1.0 Introduction to PJ Trade Centre1.0 Introduction Figure 1.1 PJ Trade Centre (Krishnan, 2018) Standing tall in Damansara Perdana, PJ Trade Centre is an office development designed by architect Kevin Mark Low, with considerations to an economically and environmentally sustainable construction. With focus on environmentally-friendliness and energy efficiency, the PJ Trade Centre is an award winning building which makes use of locally sourced raw materials and natural lighting and ventilation to craft a low maintenance, energy efficient masterpiece which is appreciated by all There are four tower towers which makes up the PJ Trade Centre. The scope of our study is centred on Block A of the building, Menara Mustapha Kamal, a 22 storey tower operated by Emkay Group, connected to the other blocks by a 2.5 acre plaza. Figure 1.2 Pd Trade Centre elevation (Havel, 2011)2.0 Mechanical Ventilation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supply Ventilation 2.3 System Pressurisation system 2.4 Extract Ventilation System 2.5 Conclusion2.1 Introduction In PJ Trade Centre, passive ventilation and air conditioning system are mostly used and the use of mechanical ventilation is very limited. Nevertheless, it continues to be one of the essential services for the building that serves to replace the stale air with fresh air in enclosed spaces. ‘Two mechanical ventilation systems, i.e. supply mechanical ventilation and extract ventilation system are used for different purposes. In a building as tall as Mustapha Kamal Tower, pressurisation system is also required as part of fire requirement. 2.2 Supply Ventilation System ‘Supply ventilation is a system used to deliver fresh air from the exterior environment to enclosed spaces. ‘Supply Ventilation Ceo wrt 26 : cs sy n@ | |= = Figure 2.4 the conceptual process supply ventilation system function. (Hometips, 2015) Fresh air is drawn in with fan and distributed to intended spaces by the use of ductwork. Components of Supply ventilation System BLOCK A BLOCKB __BLOCKC BLOCK D Figure 2.2 Listnbution ot supply ventilation system (Wong, 2019) Air is drawn into the supply ventilation system through centrifugal fan located at the top of the building, and then passes through ductworks to be sent to intended spaces. The fresh air is then distributed by grill or diffusers to different rooms. 4fet Figure 2.3 Conceptual diagram of centrifugal fan ( google image, n.4.) Centrifugal fans in fan rooms located in basements function to move large quantity of air over the supply ventilation system. Haase Ae Figuro 2.4 Supply ductwork in the basement (Chong, 2019) Fresh air from exterior is transported by ductwork. Axial fan is installed to help maintain the air pressure throughout the ventilation system. Figure 2.5 Grile inlet in fre Figure 2.6 Grille inlet in Figure 2.7 Grille inlet in fire pump room. Fire stairs. It helps to preserve AHU room. It helps to pump room is required to be properly ventilated. oxygen content of the fire provide fresh air and Thus, supply ventilation is installed to provide staircase, allowing people prevent heat concentration. fresh air to the room. (Chong, 2018) to use. (Chong, 2019) (Chong, 2019)2.3 Pressurisation system Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil: Fire requirements Clause 202: Pressurised System for Staircases All staircases serving building of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurisation. More than to provide exterior air into enclosed spaces, supply ventilation system in PJ Trade Centre is also used as a mean to form pressurisation system to keep smoke out of the fire stairs in case of fire. itis an essential mechanism that protects the occupants’ escape routes and firemen access. supply Fan fj Figure 2.8 Conceptual diagram of pressurisation system. (Stifamilylif, n.d. ) During fire, air is supplied to the shaft of fire stairs, forming a positive pressure against other spaces, preventing smoke from entering the shaft. A pressure relief is required to prevent excessive pressure from building up that results to difficulty in opening fire door. Figure 2.9 The outlet grille allows pressurised air into the fire stairs. (Chong, 2019)Distribution of Supply Ventilation nee i ( a 2 Aah BLock A ree m [Bh AH room Figure 2.10 Supply ventilation to AHU rooms at typical floor. (Yew, 2019) 61 S i 1] Ee BLock A correc a1 [Ble stesso Figure 2.11 Pressurisation system in fie staircases at typical floor. (Yew, 2019) [Fire pump room Figure 2.12 Supply ventilation in fire pump room at basement 7. (Yew, 2019)24 Extract Ventilation System PJ trade Centre employs extract ventilation system as to remove the stale air in a space out to an exterior environment. There are two types of extract ventilation being used: centralised extract system connected to ductwork and only with the use of fan. Extract ventilation system with Ductwork Exhaust Ventilation exhaustae fet = Aeon) Poutne ae pressre Aiton Figure 2.13 Conceptual diagram of extract ventilation ¢hometips, 2015) Extract fan creates a negative pressure, sucking in the stale air from grills and remove to the exterior through ductworks. In PJ Trade Centre, it is mainly used in the basement parkings to remove the stale, contaminated air. Due to the fact that the basement car park is open to the surroundings, supply ventilation is not needed. Figure 2.14 & Figure 2.15 Grile inlets at basement carpark to extract stale air. The centralised extract system is used in the basement parking areas. Grilles are installed both over the parking area and next to the columns as to maximise the efficiency of removing contaminants that settle at different levels due to their difference in densities.Figure 2.16 Distribution of extract ventilation on basement 1 plan. The use of propeller fan Other than the basement parking, the extract ventilation of PU Trade Centre is using the simple installation of propeller fans on exterior wall as there are many open spaces integrated in the building, allowing stale air to be removed to the immediate surroundings without the use of ductwork. Although it has lower efficiency than the extract system with ductwork, it has the advantage of convenience and cost, while also using less space than to use a ductwork system Figure 2.17 Propeller fan installed in the lit room. Itfunctioned as to remove built-up heat in the room and prevent overheating of the control board. However, itis not effective enough and split air-conditioning was installed a few years ago to cool down the machineries. (Chong, 2019) Figure 2.18 Extract ventilation in genset room. At level B7, genset rooms are equipped with the propeller fan to prevent heat concentration of the machinery and condensation. (Chong, 2019)HET MQTOR ‘OOM A” PUMP, ROOM COLD WATER PUMP ROOM Bi exacescrson Stoic AZ BLOCK A ———d Figure 2.19 The use of extract ventilation system in lift motor room at roof plan. (Yew, 2019) t | CULE SEY Dahon KS SN [i ceret core Figure 2.19 The use of extract ventilation system in genset rooms. (Yew, 2019) 2.5 Conclusion Both supply and extract ventilation systems are used in the building as a complement to the natural ventilation throughout the building. For instance, supply ventilation is used in various service rooms to provide fresh air and extract ventilation is used to remove heat and contaminant in basement car parks and genset rooms. Pressurisation system is installed in fire staircases as part of fire requirements. 