant Figure 3.1.4,2.1.5. External Fire Hyrdrant Figure 3.1.4.2.1.2. Lower Ground floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 28ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM A fire hose reel systems are located strategically in a building to ensure easy accessibility with controlled supply of water to assist in combatting fire. It consists of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels that needs to be activated manually by opening a valve that enables the water to flow into ‘the hose that is usually 30 meters long. Figure 3.1.4.2.3.1. Fire Hose reel BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT arACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4.2.4. Wet Riser System Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurised supply, often pumped from a storage tank, with landing valves at specified locations on each floor. UBBL 1984 SECTION 23: (1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which he topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. (2) Ahose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. Figure 3.1.4.2.4.1, First floor plan with water tank location BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 28ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4.2.5. Fire Sprinkler System Fire sprinkler system consist of a water supply system to provide a sufficient pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system that is connected to it. $S15 courtyard is made up of both wet and dry pipe systems. UBBL 1984 SECTION 226: Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handles or for the safety of the occupants. UBBL 1984 SECTION 228: (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be reai accessible to the fire authority. (2) All Sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activates. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 29ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.1.4.2.6. Wet Pipe System ‘Wet pipe sprinkler system is commonly used as they are more reliable due to their simple operation process, having just the automatic sprinklers as a component. A glass bulb type sprinkler head will spray water into the room if sufficient heat reaches the bulb and causes it to shatter triggering each sprinkler heads individually. Figure 3.1.4.2.6.1 Glass bulb sprinkler system 3.1.4.2.7. Dry Pipe System Wet pipe sprinkler system is commonly used as they are more reliable due to their simple operation process, having just the automatic sprinklers as a component. Figure 3.1.4.2.7.1. Dry pipe system blocked BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 30PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT aPASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.1 Literature Review Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is the term applied to the components of a building where it offers sufficient fire performance. The system works in conjunction with active fire prevention, such as sprinkler systems, extinguishers, and fire safety education of building occupants. It plays important role in safeguarding people, as well as limiting damage to buildings and their contents against flame, heat and smoke. Passive fire protection works by: ‘* Limiting the spread of flame, heat, and smoke by containing it in a single compartment in its area of origin © Protecting escape routes and providing vital escape time for occupants © Protecting a building's critical structural members © Protecting a building's assets ‘The group of systems compartmentalize a building through the usage of fire-resistance rated walls, floors and ceilings where it helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire or smoke from one room to the next. The choice between active and passive systems, or a combination of the two, is based on the size and type of fire, the duration of protection required, the equipment or structure requiring protection, water availability, and the time required for evacuation. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 32PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.2 Purpose Group and Compartment 3.2.2.1. Separation of Fire Risk Areas Dividing a building into different compartments to their intended usage prevents the spread of fire within a building or to another building. Compartment walls are required to have a minimum degree of fire resistivity where it is expressed in terms of the number of minutes of resistance that must be provided by different parts of a building. Protected shafts are spaces that connect fire compartments. These include spaces such as stairways and service shafts as they must be protected to restrict fire spread between the compartments. The condition and operation of fire separation materials and devices must be checked regularly to ensure optimum performance. The few examples of additional requirements depending on the type of building are as such 1. Parts of a building that are occupied for different purposes should generally be separated from one another by compartment walls and compartment floors. 2. Walls common to two or more buildings should be constructed as compartment walls. 3. Compartment walls in the top storey beneath a roof should be continued through the roof space. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 33PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM UBBL Section 139 ~ Separation of fire risk areas The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority based on the degree of hazart (©) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (2) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) liquified petroleum gas storage areas; (g) transformer rooms and substations; (h) flammable liquids stores. Figure 3.2.2.1.1, Separation of Fire Risk Areas BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 34PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of shutters on floor plans: N {sean A a Figure 3.2.2.1.3, Ground Floor plan Figure 3.2.2.1.4. First Floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 36PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of shutters on floor plans: 5. Sixth Floor plan Similar to fire walls, the building uses fire shutters as it is not permanently visible and is fixed at one location. The fire shutters are wired into the building's fire detection system, working in hand with active fire protection and automatically shuts once the signals from the fire alarm is received. It deploys a predetermined safe height that allows occupants to escape from the building while acting as a smoke barrier, before fully closing and acts as a fire resistant barrier. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 36PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.2.2. Fire Rated Door Fire doors and windows are installed in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire resistance. It is used to contain the spread of fire or smoke between compartments, and to give occupants enough time to enable safe escape from a building. It should be fitted with intumescent fire and smoke seals, either around the edges of the door leaf or the frame. These seals are an integral part of a fire door structure and ensure that, not only is the spread of fire prevented, but also and more importantly the ingress of cold smoke in the early stages of a fire. The door frame itself has to be a suitable material that is designed with fire protection in consideration. The door ironmongery especially the hinges should withstand high temperature so that it does not cause failure where the fire door can jam and block an escape route. The last step would be the installation of the door where it has to be installed by a contractor with the required skills to ensure that the door is fully functional. UBBL Section 162 - Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls: (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. UBBL Section 164 - Door closers for fire door (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 37PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM UBBL Section 173 - Exit Doors (1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. (2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm. Figure 3.2.2.2.1 Fire rated door Figure 3.2.2.2.2. Door closer The door found in the building has a FRP of 1-1/2 hour (90 minute) and a FRP of 2 hour walls. They are found in corridors and stairwells in the building. All doors are easily accessible from the inside without a key as well. When escaping, the door swing must be towards the direction of exit as it allows a smooth escape. Automatic door closers allow self-closing as well as prevent the spread of fire to other areas. The steel bearing hinges used is beneficial compared to non-ferrous metals as the latter becomes “elastic” at low temperatures thus dislocating the door during a fire. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 38PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of fire doors on floor plans: Figure 3.2.2.2.5. Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.2.2.2.6. First Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 39PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of fire doors on floor plans: I Woe alelulele Figure 3.2.2.2.7.. Second Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 40PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.2.3 Fire Rated Walls and Floors Fire barriers include fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings (often made of concrete, combination wood, gypsum, or masonry). These barriers are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allow safe egress while buying sufficient time for the occupant and users to escape. Walls extend from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling above, and continue into concealed spaces for full protection. As for suspended or false ceilings, fire resistivity should extend up to the floor slab level above. UBBL Section 138 - Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors (c) Any wall or floor separating part of building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; ‘The material used for the building’s walls are fire rated brick wall and gypsum board plasterboard. Gypsum board is a good fire-resistant material. Other materials in the building include non-combustible materials such as concrete, which provides a division between floors. The brick wall and gypsum board plasterboard acts as a compartment for the commercial blocks while the concrete floors act as a compartment between each floor. Figure 3.2.2.3.1. Compartment wall with FRP door BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT aPASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.3. Fire Appliance Access UBBL Section 140 - Fire Appliance Access All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metre shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 m width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. Volume of Building in Cubic Metre Minimum proportions of perimeter of building 28000 to 56000 One-fourth Figure 3.2.3.1. Location of fire appliance access The road Jalan SS 15/4e is proposed to be the fire brigade access as the fire hydrant is located nearby, providing water supply and aid in the fire rescue process. It is important for fire trucks to arrive without trouble during to the building in a fire case. The open space is large enough and BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 42PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM clear from any obstru jon to prevent a delay when accessing appliances such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, UBBL Section 225 — Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. UBBL Section 247 — Water Storage (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. Figure 3.2.3.2. Location of fire hydrant on Lower Figure 3.2.3.3.. Location of fire hydrant on Ground Ground Floor Plan Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 43PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.4. Means of Escape 3.2.4.1. Fire Evacuation Route Fire evacuation routes on floor plan: (> Figure 3.2.4.1.1. Fire evacuation route on Figure 3.2.4.1.2. Fire evacuation route on Lower ‘Basement Floor Plan Ground Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 44PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Fire evacuation routes on floor plan: Figure 3.2.4.1.4 Fire evacuation route on First. leo Pian. Floor Plan Figure 32415, Fre evacanton route on Second gileeiEe aman ea Floor Plan Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 45PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM UBBL SECTION 166 — Exits to be Accessible at All Times (2) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists as may be necessary. (2) The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times. UBBL SECTION 169 — Exit Route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to final exit. Evacuation Process Stage 1 - Upon hearing the fire alarm, electrical appliances, lift and escalators should not be used due to possible failure. Occupants should prepare to evacuate the building. Stage 2 Occupants