ESE – Offline Test
01.(a)
Sol: The performance and characteristics of a
system in frequency domain are measured in
terms of frequency domain specifications.
The requirements of a system to be designed
are usually specified in terms these
specifications.
The frequency domain specifications are
1. Resonant peak, Mr
2. Resonant frequency, r
3. Bandwidth, b
4. Cut off rate
5. Gain margin, Kg
6. Phase margin, 
Resonant Peak (Mr):
The maximum value of the magnitude of
closed loop transfer function is called the
resonant peak, Mr. A large resonant peak
corresponds to a large overshoot in transient
response.
Resonant frequency (r):
The frequency at which the resonant peak
occurs is called resonant frequency, r. This
is related to the frequency of oscillation in
the step response and thus it is indicative of
the speed of transient response.
Bandwidth (b):
The Bandwidth is the range of frequencies
for which the system normalized gain is
more than – 3 dB. The frequency at which
the gain is 3dB is called cut off frequency.
Bandwidth is usually defined for closed loop
system and it transmits the signals whose
frequencies are less than the cut off
frequency. The Bandwidth is a measure of
the ability of a feedback system to reproduce
the input signal, noise rejection
characteristics and rise time. A large
bandwidth corresponds to a small rise time
or fast response.
Cut off Rate:
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The slope of the log-magnitude curve near
the cut off frequency is called cut off rate.
The cut off rate indicates the ability of the
system to distinguish the signal from noise.
Gain Margin, Kg
The gain margin, Kg is defined as the value
of gain, to be added to system, in order to
bring the system to the verge of instability.
The gain margin, Kg is given by the
reciprocal of the magnitude of open loop
transfer function at phase cross over
frequency. The frequency at which the
phase of open loop transfer function is 180
is called the phase cross over frequency, pc.
1
Gain margin, Kg =
| G ( j pc ) |
The gain margin in dB can be expressed as,
1
Kg in dB = 20 log Kg = 20log
| G ( j pc ) |
Phase Margin ()
The phase margin , is defined as the
additional phase lag to be added at The gain
cross over frequency in order to bring the
system to the verge of instability. The gain
cross over frequency gc is the frequency at
which the magnitude of the open loop
transfer function is unity (or it is the
frequency at which the dB magnigude is
zero).
The phase margin , is obtained by adding
180 to the phase angle  of the open loop
transfer function at the gain cross over
frequency
Phase margin,  = 180 + gc
Where, gc = G(jgc)
01. (b)
Sol:
R(s) + K C(s)
s (s  2)
–
 Conv-2 Solutions
or K  (3.42) 2  11.7
R(s) + + K C(s) 2 n  (2  KK t )
– – s (s  2)  2  0.4  3.42  (2  11.7 K t )
or K t  0.065
sK1

01. (c)
Sol: The differential equation are written below:
with tachometer feedback (feedback di
compensation) the block diagram of R 1i1  L1 1  v c  e1
Fig. is redrawn as shown in Fig above. dt
di dv
The overall transfer function of the R 2 i 2  L 2 2  v c  e 2 and c  i1  i 2
compensated system is dt dt
C(s) K on rearranging above equations:
 2 di1 R 1 1
R (s) s  (2  KK t )s  K   1 i 1  v c  e1
Since M   25% dt L1 L1 L1
di 2 R 1 1


 2  vc  e 2 and
 0.25  e 1  2
dt L2 L2 L2
 dv c 1 1
 log e 0.25   log e (e)  i1  i 2
1 2 dt C C
 The output equation is:
  1.38   1    0 .4 y1  i1
1  2
and y2  i2
t p =1sec (given) put x1=i1, x2=i2 and x3=vc , therefore,
  R1 1 1 
 tp   0  0
n 1   2
 x 1   L1 L1  x   L1

 1    e1 
 x    0 
R2
   x 2    0
1 1  
  2  e2
 1 L2 L2   L2   
 x 3   1   x 3   0 0   0 
n 1   2 1
 0   
 C C   
 n 1   2  
1 0  x 1 
or n 


 and y    
0 1   x 2 
1  1  0.4 
2 2

 3.42 rad / sec 01.(d)