103.0 Air Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Centralized Air-Conditioning System 3.3 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System 3.4 Conclusion3.1 Introduction Air-conditioning is generally defined as the simultaneous control of humidity, cleanliness, temperature and air motion in a building (Prasad, 2006) to produce and maintain a predetermined internal environment. To achieve this, various strategies to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean and propel are employed. However, in our hot and humid tropical climate, cooling and dehumidifying is the main concem of air-conditioning system Air-conditioning is designed for two different purposes, i.e. industrial cooling and human comfort. Our case study, PJ Trade Centre is a commercial building comprising of offices and shops. Thus, its air conditioning system is designed mainly to cater for human comfort by cooling down spaces within the building to a comfortable range. Refrigerant Cycle Although there are many different air-conditioning systems designed to cool, they are built on a common foundation of the refrigerant cycle (McDowall, 2007). Normally housed in a chiller, the refrigerant cycle comprises of four main components, i.e. compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Cooling is achieved by a process of heat transfer from interior spaces to. exterior when a fluid called refrigerant undergoes various phase transitions when passing through these components. Low Prassuce, Cow Temarnture Vapour High Presse High-Temperature Vepoor Nigh Pressure Migh-Temperatare Ugait Low-Pressure Low Terparstore Uguid Figure 3.4 Refrigeration cycle diagram (Warmair, n.d.) The compressor is the key of refrigeration cycle. It compresses the refrigerant, providing pressure for the refrigerant to move between the evaporator and the condenser through the Circuit of tubing the fins in the coils. Refrigerant enters the compressor as low-pressure gas and is released as high pressure gas after being compressed. When the gas reaches condenser, it is condensed into liquid and release heat to the exterior. The cooled refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve, resulting in a drop in pressure and temperature. Heat from interior space is absorbed to vaporise the low-pressure liquid at the evaporator before it move to the compressor again. The cycle repeats and transfer heat from the interior space to the exterior (Hoffman, n.d.)..3.1.1 Components of Air Conditioning Systems The air-conditioning system can be divided into a few types which are room air-conditioner, split unit air-conditioning system, packaged unit air-conditioning system and centralized or plant air-conditioning system. In PJ Trade Centre, the air-conditioning system used are mainly centralized air-conditioning system, complemented by split unit air-conditioning system in some spaces. Air-conditioning system a | | Centralized Split unit air-conditioning system air-conditioning system Chilled water central LU Indoor Unit | Evaporator AHU | Outdoor Unit I Condenser — Cooling Tower ' Compressor Pipe System Figure 3.2 Components of refrigeration system used in Tower A (Sim, 2019)3.2 Centralised Air Conditioning System Centralized air conditioning plant can be divided into two categories, Direct Expansion (DX) type of central air conditioning plants and Chilled Water type of the central air conditioning plants. For DX system, the air from the space to be air conditioned is directly passed over the cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In the chilled water system, chilled water from the refrigeration system is used to circulate the cooling coil in air handling unit air which then function to cool air of the rooms or spaces (Ananthanarayanan, 2013). Tower A uses chilled water system. Compared with DX system, chilled water system is more suitable for large scale commercial building such as Mustapha Kamal Tower in PJ Trade Centre as it is more cost effective and there is a reduced hazard by not having refrigerant piped all over the building (Dave, 2014). Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System Figure 3.3 Chilled water HVAC system schematic diagram(Stanford III, 2016). Chilled water central air conditioning system used in PJ Trade Centre functions with the combination of three separate system: air system that distributes cool air, chilled water system that absorbs heat of warm air, and condenser water system to remove the heat absorbed by refrigerant and release to the atmosphere (Stanford Ill, 2016) Air system: AHU units make use of the chill water to cool down the warm air and distribute the cooled air to the intended spaces. Chilled water system: The warmed chilled water returns to the evaporator of chiller. The refrigerant in the chiller's evaporator then absorbs the heat from the chilled water. The chilled water is then circulated to air system again (Evans,2019) Condenser water system: Heat absorbed by refrigerant is transferred to condenser water system at condenser. The condenser water is pumped up to the cooling towers on rooftop to be cooled. Heat is released to the atmosphere successfully and the cooled condenser water is then recirculated to the condenser (Evans, 2019)3.2.1 Air Handling Units Air handling units (AHU) is a box type of unit which is used to circulate and condition the room air. Return. Ait Heating Coil Reheating Coil Supply Air ‘OnDamper Fiters Cooling coi! CCentrifugalFan Supply Damper Figure 3.4 Draw through fan arrangement in AHU (Saleh, 2015), The air handling units mainly comprise of cooling coil, air filter, fan, supply and return air ducts. The components in the air handling units used in Tower A's AHU room is assembled as a draw through arrangement. Centrifugal fan draws the warm retum air through return air ducts. It passes through filters to be filtered and cooling coil to be chilled by the chilled water system before supplied to the rooms to be air-conditioned (Khemani, 2018). Dampers are used to control the flow of air. The air handling units in Tower A are vertical air handling units. Vertical air handling unit contain a fan in its cabinet that can produce high profile static pressures. This type of air handling unit occupies small area in the space, and is cost effective with high performance. The vertical air handling unit used in Tower Ais installed with vertical air outlet. Figure 3.6 Section of vertical Figure 3.6 Vertical air handling units Figure 3.7 Vertical air air handling units with vertical found in the AHU room (Wong, 2019) handling units with vertical air air outlet (Lytte, n.d.) outlet (Sim, 2019) 6AHU control panel functions as the soft starter system to switch on and off the AHU for maintenance and safety purpose. Figure 3.8 AHU control panel in AHU room (Yew, 2019). 