PPT BY:
Hyper-Threading
D.RAGHUCHARAN
A.VIKAS
TOPIC: HYPER THREADING
TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT:
WHAT IS HYPER THREADING?
Hyper-Threading Technology brings the
concept of simultaneous multi-threading
to the Intel Architecture. Hyper-
Threading Technology makes a single
physical processor appear as two logical
processors; the physical execution
resources are shared and the
architecture state is duplicated for the
two logical processors. From a software
or architecture perspective, this means
operating systems and user programs
can schedule processes or threads to
logical processors as they would on
multiple physical processors. From a
micro architecture perspective, this
means that instructions from both logical
processors will persist and execute
simultaneously on shared execution
resources.
The first implementation of Hyper-
Threading Technology was done on the
processor MP. In this implementation
there are two  Xeon  Intel logical
processors on each physical processor.
The logical processors have their own
independent architecture state, but they
share nearly all the physical execution
and hardware resources of the
processor. The goal was to implement
the technology at minimum cost while
ensuring forward progress on logical
processors, even if the other is stalled,
and to deliver full performance even
when there is only one active logical
processor.
The potential for Hyper-Threading
Technology is tremendous; our current
implementation has only just begun to
tap into this potential.
Technology is expected to be viable
from mobile processors to servers; its
introduction into market segments other
than servers is only gated by the
availability and prevalence of threaded
applications and workloads in those
markets.
INTRODUCTION:
The amazing growth of the Internet and
telecommunications is powered by ever-
faster systems demanding increasingly
higher levels of processor performance.
To keep up with this demand, we cannot
rely entirely on traditional approaches to
processor design. Micro architecture
techniques used to achieve past
processor performance improvement,
super pipelining, branch prediction,
super-scalar execution, out-of-order
execution, caches, have made
microprocessors increasingly more
complex, have more transistors, and
consume more power. In fact, transistor
counts and power are increasing at
rates greater than processor
performance. Processor architects are
therefore looking for ways to improve
performance at a greater rate than
transistor counts and power dissipation.
Intel's Hyper-Threading Technology is
one solution.
THREADING ALGORITHMS:
• Time-slicing
-A processor switches between
threads in fixed time intervals.
-High expenses, especially if one of
the processes is in the wait state.
• Switch-on-event
-Task switching in case of long
pauses
-Waiting for data coming from a
relatively slow source, CPU resources
are given to other processes.
• Multiprocessing
-Distribute the load over many
processors
 -Adds extra cost
• Simultaneous multi-threading
-Multiple threads execute on a single
processor without switching.
-Basis of Intel’s Hyper-Threading
technology.
HYPER-THREADING CONCEPT:
• At each point of time only a part
of processor resources is used
for execution of the program
code.
• Unused resources can also be
loaded, for example, with parallel
execution of another
thread/application.
• Extremely useful in desktop and
server applications where many
threads are used.
HYPER-THREADING
ARCHITECTURE:
• First used in Intel Xeon MP
processor
• Makes a single physical
processor appear as multiple
logical processors.
• Each logical processor has a
copy of architecture state.
• Logical processors share a
single set of physical execution
resources.
• Operating systems and user
programs can schedule
processes or threads to logical
processors as if they were in a
multiprocessing system with
physical processors.
• From an architecture perspective
we have to worry about the
logical processors using shared
resources.
-Caches, execution units, branch
predictors, control logic, and buses.
ADVANTAGES:
• Extra architecture only adds
about 5% to the total die area.
• No performance loss if only one
thread is active. Increased
performance with multiple
threads
• Better resource utilization.
DISADVANTAGES:
• To take advantage of hyper-
threading performance, serial
execution can not be used.
 -Threads are non-deterministic and
involve extra design
-Threads have increased overhead
• Shared resource conflicts

APPLICATIONS:

• Video Watermark Detection

-Two stages
• Video Decoding
• Image-domain
watermark
detection
• Video Processing
-3 stages
• Reading Video
information
• Processing Video
information Performance Results:
• Writing Video
information

Video Watermarking:

Video Processing:

-Most time is spent in processing.

-Divide the video processing into
threads.
-4 Threads in this example
-Have to worry about waiting until all
processing threads are done before
writing back the data out.