The characteristic equation for the
Sol: Given G s  
5
compensated system is ---- (1)
s2+(2+KKt)s+K=0 ss  1s  2 
Apply Inverse Laplace Transform on both
From the characteristic equation it is noted sides, we get
that  
L1 G s   L1 
5
n  K and 2n  (2  KK t ) 
 ss  1s  2  
 3.42  K

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 ESE – Offline Test
5 5  = 13.750 < 0
gt   L1  
5
 
 2s s  1 2s  2   F(1) < 0
i.e. F 1   1  6.25  8.5  0.246
gt    5e  t  e  2 t ------------ (2)
5 5
2 2 = 13.996 > 0
Substitute t = kT in equation (2), we get a 3  a 0 3.5  1
gkT    5e  kT  e  2 kT
5 5 Above conditions are not satisfied. Hence
2 2 the system is unstable.
Apply Z-transform on both sides, we get
01.(e)
5 
ZgkT   z   5e  kT  e  2kT 
5
Sol: The advantages of the frequency response
2 2  analysis are:
5 1. The absolute and relative stability of the
z closed loop system can be estimated
G z  
z 5z 2
 
5 z  e  kT z  e  2T from the knowledge of their open loop
z frequency response.
2
2. The practical testing of systems can be
T = 1 sec (given) easily carried with available sinusoidal
5 signal generators and precise
z
z 5z 2 measurements equipments
=  
5 z  e 1 z  e  2 3. The transfer function of complicated
z
2 systems can be determined
5 experimentally by frequency response
z tests.
z 5z 2
=   4. The design and parameter adjustment of
5 z  0.367 z  0.135
z the open loop transfer function of a
2 system for specified closed loop
= performance is carried out more easily in
 5 frequency domain.
zz  0.367 z  0.135  5z z  (z  0.135) 5. When the system is designed by use of the
 2
2.5zz  2.5z  0.367 
frequency response analysis, the effects
of noise disturbance and parameters
(z  2.5)(z  0.367)(z  0.135) variations are relatively easily to
Characteristic equation is 1  G z   0 visualize and incorporate corrective
z3  6.5z2 – 8.5z+0.246 = 0 measures.
6. The frequency response analysis and
To find the stability, Jury’s stability test is designs can be extended to certain
used nonlinear control systems.
Fz   a 3 z 3  a 2 z 2  a 1 z  a 0
01. (f)
 z 3  6.5 z 2  8.5 z  0.246  0 Sol: To find the equivalent T- network, we have
a3 = 1 a2 =  6.5 , a1 = -8.5 , a0 =0.246 the relations,
For stability ,
F(1) > 0 ie F1  1  6.5  8.5  0.246

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 Conv-2 Solutions

 1 
z11  ZA  ZC    2s   (5)
 s
 A B
z12  z 21  ZC  2s  (3)

and z 22  ZB  ZC   2s  4 

 (1) (2) (4)

1 C
 Z A  , Z B  4, Z C  2s
s 01. (h)
ZA=1/s Ω ZB = 4 Ω
1 2 Sol: For this resonant circuit, the phasor diagram
ZC=2s
is shown in fig
1 2
Phase angle of the inductive branch,
Equivalent T-network  L 
 L  tan 1  
01.(g)  RL 
Sol: Before drawing the graph we first label the Phase angle of the capacitive branch,
nodes and branches of the network as IC
shown. Since the voltage source is
accompanied by a series resistance and the
current source by a parallel resistance, while Is V
drawing the graph they will be open- IL
circuited and short-circuited, respectively.
The graph of the network is shown in fig  1 
and some trees are shown.  C  tan 1  
 R C C 
(5) C1 For the two currents to be in quadrature, the
R1 R2 B condition is
A (4)
(1) (3) L  C  900 
V +–
(2) L1 R3  L   1 
 tan  R C   90
I 1 o
tan 1 
 C 
 RL 
 L 1 
 R  R C 
C