3.2.2 Inlet and Outlet of Air Air supply to the AHU is a mixture of both recirculated air from the air-conditioned rooms and fresh air. Recirculated and fresh air should be mixed in the ratio of no more than 3:1 (Greeno, 2015). The air mixture is filtered before cooled by AHU. Figure 3.9 Retum air grile in Figure 3.10 Return air duct found in the Figure 3.11 Sidewall_ vent office rooms to extract. ~AHU room to provide recirculated air inlet in AHU room to provide recirculated air (Sim, 2019) (Sim, 2019), fresh air (Yew, 2019), Afier treated in AHU, the cooled and filtered air is distributed to the air-conditioned rooms by supply ducts and air diffusers. Figure 3.12 The exposed duct connect with Figure 3.13 Aluminium square air 16 diffuser found on typical office floor (Sim, diffuser (Sim, 2019). 2019),3.2.3 Ducts Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 160: Fire Precaution in Air-Conditioning System (1) Allair-conditioning ducts, including framing, except ducts in detached and semi-detached residential buildings shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials and shall be adequately supported throughout their lengths. (2) No air-conditioning ducts shall pass through fire walls unless as provided for by-laws 148 and 156. (3) The air intake of any air-conditioning apparatus shall be situated such that air shall be recirculated for any space in which objectionable quantities of inflammable vapors or dust are given off shall be so situated as to minimise the drawing in of any combustible material. The air conditioning ducts which is made of galvanised steel in Tower A are comply to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 where the air conditioning ducts, including framing, shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials and shall be supported adequately throughout the lengths. Galvanised steel is non combustible material and it is capable to withstand high pressure. For air-conditioning pipes found in Tower A, they are all layered with spray foam to prevent condensation and provide cold insulation 3.2.4 Locations of Air Handling Unit The air handling units are installed in the air handling units room. Two air handling units (AHU) rooms are found on each office floor of Tower A so that the cooling and ventilation could be controlled separately on each office to cater the needs of each floor (Ho, Kitching, Siu, & Yang 2018). The air handling unit rooms located in Tower A are alll located vertically above one another for the ease of running the chilled water piping, Figure 3.14 Typical office floor pian with AHU room highlighted (Sim, 2019).3.2.4 Chiller Accthiller is a refrigeration system which functions to remove heat from chilled water which is used to remove heat from air-conditioned spaces via vapor compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. Heat absorbed by chilled water is transferred to chiller, which makes use of phase changes of refrigerant to remove heat via condenser (ref to refrigeration cycle) Chillers are divided into two categories: air cooled chiller and water cooled chiller. For air cooled chillers, fans are used to blow cool ambient air over their condenser to remove heat (Evans, 2019). Thus, it must be placed outdoor to allow heat to be dissipated easily. Water cooled chiller is used in Mustapha Kamal Tower due to its higher efficiency which can handle larger cooling loads. Besides, this type of chiller is less energy intensive due to the higher heat capacity of water which ease the heat removal (Evans, 2019). Moreover, water cooled chillers last longer generally as they are located indoor as they rely on condenser water system to remove heat. ered CTP erin Grnincaenes Figure 3.18 The refrigerant cycle in chiller (Evans, 2019). Compressor Evaporator Condenser Expansion Valve Figure 3.16 Water cooled chiller with components labelled (Evans, 2019). 183.2.5 Cooling Tower The condenser water is pumped up to the cooling tower at the top of the building. The warm water to be cooled passes through the distribution basin which distributes warm water to the fill. Air is blown through the fill that provides a large contact area between the water flow and the airflow to promote evaporation and heat transfer. The hot moist air would be expelled out to atmosphere with an axial fan, connected to a motor via a mechanical assembly provide the motive power for airflow. There is a water collection basin located at the bottom of the tower, collecting the cooled condenser water that is recirculated to the condenser to transfer absorbed heat in the refrigerant to the cooling tower. There are two types of cooling tower: counterflow cooling tower and crossflow cooling tower. Hot moist air Hot moist air Fan " + s Fan en Distribution : I 1 basin Distribution Warm water in — — ee m Fill a \ lage ' 8 é Figure 3.17 Counterflow cooling tower working Figure 3.18 Crossflow cooling tower working principle (Jin-Hui Plastics Industrial Co., Ltd. .n.d.), principle (Jin-Hui Plastics industrial Co., Ltd. n.d.). Type Counterflow Cooling Tower Crossflow Cooling Tower Air Vertically upward through the fill, Horizontally through the fill configuration, movement | counter to the downward fall of across the downward falling water water Water tobe — Delivered to hot inlet distribution Delivered to hot inlet basins located above cooled system. Distributed evenly to the the fill areas. Distributed to the fill by distribution fill by spray nozzles. gravity orifices in the floor of the basins. method Coolwater | Cool water is delivered to cold water basin located at the bottom of cooling tower. Pump More energy used for increased Less energy used horsepower! | pump operating energy with energy nozzles and taller height of tower. 