should proceed to the nearest exit and close the doors without locking. Stage 3 — Escape the floor to the ground level using the fire escape staircase. Stage 4 — Occupants should exit at lower ground or ground level away from the building. Figure 3.2.4.1.7. Evacuation route Based on $S15 Courtyard’s floor plan, the commercial block includes the lower ground to the second floor while the residential is on the sixth floor. There are on an average of S to 7 escape routes through the fire escape staircases around the commercial block’s corridors while the residential block has 3 escape routes due to the difference in occupancy levels. There are no obstructions throughout the emergency routes thus allowing occupants a safe and fast evacuation process. Signage directing the escape route is placed throughout the building where it is, noticeable to the occupants near the BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 48PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Fire Travel Distance UBBL Section 165 - Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits (2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thi is the permitted travel tance. (4) The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-Laws. UBBL Section 174 - Arrangement of storey exit Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than Sm apart. UBBL Section 174 - Arrangement of Storey Exit (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than Sm apart. —2z Figure 3.2.4.2.1, Fire travel distance on Ground Floor Plan The distance of an escape route should be measured from a remote location of a building to the nearest safety location such as a protected stairway to the nearest final exit. All exit points within the building are well distributed at more than Sm apart. This prevents congestions of the occupants when evacuating the building. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT a7PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.4.3. Fire Escape Staircase Location of fire escape staircase on floor plan: Figure 3.2.4.3.1. Fire escape staircase on Basement Floor Plan Ground Plan 1 Figure 3.2.4.3. Fire escape staircase on Ground Figure 3.2.4.3.4, Fire escape staircase on First Floor Plan Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 48PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of fire escape staircase on floor plan: alls ila LAP of —z Figure 3.2.4.3. Fire escape staircase on Figure 3.2.4.3.6. Fire escape staircase on Sixth Second Floor Plan Floor Plan UBBL Section 168 - Staircases (1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. (2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor. (4) The required width of staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach ‘on the required width of the staircase or landing BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 49PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM UBBL Section 174 - Arrangement of Storey Exit (2) Each exit shall give direct access to - (a) a final exit (b) a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) an external route leading to a final exit. Figure 3.2.4.3.7. Landing of fire escape aareae Figure 3.2.4.3.8, Fire escape staircase Figure 3.2.4.3.9, Lighting of fire escape staircase The fire escape staircase found in the building are half turn staircases with a width of 1300 mm with a riser height of 1800 mm and thread of 290 mm. A continuous handrail is provided throughout the staircase. The fire escape staircase is well lit from mechanical lighting to increase the safety of occupants when escaping the building. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 60PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.4.4. Emergency Exit Sign Location of emergency exit signs on floor plan: -z Figure 3.2.4.4.1. Emergency Exit Signs on Figure 3.2.4.4.2. Emergency Exit Signs on. Basement Floor Plan Lower Ground Floor Plan Came Figure 3.2.4.4.3. Emergency Exit Signs on Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.2.4.4.4. Emergency Exit Signs on First Floor Plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 61PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Location of emergency exit signs on floor plan: 8 hid s|a|e|s] 8) [ale hae afefiilel A See rs i sade otro alas Fir 22.4.44. Emergency x Sgt on Sth oorran BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 62/ASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM UBBL Section 172 - Emergency Exit Signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide, (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each. Figure 3.2.4.4.5. Emergency Exit Sign In S815 Courtyard, the “KELUAR” signs are placed before the escape staircase. The emergency exit sign is important as it directs occupants to the shortest escape route out from the building and to the assembly point safely. Being illuminated, the sign is permanently lit and visible at all time to occupants in the building. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD6: 903 | PROJECT | - REPORTPASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.2.4.5. Assembly Point UBBL 178 — Exits for Institutional and Places of Assembly In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated, or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. Figure 3.2.4.1. Assembly point location Ina case of evacuation, occupants should leave the building immediately and gather at a designated assembly point at least 50 away for the Emergency Personnel to access the building clearly. As the building is surrounded by streets and commercial blocks, it is understood from the building's evacuation route that the assembly point is designated to be the streets surrounding it. There are 3 exit points on the building which are the main entrance, the secondary entrance and the back entrance, which all leads to a brick pavement road away from the building. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 64PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM The open space is large enough and clear from any obstruction to prevent a delay when accessing appliances such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, UBBL Section 225 — Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. UBBL Section 247 — Water Storage (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shalll be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. Summary As a conclusion, passive fire protection system is vital when considering the design and construction of a commercial building like SS15 Courtyard. It is important to put the safety of the ing’s occupants first thus considering the group of systems to separate compartments, have easy appliance access and a smooth means of escape in case of an evacuation. All in all, the passive fire protection system in $$15 Courtyard is well considered and has showed a clear understanding and importance of how the system works in conjunction with active fire protection system. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 65MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 66MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.0.1 Literary Review Ventilation in buildings is the means of replacing air from outside or circulating air within an enclosed space. Requirements for an acceptable amount of fresh air supply in buildings will vary depending on the nature of occupation and activity conducted in the allocated space. Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on natural airflow. This system allows for more control and provides filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of incoming outside air. The three types of mechanical ventilation systems are the supply system, the extract system and a combination of both of them, the combined system. 4.0.2 Overview In commercial developments such as $515 Courtyard, mechanical ventilation throughout the building is driven by Air Handling Units (AHU) connected to ductwork systems that supplies and extracts air from the interior of the building. Due to the large amount of restaurants present in the building, adequate mechanical exhaust systems are provided in kitchens for removal of heat, odors and fumes and for fire suppression. The same mechanical exhausts are used in the bathrooms to remove odors and reduce the humidity. Extraction fans are used in the basement carpark for efficient removal of fume exhausts and for smoke clearance BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 74.0.3 UBBL Compliance MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 41, UBBL 1984 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditionit ()) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air- conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh oir specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated: or air-conditioned. (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect oi lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for- and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors. 4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 4.1.1 Overview Air handling units (AHUs) are used to supply and circulate air around a building, or to extract stale air as part of a building’s heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Air Handling Unit systems comprise of a large insulated metal box that contains a fan, heating and/or cooling elements, filters, sound attenuators and dampers. In most cases, like in $S15 Courtyard, the AHU is connected to air distribution ductwork. When AHU systems are used to extract stale air from the building, a controlled proportion of this air may be recirculated to avoid having to condition all supplied air. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 58MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.1.2 Location of AHU Rooms. Figure 4.1.2.3. First floor plan Figure 4.1.2.4. Second floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 69MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.1.3 Main Components of AHU Discharge Section Medium Filter Diffuser Section Fan Section Humidity Section Coolit Section Pre-filter Section Mixing Section Figure: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Vertical-air-handling-unit-AHU-precision_6008_ 7269253.html Each AHU Room in the bui ing contains a Vertical Type Floor Mounted AHU which works in a similar way to the diagram above. The Main components of this machine are the mixing chamber, filters, cooling elements, fans and connecting ducts. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 60MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Filter Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants. Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream components clean. Depending upon the grade of filtration required, typically filters will be arranged in two (or more) successive banks with a coarse-grade panel filter provided in front of a fine-grade bag filter, or other inal" filtration medium. jr brought in by the fresh air ducts are sucked in and filtered through the HEPA fliters. These filter removes minute particles and airborne bacteria from the Figure 4.1.3.2. Filter Heating/Cooling Elements Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to change the supply air temperature, and humidity level depending on the location and the application. Such condi ioning is provided by heat exchanger coil(s) within the air handling unit air stream, such coils may be direct or indirect in relation to the medium providing the heating or cooling effect. © The AHU receives the cooling coils carried by the CHWS pipes and is installed into the compartment. Figure 4.1.3.3. Heating/cooling element BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 61MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Mixing Chamber In order to maintain indoor air quality, a mixing chamber is used which has dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air. The air gets mixed with recirculated and outside air in the chamber after getting filtered. Blower/Fan Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to move the air. Multiple blowers may be present in large commercial air handling units, typically placed at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (supply fans). They are often augmented by fans in the return air duct (return fans) pushing the air into the AHU. A region of low pressure is created by the fan positioned before the supply spigot. This draws in the air through the mixing chambers into the Chilled Water coils, where the heat exchange happens. The conditioned and dehumidified air is then blown through the supply spigot, into the ductworks. Ducts distribute the conditioned air through the building, and return it to the AHU. © Ducts distrbuting supply air from AHU Figure 4.1.3.4. Ductwork BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 62MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Figure 4.1.3.5. and Figure 4 4.2 Ductworks and Exhaust Systems 4.2.1 Overview Ducts and exhaust systems are essential in commercial buildings to circulate cooled air and remove heat and humidity to maintain the indoor air quality. Ventilation systems