 L C

A
(5)
B  tan-1  L 1  = 90
0
1 
(2)
(3)
(4)
 R L R C C 
(1) C L 1

The twigs are shown by solid lines and the R R C C
 L = tan 900 = 
links by dashed lines. L
(5) 1
R L R CC
(5)
A B A L L
(3) (3)
B  1 = 0  R LR C 
R L R CC C
(1) (2) (4) (2) (4)
(1)
C C

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 ESE – Offline Test
01. (i)  I1 = (I1I1)
Sol: Before changing the impedance the = (4.5130  0.106 15.740)A
current through the 10- = 4.3912.930 A
resistance is given as.
01. (j)
I2
Sol: From the fig, the driving point impedance is
+ I1 3Ω
50 0° (V)  given as
j5 Ω
–
j4 Ω
R  sL  1 s
R
Z(s)  Cs  L --- (i)
1 R 1
R  sL  Cs  s 
2

Cs L L
 I1 Vc +– The driving-point impedance function is
j5 Ω written as,
4Ω
Z(s)  K
s  2
j4 Ω
s  1  j4s  1  j4
Fig(b) s2
k 2 -- (ii)
50 503  j9 s  2s  17
I1  
10 
 j5 3  j4 10  j105 Since dc input impendence is 2,
j5  3  j4  Z(0) = 2  2 = K   K = 17
2
50 17

11.113 0
 4.5  130 (A)
Z(s) 17
s  2

s 2
--- (iii)
Now before changing the impedance,. The s 1 j4s 1 j4 1 s2  2 s 1
current through the (3+j4)  branch is 17 17
 j5  Comparing the coefficient of the numerators
I 2  I1    and denominators of (i) and (iii) , we get, R
 j5  3  j4  1
503  j9   j5  = 2 , L = 1 H, and C = F
   17
10  j105  3  j9 
j250 02.(a)
  2.375.44 o (A) Sol: (1) The forward path transfer function is
10  j105
1
Now Z = (4 + j4)  (3 + j4) = 1 G (s) 
 Vc = I.Z = 2.37 5.44o  1 s(s  1)
= 2.37 5.44oV Let
1 K
 1 2
K
The compensating circuit is shown in fig (b) s(s  1) s s 1
  The coefficient can be determined as
  K1  1 K 2  1
    j5 
0
 I1   2.37 5.44
 10  j5   10  j5  1 1
 4  j4    G (s)  
 10  j5  s s 1
z z
11.8595.44 0 Taking z-transform, G (z)  
 z  1 z  e T
20  j110
Since, T=1 sec.
= 0.106 15.740A

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 Conv-2 Solutions
z z As the system is type 0, the initial slope of
 G(z)  
z  1 z  e 1 the Bode plot is 0dB/decade and the initial
z z 0.632z ordinate is given by
   20log1025=27.9dB
z  1 z  0.368 (z  1)(z  0.368)
The two corner frequencies due to
(2) Since, H(s)=1 denominator terms are
1
 GH(z)  1   1 rad/sec and  
1
 2 rad / sec
s(s  1) 0.5
1 1 The slope of the magnitude plot after
or GH(s)  
s s 1   1 rad/sec is
Taking z-transform (020)= 20dB/decade and after
z z   2 rad/sec is
GH(z)  
z  1 z  e T (2020)= 40 dB/decade.
Since, T=1sec The frequency range of the plot is
z z considered between   0.1rad / sec and
 GH(s)     10 rad / sec . The Bode plot is drawn in
z  1 z  e 1
z z figure below.
 
z  1 z  0.368
dB
40
0.632z – 20 db/dec 0°
or GH(z) 
(z  1)(z  0.368) |G(j)|
– 45°
20
(3) The pulse transfer function for the error – 90°
20 log10 K = 27.9 dB
|G(j)|

sampling is given by PM = 23°

G(j)
G(j) – 135°
0.632z
C( z ) G (z) (z  1)(z  0.368) – 180°
  0.1 0.2 0.4 1 2 4.5 10 20 40 100
R (z) 1  GH(z) 1  0.632z
 – 225°
(z  1)(z  0.368)
– 40 db/dec