19Location of Cooling Tower The location of cooling towers is crucial in allowing sufficient maintenance accessibility, maximizing fresh air flow and minimizing air recirculation, a situation in which hot moist discharged air from cooling tower flows back to the fresh air inlet. Cooling tower should be placed in an open space. The cooling towers of Mustapha Kamal ‘Tower are placed on the open rooftop to maximize the efficiency of cooling process and reduce the possibility of bacterial and other microbial formation. Besides, it can prevent the noise pollution of the cooling tower from reaching to the building occupants. To allow the hot moist air to be discharged effectively, the top of the cooling tower unit need to be higher than any walls, buildings or other structures located around the tower (Truwater Cooling Towers Sdn. Bhd, 2016). Besides, there must be a certain distance the units to provide sufficient airflow as well as room for piping to the unit and access for maintenance Figure 3.19 Installation is elevated so the top of unit is higher than top of wall (Truwater Cooling Towers Sdn. Bhd, 2016). Figure 3.21 The cooling tower need to be at the adequate distance from the wall (highlighted part) to allow efficient airflow (Truwater Cooling Towers ‘Sdn. Bhd, 2016). Figure 3.20 The cooling tower units on the rooftop are elevated from the ground to raise the top of cooling tower higher than adjacent building. (Yew, 2018). {co vans Pon 8008 Figure 3.22 Roof pian with cooling tower location 29 highlighted (Sim, 2019)3.2.6 Condenser Water Pipe System The condenser water supply pipe (CDWS) functions to channel cold condensed water from cooling tower to the chiller. The refrigerant in the condenser is cooled down. The condenser water return pipe (CDWR) functions to channel back the warm condensed water which has absorbed heat and pumped by condenser water pump to the cooling tower for cooling (Evans, 2019). ec HL Figure 3.23 The CDWWR pipe connecting to the Figure 3.25 The CDWS pipe channel out {op of cooling tower to channel the condensed from the pump room (Sim, 2019). water for cooling(Wong, 2019). i Bie Figure 3.26 The CDWR and CDWS pipe Figure 3.24 The COWS pipe runs horizontal found in AHU room (Sim, 2019) a that channel condensed water from bottom of cooling tower (Sim, 2019).3.2.7 Cooling Tower Makeup Water Tank The cooling tower makeup water tank is a container that contains and holds water to provide water for operation of Tower A in case of incoming water supply failure (Yao, 2016). It is located beside the cooling tower on the rooftop and require regular maintenance to keep the cleanliness of water. Cooling Tower 1m Water Tanke Figure 3.27 Roof plan with cooling tower and water Figure 3.28 The water tank and cooling tank location highlighted (Sim, 2019), tower are placed next to each other on rooftop (Wong, 2019). 3.2.8 Pump room The pump room located beside the cooling tower equipped with condenser water pump functions to provide enough pressure to the water from cooling tower to the chiller. The chiller will then send the water to the AHU. The chiller pump room located at basement one is equipped with chilled water pump that send the chilled water from chiller to AHU. Figure 3.29 Roof plan with cooling tower pump room location highlighted (Sim, 2019) a a oF Figure 3.31 Interior of the pump room (Adila, 2014). 2 Figure 3.30 Basement 1 pian with chiller pump room location highlighted (Sim, 2019).3.3 Split unit air conditioning system Different from centralised air conditioning, split air conditioning system transfers heat from interior space to its immediate exterior environment. The reftigeration cycle in split air conditioning system is separated into two units: indoor unit and outdoor unit. The indoor unit consists of the evaporator while the outdoor unit consists of the compressor and condenser. Interne pra i ea es sary oniortne Tear Figure 3.32 Installation of outdoor and indoor unit of split unit system (Wiring Diagram, n.d.).. To reduce the loss of the cooling effect, the distance between the indoor and outdoor unit should be kept as minimum. There would be some loss of refrigerant which at very low temperature to the atmosphere from the tubing between indoor and outdoor unit. The maximum distance of indoor and outdoor unit is up to 15m (Khemani, 2018). The refrigerant lines connecting the indoor and outdoor units need to be installed. The connections divided into two which the first connection carries refrigerant at low temperature from outdoor unit to indoor unit while the other carrying refrigerant at medium temperature from indoor to outdoor unit (Khemani, 2018). To prevent the loss of cooling effect and leads to increase in efficiency, the refrigerant tubing is to be covered with insulation material. 3.3.1 Application of split unit air conditioning system Figure 2.33 Indoor celingsuspended Figure 3.34 Indoor walhmounted Figure 2.26, Outdoor unit found unit (Wong, 2019) unit (Sim, 2019) (Yew, 2019) The outdoor unit for lift motor room of Tower A is located on the external wall of the room with some angle supports as there is no blockage to the flow of air and the heat can be dissipated by hot air easily. The outdoor unit of air conditioning for lift motor room on the rooftop is installed on ‘the external wall of the room which is easily accessible and convenient via the rooftop space. 23Split unit air conditioning system is installed in lift motor room as water leakage from chilled water centralised air conditioning could be disastrous to the lift system (Rabiah, 2007). Air conditioning is needed for the machine room to prevent overheating of the machineries. LET uaroR Roow!a* puwo cou ekg 4 2 ® T S| = { COLD WATER al |s fs BUMP ROOM : © -~ se, f_ { r AS4 BLOCK A Figure 3.36 Roof plan with lift motor room highlighted (Sim, 2019). The management office room located at Basement 1 uses split unit air conditioning system too. In this case, it is because there is only a small room of the basement to be cooled for user comfort and centralised air-conditioning system is not needed. Hence using the split unit air conditioning as the supplementary cooling system is more advantageous as it has higher flexibility. 24 Figure 3.37 Basement 1 plan with management office room highlighted (Sim, 2019).3.4 Conclusion In conclusion, the main type of air conditioning system used by Menara Mustapha Kamal of PJ Trade Centre is centralised air conditioning system. The centralised air conditioning system is Suitable for this multi storey office building. Chilled water system use to run the centralised air conditioning system is maintained well with regular maintenance carried out by the building management on the cooling tower, pump, air handling unit and more. Only certain part of the building that require special care to the machine or with special condition such as lift motor room is using split air conditioning system. The air conditioning system in Menara Mustapha Kamal of PJ Trade Centre comply to the UBBL 1984 requirements. The management team also carries out scheduled maintenance which maintains the cleanliness and good condition of the air conditioning system. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part 1: Preliminary Clause 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant bylaws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these Bylaws shail apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. 