in SS15 Courtyard include ducts and fresh air ducts, exhaust fan rooms, existing smoke spill fan rooms, existing kitchen exhausts, fan rooms and existing car park ventilation spaces... Figure 4.2.1.1. showing duets distributing and returning air to and from the AHU Image source : http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/03/in-previous-air-conditioning-sys tem.htm! BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 63MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.2.2 Location of Duct Shafts, Exhaust Fan Rooms and Ventilation Spaces pa gat =z Figure 4.2.2.3. Ground floor plan Figure 4.2.2.2. Lower ground floor plan sz Figure 4.2.2.4. First floor plan BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 64MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM =z Figure 4.2.2.5. Secondt floor plan 4.2.3 Components of Ventilation System Supply Ducts and Vents Ventilation ducts channeled from AHU with outlet vent. These are installed throughout S15 Courtyard to move cooled processed air from the AHU to spaces around the building. a Figure 4.2.3.1. and Figure 4.2.3.2. Central ventilation duct and outlet vent Figure 4.2.3.3. Outlet vent in toilets BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 65MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Extraction Ducts and Vents Located mostly in toilets and kitchens of restaurants in the building. Figure 4.2.3.4, Vent fitted in toilets Figure 4.2.3.5. Example of bathroom exhaust system Image soure http: //www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/bathroom-ex haust-fans Exhaust Systems Mechanical exhausts are present to control odors and sometimes humidity. Exhaust fan rooms and existing kitchen exhausts are located on the second floor car park mainly for extracting higher amounts of heat and fumes from kitchens. Centrifugal fans are used to extract hot humid air from most of the kitchens . Figure 4.2.3.6. Exhaust fans located outside building _—_—‘Figure 4.2.3.7. Centrifugal fan in kitchen exhaust room above ‘Texas Chicken, second floor BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 66MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Fans The three types of fans used are propeller fans, axial fans and centrifugal fans. Propeller fans are used in basic and simple exhaust systems around the building such as toilet extract systems whereas centrifugal fans are required for larger extractions such as removal of heat from kitchens. Axial fans are used in the basement carpark as they are able to create large volume of airflow and promote better ventilation with little power input. 1. Propeller Fans Figure 4.2.3.8 Propeller fan in motor room 2. Axial Fans The fan consists of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylindrical casing. The air flows through the fans in a direction of parallel shaft. Figure 4.2.3.9. Axial Fan located in basement Figure 4.2.3.10. Schematic of the low-aspect-ratio axial-flow fan carpark ity Image source = ‘https: /weww.hindawi.com/journals/ijrm/2011/146969/figi/ BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 67MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Figure 4.2.3.1. And Figure 4.2.3.12. Brand of axial fans : Systemair Large axial fans function as smoke-spill fans in a fan room in the basement carpark. These fans are used to extract large amounts of smoke, dust and fumes when there is a fire. Smoke is brought out through ducts and exhaust vents to the external environment. Figure 4.2.3.13. The large size of the fans allow for a high volume of smoke to be efficiently extracted out of the building BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 68MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Centrifugal Fans Centrifugal fans are located on the second floor carpark. These fans are used in the kitchen exhaust systems because they are efficient in moving large or small quantities of air over a wide range of pressure. These fans consist of an impeller which revolves inside a casing shaped like a scroll. The direction of air moving through the inlet is 90°. airflow created by centrifugal fans is directed through a system of ducts or tubes serene Figure 4.2.3.14. Centrifugal Fan on Figure 4.2.3.15. Components of Centrifugal Fan second floor carpark Image Source http://www leesil.com/what-are-the-Important-aspects-of-cent rifugal-fan-blades/ Figure 4.2.3.16. Brand of centrifugal fan : Daikin Figure 4.2.3.17 Connected to ducts which pass out air that needs to be extracted BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 69MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.3 Summary To conclude, mechanical ventilation systems play a big role in maintaining human comfort levels and indoor air quality in commercial buildings such as SS15 Courtyard. As seen in the floor plans, extraction locations and exhaust room locations are vital for proper releasing of heated air out of the building. The type of fans used in exhaust systems are heavily taker consideration as well depending on the volume of air change that needs to take place in different locations of the building. Overall, the ventilation flow at $15 Courtyard is well managed and has helped us understand further the significance of this system and how it works. BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 70AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT nAIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5.0.1 Literature Review Air-conditioning, a subset of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning) often shortened to A/C or A.C,, is the process of removing heat and supplying dehumidified air to a confined space room. This cools the air and improves air quality, adding to the comfort of a building's occupants. Cooling of supplied air is often achieved by utilizing a refrigeration cycle, particularly in humid geographical conditions, while evaporation and free cooling can also be used as a more cost efficient alternative. Compounds that remove moisture the air (dessicants) and ground-coupled heat exchangers - using subterraneous pipes removing heat into the ground - are less common methods of air conditioning. 5.0.2 Overview & Equipment Connections The diagram below shows how each equipment is interconnected through a system of pipings and ductwork, circulating coolant and conditioned/used air through the building. Chiller AHU Cooling Coil Water Pump Figure 5.0.3.2 Central A/C Water-Cooled Retrieved from http://www.climatecontrolengineers.com/ BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | PROJECT | - REPORT 72