– 20 Gain crossover – 270°

0.632z

(z  1)(z  0.368)  0.632z
0.632z
 2 The phase angle is given by
z  0.736z  0.368
G  j   tan 1   tan 1 0.5
02.(b) The phase angle for frequency range
Sol: Rewrite the transfer function is Bode form, between   0.1 rad/sec and  = 10 rad/sec
50 is calculated and given below:
2 25
G (s)  
s (s  1)(0.5s  1
(s  1)(  1)  rad/sec 0.1 1 5 10
2
G  j -8.5 -71.5 -146.8 -163
0
Sinusoidal form of the transfer function is
25
G ( j)  The phase curve is asymptotic to -1800 line
( j  1)( j0.5  1)
at high frequencies and the gain at high

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 ESE – Offline Test
frequencies is negative as such the gain s  2
margin is + infinite. At the gain crossover 2. Change to cofactor, i.e.  
frequency the phase angle is -1570 , hence 1 s 
the phase margin is  s 1
3. Interchange rows and columns,i.e.  
P.M=1800+(–1570)=230.  2 s 
The gain margin as well as phase margin are  s 1
both positive, therefore, the system is stable  Adj. sI  A    
and further the gain margin is infinite hence,  2 s 
the system is inherently stable.  s 1  s 1
   
4. sI  A 1 AdjsI  A   2 s   2 s 
   2
02(c) sI  A  s  1 s  2
Sol: Design Procedure of Lag-lead 2 s 
 
compensator
 s 1 
1. Determine the open loop gain K of the  s2  2 s2  2 

s 
uncompesated system to satisfy specified
2
error requirement.  2 
2. Draw the Bode plot of uncompensated  s  2 s2  2 
 (s)  sI  A 
1
system
3. Design a lag controller with the  s 1 
procedure given above.  
 (s)   s  2 s  2 
2 2

4. From the trial and error method, design 2 s

the lead compensator based on the above  2 
designed lag compensator.  s  2 s2  2
5. In general, phase lead compensator is  The state transition matrix ( t ) is
used to improve the bandwidth and  s 1 
 
( t )  L1(s)  L1  s  2 s  2 
decrease the rise time, and lag 2 2

compensator is used to provide required 2 s

 2 
damping.  s  2 s  2
2

 1 
03.(a)  cos 2 t sin 2 t 
Sol: The time response is given by  2 
x ( t )  ( t ) x (0)  2
sin 2 t cos 2 t 
( t )  L1 (sI  A) 1  2 
 1 
cos 2 t sin 2 t 
 s 0  0 1  s  1  2
(sI  A)       
0 s    2 0   2 s   2 sin 2 t cos 2 t 
x ( t )  ( t ) x (0)
 s  1
1

sI  A  1
   1 
2 s   x 1 ( t )   cos 2 t sin 2 t  1
(sI-A)-1 is determined below:   2  1
 x 2 ( t )  2 sin 2 t cos 2 t   
 s 2 
1. Arrange for minor of sI  A  , i.e.  
 1 s 
1
 x 1 ( t )  cos 2 t  sin 2t
2
x 2 ( t )   2 sin 2 t  cos 2t
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 Conv-2 Solutions
y  x1  x 2 As the given open-loop transfer function
3 is type 0, hence, the points   0 and
 y sin 2 t .   0 are coincident.
2
Imj
03.(b) =+
50
Sol: G (s)H(s)  =+0
(s  1)(s  2)
Put s  j =–0
Re

50 =–
G ( j)H( j) 
( j  1)( j  2) s plane
50
G ( j)H( j)  Img
2  12 2  2 2
and
 = =0
G ( j)H( j)   tan 1   tan 1 1+j0
= =0
Real
2
3
  tan 1 for   2
2  2
G(s)H(s) – plane
3
  tan 1  180 0 for   2
2 The point  1  j0 is not encircled by the
2