254.0 Passive Fire Safety 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Purpose group of Mustapha Kamal Tower 4.3 Evacuation Route 4.4 Passive Containment 4.5 Fire Fighting Access 4.6 Conclusion 264.1 Introduction Fires are one of the most dangerous hazards that can occur for any building. Fires are able to damage buildings and take precious lives. Therefore, the issue of fire is taken very seriously. Each building is obligated by UBBL to have systems in place that will protect the building and the users of the building. Systems are put in place to put out fires, as emergency communication devices during a fire, and control the fire, to prevent it from spreading. Therefore, it is important to a designer to be aware of the services in place to protect the users and the building itself from the hazards of a fire. Introduction to Passive Fire Protection Systems Passive fire protection systems are an integral component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. It works by limiting and containing the fire and smoke in a single compartment in its area of origin while protecting escape routes and providing sufficient escape time for occupants. Passive fire protection begins at the conceptual and designing stage of a building construction Objective of Passive Fire Safety (i) To protect the occupants in case of fire by providing safe evacuation routes. (ii) To protect the building structural components and allowing safe fire fighting access. (ii) to allow sufficient time of escape for the occupants (iv) to prevent or slow down the spread of fire to the adjacent buildings. a74.2 Purpose Group of PJ Trade Centre Uniform Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 134 Designation of Purpose Groups Building By-Laws 1994 For the purpose of this Part, every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set put in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which group it falls According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1987, Fifth Schedule; Number of Purpose Group Vv Descriptive Title Office Purpose for which compartment i intended to be used Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purposes of administration, clerical work (including writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, filing, typing, duplicating, machine-calculating, drawing and the editorial preparation of matter _ for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating Block A, Mustapha Kamal tower of PJ Trade Centre comprise of purpose group IV (offices), and group V (shops). However, only the ground floor is used as retail shops while starting from level 3 and above are the administrative offices. Thus, Mustapha Kamal tower falls under the purpose group IV (office) as stated in clause 134 that only the main purpose of use of the building has to be taken into account. 284.3 Evacuation Route Evacuation route is the obstruction free way to get occupants from any area from the structure to the exterior within any period of time. This includes sufficient escape routes, travel distance, protection of escape routes, the exit and exit discharge. This is important to be incorporated in the building at the early stage of planning. Besides, it is also vital to have exit signages to be displayed to guide the way of occupants in case of fire breakout. The principles in planning evacuation routes are discussed from the aspects of horizontal exit, vertical exit and assembly places. 4.3.1 Horizontal Exit In Tower A of PJ Trade Centre, various exits are provided to allow for accessible escape routes to occupants in different spaces within the floor to direct them safely to the assembly point in case of fire Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 165: Measurement of Travel Distance to Exit (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any comers or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the tread noising. Clause 166: Measurement of Travel Distance to Exit (1) Except as permitted by by-law 176 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists may be necessary. (2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times. Fifth Schedule: Purpose group Limit when alternative exits are available (1) 2) (3) “Dead-End limit (metre) Un-sprinkled Sprinkled WV. Office 15 45 60 29Distribution of Horizontal Exits at Different Levels a Paws 1 protected boy a ~ Escape route staircase —— Travel distance Figure 4.1 Typical floor plan from level 3 to level 17 indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment (Ong, 2019) [1 Fite staircase Escape route *— Travel distance Figure 4.2 A floor plan of lobby mezzanine floor indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment.(Ong, 2019) Fire staircase BLOCK A ‘Assembly point mau ay <-> Escape route Figure 4.3 A ground floor plan indicating the escape routes, 30 ‘rom the fire staircase to the open space or assembly points. (Ong, 2019)Figure 4.4 Basement 1-6 plan indicating the fire staircase of tower A that connects to the Ground floor and the escape routes to other fre staircase of other tower. (Ong, 2019) Tower A. TE Fie stsicase Pl wicanerie i | yy Sy 2? Ce Glee Ce Figure 4.5 Basement 7 plan indicating the escape routes accessing the protected lobby and fire staircase of Tower C. (Ong, 2019) 1) Protected lobby Escape route Conclusion ‘The analysis of floor plans of PU Trade Centre shows that the basement level 1 and 7, Ground floor, lobby mezzanine floor and level 3 to level 17, compiles with the maximum travel distance ,, required based on the seventh schedule, and clause 165 (1), 166 (1) and (2).4.3.2 Vertical Exit Vertical exit enables a safe vertical evacuation such as the for the occupants via the fire escape that is compartmented by fire resistance rated construction so that it protects the enclosure of stairwell in case of fire. It directs the occupants from the building floors to the final exit and (or) the assembly point. Block A [Uf Motor Room 20m-21et Floor 461h-12th oor 3rd 17Ih Floor Lobbylezzenine Floor ‘Sub-Mezzanine Floor (Ground Floor oH Fire staircase Th Assempty point Basement 17 Figure 4.6 shows how fire staircases connect to the ground level. (Ong, 2019) Mustapha Kamal Tower of PJ Trade Centre is a tall commercial building consists of 21 levels above ground and 7 levels of basements down below the ground floor. Thus, vertical exits that connect people from various levels to the assembly place at ground level are essential. 32Fire Staircases Details Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirements Clause 106: Dimensions of Staircase (1) _ In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres. And the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase shall be uniform and consistent throughout (3) The depths of landings shail be not less than the width of staircases. Clause 107: Handrails (1) Except for staircases of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail. (4) Alfhandraits shall project not more than 100 millimeters from the face of the finished wall surface and shall be located not less than 825 millimetres and not more than 900 millimetres measured from the noising of the threads provided that handrails to landings shall be not less than 900 millimetres from the level of landing. Clause 168: Staircases (8) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. Figure 4.7 A fire staircase detail in PJ Trade Centre. Figure 4.8 A plan of fire staircase with estimated (Ong, 2019) escape routing (Ong, 2019) ‘The width of the staircase is 1050 millimeters with the tread measured up to 250 millimeters and risers of 150 millimeters. The handrail is measured at 950 millimeters high from the level of landing. As such, it is concluded that the fire staircases of PJ Trade Centre complies to the UBBL requirements of staircase specifications. All fire doors are also compliant to the rules of being swung in the direction of escape to allow ease of traveling along sharp tums of the staircase and 33There are 2 types of fire staircases in PJ Trade Centre, enclosed and natural ventilated fire staircase. Enclosed Staircase Most of the fire staircase provided by PJ Trade Centre are enclosed within a compartment, separated by fire walls and doors from the other spaces of the building. Itis typically pressurized and mechanically ventilated. Figuro 4.9 Enclosed fre Figure 4.10 The ventilation shaft in staircase (Ong, 2019) enclosed fire staircase (Ong, 2019) T iF oe Figure 4.12 Enclosed fire staircase from basement to open area (Ong, 2019). 1) Enciosed staircase 1 open staircase Figure 4.13 Basement 1 plan indicating the location of the fire staircase.(Ong, 2019) 4Naturally ventilated staircase There are two fully open and natural ventilated staircase in Tower A of PJ Trade center. One connects to the offices at higher levels, another connects to the basement parking at lower levels. The open fire staircase (stair A2) that connects to the offices is located at the exterior of the building that leads directly to the main road. On the other end of the corridor, is the staircase that connects the basement to the ground floor (stair CP 1). It is fully open and protected by firewall and door of the horizontal exit on each underground storey. Winn RAIIND “FlanR 1D stairs staircase to basement DD staircase to upper floor Figure 4.14 Ground floor plan indicating the location of the natural ventilated staircases (Ong, 2019) Figure 4.15 The staircase connected to the basement Figure 4.16 The staircase connected (Ong, 2019) to the upper floors (Ong, 2019) 354.3.3 Places of Assembly Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 178: Exits for institutional and Places of Assembly In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors, and passages leading to such exits shall be located, seperated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the othe occupancy or smoke therefrom. Clause 179: Classifications of Places of Assembly Each place of assembly shall be classified to its capacity as follows: Class A - Capacity 1,000 persons or more Class B - Capacity : 300 to 1,000 persons Class C - Capacity as 100 to 300 persons The assembly point of PJ Trade center is classified under Class B as it has an open space that can accommodate up to 1000 people including working staffs and visitors. During fire break outs, the evacuation routes and fire staircases leads the occupants from both the upper floors and basement to the open assembly point located on the ground floor. Figure 4.17 Assembly point with the fire escape from basement (Ong, 2019) 364.3.4 Signages Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 172: Emergency Exit Signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment (2) A.sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shaill be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) Allexit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy (8) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each. “KELUAR” sign The exit signage ac as a guide to direct the occupants to the evacuation exits in case of fire. It shall always be illuminated even during fire breakouts. The signages are equipped with backup electricity power system or reflective material in case of electricity shortage. Hence, the emergency signages of PJ Trade center complies to clause 172 of UBBL by-law. Figure 4.18 Fire doors with illuminated emergency exit signages (Yew, 2019). Emergency Lighting The emergency lighting illuminates the corridor or area around it to guide the occupants to the exit in case of fire. It also illuminates the location of the fire fighting equipments in that area. Figure 4.19 Emergency lighting (Ong, 2019)4.4 Passive Containment Passive containment is the ability to contain the fire in a building. It is very important to reduce the risk of loss of lives of building occupants and increase escape duration for them. 4.4.1 Principle of Compartmentation Compartmentation of building functions to limit the spread of fire by confining the fire by space segregation. The use of compartment wall, compartment floor, fire door, horizontal and vertical barrier of external wall and protected shaft can help to hinder spread of the fire. The definition of compartment, compartment wall and compartment floor can refer to UBBL by-law 133 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 133: Interpretation “compartment” means any part of a building which is separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors; and for the purposes of the Part, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall also include any room space above such part of the top storey; “compartment wall" and “compartment floor” mean respectively a wall and a floor which comply: with by-law 148, and which are provided as such for the purpose of by-law 136 to divide a building into compartments for any purpose in connection with by-law 213 or 147; ‘The Objective of Compartmentation The building spaces are divided into smaller compartment for: (a) Contain the spread of fire (b) Limit the smoke movement (©) Maximize excavation routes during fire (d) Different activities (purpose group) which require different fire protection system 38Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Ninth Schedule Limits of Compartments and Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance for Elements of Structure [By-law 142 (3), 147, 158 (1), 162, 213, 216 (2)] (Minimum periods of fire resistance) In this Table- “cubic capacity” means the cubic capacity of the building or if the building is divided into compartments, the compartment of which the element of structure forms part; “floor area” means the