(1) As   0 Nyquist plot, therefore, N=0 and P+=0

G ( j0) H( j0)  25 (given)
and G ( j0) H( j0)  0 0  N=P+-Z+
or 0=0-Z+
(2) At   2  Z+=0
As Z+=0, there are no roots of closed-loop
   
Gj 2 Hj 2 
50 characteristic equation having positive real
part, hence the closed-loop system is stable.
2 2  12 22  22
 11.78
and 03.(c)
Sol:
   
G j 2 H j 2   tan 1
3 2
22 Characteristic
Lead Lag
controller Controller
  tan 1   90 0 1  aTS a>1 a<1
(3) As    TF 
1  TS
G  j  H  j   0 a 1 m is +ve m is -ve
m  sin 1
and G  j H j  180 0
a 1
As per above calculations, general shape
of the Nyquist plot is shown in Figure Pole-zero plot -1/T -1/aT
-1/ aT -1/T
below.
Filter HPF LPF

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c
R1

R2 o/p V1 = I2 and V2 = I2 +I2 = 2I2

i/p R1 R2 o/p i/p
c
Electrical V1 V2
Network  z12  1 ;  z 22  2
R 1R 2 T  ( R 1  R 2 )C I2 I2
T C I 2 0 I 2 0
R1  R 2
R2
a
R1  R 2 R1  R 2 z z12  3 1
a  Hence  11 
R2
 z 21 z 22  3 2
Magnitude plot 0dB 1/T m
20log
1  aTS a 10 log a  Since z11  z22, circuit is not symmetrical.
for 10log
1  TS a Since z12  z21, circuit is also not reciprocal.
20 log a
0dB
Hence, in terms of z-parameters, we write
the equation as follows
m
m 00
V1 = z11I1 + z12I1 and V2 = z21I1 + z22I2
Phase Plot m m
00 V1 = 3I1 + I2 ………… (1)
V2 = 3I1 + 2I2 ………… (2)
We now re arrange these equations as
04.(a) follows:
Sol: We first find z11 and z21 by open circuiting From equation (2), we get
the output port, as shown in Fig.(a).
I1  V2  2I 2 
1
Hence
3
V1 = I1 +2I1 = 3I1
Substituting in eq(1), we have
V2 = I1 +2I1 = 3I1
V1 = V2 – I2
V1 V2
 z11  3;  z 21  3 1
Hence, V1 = V2 – I2 and I1  V2  I 2
2
I1 I  0 I1 I  0 3 3
2 1

Now we find z12 and z22 by open circuiting Since the equations in terms of ABCD
input port as shown in Fig. b. Thus when I1 parameters are given as
=0 V1 = AV2 – BI2
I1 = CV2 –DI2
I1 1Ω 1Ω I2 Comparing we get A = 1, B = 1, C = 1/3,
+ + D=2 /3
I1
A B   1 1 
V1 2I1 1Ω I1 V2    
 C D 1 / 3 2 / 3
– –
04. (b)
I1 1Ω 1Ω I2 3(s  2)(s  4)
Sol: F(s) 
+ I1 + s(s  3)
V1 I2 1Ω V2 Here, since the degree of numerator and
denominator polynomials is same, we
– – remove F() from F(s).

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 Conv-2 Solutions
 31  2 / s 1  4 / s   1 1  1 0 0 0
s  
1  3 / s  
F() = Lim =3
 Ba = 0 0 1  1 1 0
3(s  2)(s  4) 0  1 0 1 0 1
 F1(s) = F(s) F() = 3
s(s  3) The branch impadence matrix
3(s  2)(s  4)  3s(s  3) 5 0 0 0 0 0 
=
s(s  3) 0 5 0 0 0 0 
 
9s  24 K K 0 0 5 0 0 0 
= = 1 2
s(s  3) s s3 Zb =  
0 0 0 5 0 0 
9s  24 0 0 0 0 4 0 
 K1 = sF1 (s) s  0  1
s  3 s0  
0 0 0 0 0 R1 
9s  24
K2 = (s+3) F1(s)|s=0 = =1
s s  3 R1 Vx
– +
8 1
F(s) = F1(s) + 3 =  3 1 2 5Ω 3
s s3
If F(s) is an impedance Z(s), it must be an 5Ω
5Ω
+
5Ω 4Ω Vx
RC impedance and it is realized by Foster –
form I as shown in figure below. 1V

1/3
1/8F 3
(6)
1F
I3
2
1 3
(2) (4)
If F(s) is an admittance Y(s), it must be RL I1 I2
admittance and it is realized by Foster form (1)
(5)
II as shown in figure.

4
3
1/3H 1/3
1H
 BaZb =
5 0 0 0 0 0 
05. (a) 1 1  1 0 0 0   0 5 0 0 0 0 
0 0 1  1 1 0   
Sol: Since the controlled voltage source is not   0 0 5 0 0 0 

accompanied by any passive element, we 0  1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 
will consider a resistance R1 in series with 0 0 0 0 4 0
the controlled voltage source, and finally  
0 0 0 0 0 R 1 
let R10.
5 5  5 0 0 0 
The graph of the network is shown with one
tree. = 0 0 5  5 4 0 
The tie-set matrix is 0  5 0 5 0 R 1 

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5 5  5 0 0 0  05. (b)
 BaZb B = 0 0 5  5 4 0 
T Sol: To determine A and C, we leave the output
a
port open. So that I2 = 0 and place a voltage
0  5 0 5 0 R 1  source V1 at the input port. We have
1 0 0 V1 = (10 + 20) I1 = 30I1 and
 1 0  1 V2 = 20I1  3I1 = 17 I1
   15  5 5  Thus,
 1 1 0  
  =  5 14  5  V
A= 1 
30I1
 1.765
 0  1 1   5  5 10  R  V2 17I1
0 1 0   1 

  I I
C  1  1  0.0588S
 0 0 1  V2 17I1
Now,  Ba Vs = 
0  I1 3I1 I2
0  10 Ω
+ –
1 1  1 0 0 0   +
0 0 1  1 1 0    1  V2
V1 +
 0 
 20 Ω
 –
0  1 0 1 0 1   –
0 
 
 Vx  To obtain B and D, we short-circuit the
 1    1 output port so that V2 = 0 as shown. And
=    1    1  place a voltage source V1 at the input port.
At node a in the circuit of fig, KCL gives.
 Vx  Vx 
V1  Va Va
So, the loop equations become   I2  0
10 20
 15 5 5   I1    1 3I1
 5 14  5  I    1  I1 10 Ω Va
I2
  2   + –
 5 10  R 1 
a
 5  I3  Vx 
V1 + 20 Ω V2 = 0
With R1  0 and Vx = 4I2, the equations –

 15  5  5  I1    1
reduce to,  5 14  5 I 2  =  1 
 5  9 10   I3  Vx  For example (a) finding A and C, (b)
Finding B and D.
15  1  5 But Va = 3I1 and I1 = ( V1  Va) /10.
5 1 5 Combining these gives Va = 13I1 & Va = 3I1
5 0 10 Substitute Va = 3I1 into eq and replacing the
1
Solving for I2, I2 =  A first term with I1,
15 5 5 19 3I 17
 5 14 5 I1 1  I 2  0  I1   I 2
20 20
 5  9 10 Therefore,
1 4 I 20
 Vx = 4  I2 = 4   V D=  1   1.176,
19 19 I 2 17