floor area of each of each storey in the building or, if the building is divided into compartments, of each storey in the compartment of which the element of structure forms part; ‘height’ has the meaning assigned to the expression by paragraph (2) of by-law 215 PART I-BUILDINGS OTHER THAN SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS Maximum dimension Minimum period of fire resistance (in hours) for elements of structure (*) forming part of - Purpose group Height Floor area | Cubic © Groundstoreyor — Basement (inm) (inm’) | capacity upper storey store (in m?) (1) (2) (3) (4) 6) © IV (Office)... | No limit No limit | No limit 1h 2 39Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Fifth Schedule Designation of Purpose Groups (By-law 134, 138) Number of Descriptive Title Purpose for which compartment Purpose Group intended to be used vill Storage and general Place for storage, deposit or parking of goods and materials (including vehicles), and other premises not comprised in groups | to Vil. Dimensions of Building and Compartments (By-law 136) Purpose group Height of building Limits of dimensions Floor area of storey Cubic capacity of in building or building or compartment compartment (in (nm) m) (1) 2) (3) (4) Part | - Buildings other than single storey buildings Vill (Storage and Not exceeding No limit 21.000 general) 28m The basement car park is categorised as storage and general purpose group under UBBL Fifth Schedule by-law 136 and the maximum size for compartment protected with sprinkler is doubled which is 42000m*. The 6 level of basement of PJ Trade Centre used as car parking basement excluding the basement 7 which functions as the service area. As the basement storey is protected with sprinkler, hence the cubic capacity of basement car park compartment of PJ Trade Centre which is 31200m? which is in accordance to UBBL compliance. The roller shutter used to divide the basement level into compartment is not needed in PJ Trade Centre 40Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 136: Provisions of Compartment walls & compartment floors Any building (other than single storey) of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule shall be provided by compartment walls & floors. (a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or (b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that () no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to that building; and - (i) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to that building: Provided that if any building is. provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C;. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled. TOE T BASEMENT 1 Figure 4.20 Basement 1 plan with fre resistance compartment highlighted (Sim,2019)_ il Fie resistance compartment one a Tn | ws 7 pLock A’ nrc “Fire resistance compartment Compartment Fire resistance compartment = Compartment Figure 4.21 Ground floor plan (left) and typical upper level plan (right) with fire resistance compartment highlighted (Sim, 2019). 41To comply with UBBL by-law 138, the floor over basement storey of PJ Trade Centre exceeding 100m? need to be compartment floors. Hence, the ground floor of PJ Trade Centre which exceeds 100m? is compartment floor. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, all floors which are more than 9 metre above ground level shall be constructed with Compartment Floor, except mezzanine floor Clause 138: Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors The following walls & floors shall be constructed as compartment walls & floors: (d) any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres. pee Building height exceeds 30m + har 63m Mezzanine floor The floor over basement storey is constructed as Compartment floor compartment floor as it is 1 Non-compartment floor over 100 meter square. Figure 4.22 Section with compartment floor and non-compartment floor highlighted. (Sim, 2019). 424.4.2 Separation of Fire Risk Areas mn er u mj Compartment area Figure 4.23 Basement 7 plan with compartment area highlighted (Sim, 2019). In accordance to UBBL by-law 139, fire risk areas of PJ Trade Centre such as genset rooms, pump room and data centre store are mainly located at basement 7 which is separated from the other areas of occupancy in the building. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 139: Separation of Fire Risk Areas The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard: (a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) laundries; (6) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) liquefied petroleum gas storage areas; (9 linen rooms; (g) transformer rooms and substations; (h) flammable liquids stores. 434.4.3 Fire Doors Openings in protecting structures, areas or enclosures which are fire resistant need to be installed with fire rated door. The protected structures include fire escape staircases, protected lobbies, mechanical and electrical room, room of high degree of fire hazard. Fire doors plays an important role in passive containment which completes the compartmentation of a fire resistant area or protected area and concurrently helps to separate an area from the spread of fire. The fire doors in ground storey and upper storey are Menara Mustapha Kamal are of 1% hours according to the Ninth Schedule while for the basement storey are of 2 hours. Openings in compartment and separating walls such as AHU room and more, openings in protecting structures is refer to protected staircase and lobbies, openings in partitions enclosing a protected lobby or corridor are location where fire doors shall be provided according to UBBL by-law 162. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 162: Fire Door in Compartment Wall and Separating Wall (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be provided by a fire for having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the ninth schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors of having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951 Clause 173: Exit Door (1) All'exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. (2) Exit doors shail close automatically when released and al door devices including magnetic for holders, shail release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm. The fire doors in Mustapha Kamal Tower comply with UBBL by-law 173 that it can be open easily from inside without use of key. It is for the ease of fire escape for the building occupants.Figure 4.24 Fire door in basement level Figure 4.26 Fire door in ground storey and (Yew, 2019) upper storey(Yew, 2019) The fire rated door is fitted with hydraulic spring to ensure the fire doors are closed all the time and prevent the escape of fire smoke into the areas and it helps in slowing down fire spread. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 164: Door Closers for Fire Door (1) Allfire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically sprint operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors. (3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases. 45 Figure 4.26 Hydraulic spring of fire door (Yew, 2018)4.5 Fire Fighting Access 4.5.1 Fire Truck Access Uniform Building By-Laws 1894 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 140: Fire Appliance Access All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building in cubic meter Minimum proportions of perimeter of building 7000 to 28000 one-sixth 28000 to 56000 one-fourth 56000 to 84000 one-half 84000 to 112000 three-fourths 112000 and above Island site The volume of PJ Trade Center approximately 51660 cubic meters. Thus, it is required to provide one-half of its own perimeter for fire fighting access. Additionally, the fire fighting access road should over 12 meters to comply with Clause 140 UBBL. The road is approximately 15 meters wide, allowing for fire truck to make U-turn and ambulance to pass through at the same time. On the road located is the breeching inlet, allowing the fire brigade to pump water. The breeching inlet is required to be no less than 18 meters to the fire access road. bee SL Ag =| Firemen “circulation T= Firefighting truck circulation TAO com =|) B Figure 4.28 Basement 7 plan indicating the circulation of firefighting truck and firemen (Yew, 2019) Fueling Aco Figure 4.27 Plan view indicating the firefighting " access from the streets Figure 4.29 Highlighted area Figure 4.30 Access for fire (Raemi, 2019) ‘shows breeching inlet at truck. (Ong 2019) Basement 7. (Raemi, 2019)4.5.2 Fire Fighting Shaft Uniform Building By-Laws 1894 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 157: Protected Shafts Consisting of Staircase A protected staircase or protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft Part Vill Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 242: Fire Fighting Access Lobbies Fire fighting access lobbies shall conform to the following requirements: (a) Each lobby shail have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square metres; and (0) The openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shail be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical pressurisation may be provided as an alternative. The shaft gives the fireman access to conduct fire and and rescue services. Thus a firefighting shaft should link all necessary floors of a building. Upon the arrival of the fire trucks in case of fire in PJ Trade Center, the firemen will have access to the protected staircase and firefighting lifts in the firefighting shafts in of Tower 8 and Tower C. Figure 4.32 Fire staircase from basement Figure 4.33 Fire lit (Yew, 2019). (Yew, 2019). a74.6 Conclusion Passive fire protection system in PJ Trade Centre are abide to the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 and Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia. As passive fire protection need to be considered at the planning design stage at building design. The design of Menara Mustapha Kamal in PJ Trade Centre is design with adequate fire safety measures by the architect. The horizontal and vertical escape routes are safe and comply with the minimum distance required by UBBL 1984 which allow the building occupant to escaped safely from fire. Meanwhile, the studied building has minimal setback and clearance of 6 metres for fire-fighting access and the passive containment found in the building is also comply with the UBBL law which enabling the escape time for occupants increase by limit the spread of fire while providing protected shafts. In conclusion, passive fire protection system of PJ Trade Centre is planned carefully through the design of the building and the system is well-maintained from our site visit observation 485.0 Active Fire Protection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fire Alarm and Detection System 5.3 Water Based System 5.4 Non Water Based System 5.5 Conclusion 495.1 Introduction One of the two ways to protect against a fire is Active Fire Protection. It is defined as to protect a building from fire with the component of fire detection and prevention which reacts to action or motion. It is one of most important elements to consider when building modern structure, The main function of an active fire protection system is to detect, alert and seek to eliminate any potential fire hazards, ensuring a safe and hazard free environment for the safety of the building and the users. Generally, active fire protection can be divided into subcategories, namely water-based, non-water based as well as alarm and detection services. 5.2 Fire Alarm and Detection System During an event of an fire, it is important to ensure that, everyone in the building is well aware of the fire. Thus, it is important for any fire to be detected in the building early, to alert ‘everyone early and potentially save lives. Therefore it is important to have systems that detect, warn as well as allow for communication during times of an emergency. PJ Trade Center is well equipped with alarm and detection systems such as smoke detectors, fire alarm bells, call points, fire control room, fire alarm panel, fire intercom system and fireman switch. Figure 5.1 Smoke Detector Figure 5.2 Fire Alarm Bell (Raerni Figure 5.3 Fire Alarm Panel (Raemi, 2019) 2019) (Raemi, 2019) 505.2.1 Smoke Detector Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part Vil Fire Requirements Clause 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1) Allllife lobbies shail be provided with smoke detectors. Part Vill Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire. (1) Every building shail be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws. Tha smoke detector is an automatically initiated device. It can be seen frequently at PJ Trade Center and is automatically activated in the presence of smoke as well as high temperature readings. The device is located on the ceiling and kept in a disk shaped plastic enclosure. When the device is activated, it sends a signal and alerts the fire control room. It is also used to. activate the alarms to alert of a fire as well as turn on the sprinklers to either stop or prevent the spread of the fire Figure 5.4 Smoke Detector in PJ Figure 8.5 Smoke Detector in PJ Trade Center (18th Trade Center (Basement) (Raemi, Floor Lobby) (Yew, 2019) 2019) In PJ Trade Center, the smoke detectors are located at the lift lobby, in accordance to UBBL requirements, as well as the AHU rooms. 51Location of Smoke Detectors in PJ Trade Center ta e 0 Bi 1 ( BLOCK A | “| tah em ar BLock A’ Mezzanine Floor onee a 3rd Floor to 17th Floor si | e@ ‘Smoke Detector Basement 7 e ‘Smoke Detector (Lift Lobby) Figure 5.6 Location of Smoke Detectors in PJ Trade Center (Raemi, 2019) 52