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 Conv-2 Solutions
V1  13I1 putting Eqs (1) and (2) in matrix form, we
B=    15.29
I 2  17 / 20I1 get
100 4  j3  j8   I1 
 0     j8 5  j18 I 
05. (c)     2 
Sol: The key to analyzing a magnetically coupled The determinants are
circuit is knowing the polarity of the mutual 4  j3  j8
voltage. We need to apply the dot rule. In =  30  j87
figure. Suppose coil 1 is the one whose  j8 5  j18
reactance is 6 , and coil 2 is the one whose
100  j8
 1005  j18
reactance is 8. To figure out the polarity of
1 
the mutual voltage in coil 1 due to current I2, 0 5  j18
we observe that I2 leaves the dotted terminal
4  j3 100
of coil 2. Since we are applying KVL in the 2   j800
clockwise direction, it implies that the  j8 0
mutual voltage is negative, that is j2I2. Thus, we obtain the mesh currents as
Alternatively, it might be best to figure out  1005  j18 1,868.274.5 0
the mutual voltage by redrawing the relevant I1 = 1  
 30  j87 92.03710
portion of the circuit, as shown in figure (b).
Where it becomes clear that the mutual I2 =  20.33.5 0 A
voltage is V1= 2I2j 2 j800 80090 0
 
j8 j2 (I1 –I2)  30  j87 92.03710
– +  8.69319 0 A
j6
I1 I2
06. (a)
j2I2 – Sol: The differential equations for the field
+
control D.C motor are given below:
di
e f  R f i f  L f f ………(1)
dt
Thus, for mesh 1 in fig, KVL gives Torque developed : Te  K f i f
100 + I1(4  j3 + j6) j6I2  j2I2 = 0 d 2 m d
Load torque: Tm  J m  fm m
OR dt 2
dt
100 = (4 + j3) I1  j8I2 ……… (1) Load torque equals developed torque.
Similarly, to figure out the mutual voltage in Therefore,
coil 2 due to current I1, consider the relevant d 2m d m
portion of the circuit, as shown in fig (a). K f if  J m  f m
…….(2)
dt 2 dt
Applying the dot convention gives the on rearranging Eqs.(1) and (2) following
mutual voltage as V2 = 2jI1 . Also, current equations are obtained:
I2 sees the two coupled coils in series in fig di f R i e
(a); since it leaves the dotted terminals in   f f  f ………(3)
dt Lf Lf
both coils, Eq applies. Therefore, for mesh 2
in fig, KVL gives d 2 m f d Ki
  m . m  f f ……(4)
0 = –2jI1 –j6I1+ (j6+j8+j22+5)I2 dt 2
J m dt Jm
0 =  j8I1 + (5 + j 18) I2  (2)

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d m State Equations can be represented in Matrix
Let i f  x1 ,  m  x 2 and  x 3 be state form
dt
variables and 
y   m be the output variable.  x1   0 1 0   x1   0 
     
 x2    0 0 1   x2    0  r (t )
Therefore, state equations are as written
below:     5 6 0   x  1 
R e  x3    3  
x 1   f x 1  f  
Lf Lf
Standard form of Output equation is
x 2  x 3
represented as
K f
x 3  f x 1  m x 3 and y   m Y  CX  DU
Jm Jm
From (1) the output equation in Matrix form
 Rf  1 is
 0 0  x
 x 1   L  1  L 
   f Y  1 0 0 X
or  x 2    0 1   x 2    0  e f
f
0
K f
 x 3   f 0  m   x 3   0 
 Jm Jm    06. (c)
    Sol:
 x1  IA

y  0 1 0  x 2  IAB

 x 3  240 V 200 2590

06. (b) ICA
IBC
Sol: Given differential equation is IC
1530
d 3c(t) dc(t) IB
3
+6 + 5c(t) = r(t)
dt dt
The circuit is shown in Fig.
Let c  x1 ----------------------------- (1) For a delta-connected load, the phase
c = x 2 voltage are equal to the line voltages and for
a CBA system, these voltages can be written
Differentiating the above equations
as
VAB = 2400o V; VBC = 240 120o V; VCA
• •
x1 = c =x 2 ---------------------------- (2)
= 240– 120oV
• ••
x 2 = c = x 3 --------------------------- (3) The phase current are obtained as follows.
V 2400 o
••• • I AB  AB   9.6  90 o   j 9.6 A
c =r(t)-5c-6 c Z AB 2590 o

 
VBC 240120 o
x3  c  r (t )  6 x2  5 x1 ------------- (4) I BC    1690 o  j16 A
Z AB 1530 o

Equations (2), (3), (4) represent the state

VCA 240120 o
equations. I CA    12  120 o
Standard form of state equation is Z CA 200 o

X = AX + BU   6  j10.392A

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 Conv-2 Solutions
From the circuit shown in Fig. the line
currents are given as
IA= (IAB –ICA) = –j9.6 – (–6 – j10.392)
= (6+j0.792) = 6.0527.52o (A) Row No. z0 z1 z2 z3 z4
1 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4
IB = (IBC –IAB) = j16–(–j9.6)
= j25.6=25.690o (A) 2 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0
3 b0 b1 b2 b3
IC = (ICA – IBC) = (–6–j10.392)–j16
= (–6–j26.392) = 27.066102.81o (A) 4 b3 b2 b1 b0
5 c0 c1 c2
Now, the resistance of different branch are
RAB = ZAB cos 90o = 0
RBC = ZBC cos 30o = 15 cos 30o = 20 Where, b0 = a02 – a42
RCA = ZCA cos0o = 20cos 0o = 20  b1 = a0 a1 – a3 a4
b2 = a0 a2 – a4 a2
Therefore, the total power is b3 = a0 a3 – a1 a4
P  I AB R AB  I BC R BC  ICA R CA
2 2 2
c0 = b02 – b32
 0  162  12.99  122  20  6205.54W c1 = b0 b1 – b2 b3
c2 = b0 b2 – b1 b3
07(a) For stability |a0| < |a4|
Sol: Given characteristic equation is |b0| > |b3|
P(z) =1+0.4z1–0.69z-2 – 0.256z-3 + 0.32z-4 c 0 > |c2|
=0
P(z) = z4+0.4z3 – 0.69z2–0.256z1+0.32 = 0 Row
Standard form characteristic equation is N z0 z1 z2 z3 Z4
o
P(z)=a4z4 + a3z3 + a2z2 +a1z+ a0 = 0
1 0.32 0.256 0.69 0.4 1
For stability, 2 1 0.4 0.69 0.256 0.32
(i) |a4| > 1 (ii) P(1) > 0 (iii) (-1)n P 3 0.897 0.318 0.4692 0.384
(-1) > 0 4 0.384 0.4692 0.318 0.897
5 0.658 0.105 0.299
If the above conditions are satisfied, the
stability can be tested by Jury’s stability
test b0 = (0.32)2 – 12 = -0.897
a0 < a4 is satisfied b1 = (0.32)( – 0.256) –(0.4)(1) = – 0.318
P(1) > 0 is satisfied b2 =(0.32)( – 0.69) –(1)( –0.69)=0.4692
(-1)nP(-1) is P (-1) = 1 – 0.4 – 0.69 + b3 = (0.32)(0.4) – (– 0.256)(1) =0.384
0.256 + 0.32= 0.486 c0 = (–0.897)2 – (0.384)2=0.658
(-1)4  0.486 > 0 is satisfied c1 = (–0.897)(–0.318)– (0.4692)(0.384)
No’of rows in jury’s test tabulation = 0.105
= 2n– 3 = 2 (4) – 3 = 5 c2 = (– 0.897)(0.4692) – (0.318)(0.384)
Jury’s Tabulation = 0.299

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 ESE – Offline Test
a0 = 0.32, a4 = 1 V 100
I0 =  = 0.1 A
For stability R 1  103
|a0| < |a4|  0.32 < 1 (iii) Q factor of the circuit
|b0| > |b3|  |-0.8976| > |0.384| 1 L 1 10  103
Q =
|c0| > |c2|  | 0.658| > |0.299| R C 1  103 100  10 6
All the conditions for stability are = 0.01
satisfied. Hence, the system is stable. (iv)To find half- power frequencies, we have
R 1  103
f 2  f1  
4L 4  10  10 3
7.(b)
= 7957.75 …. ……(1)
Sol: Here, R = 1 kΩ, L = 10mH and C = 100 F, and
V = 100 V 1 1
(i) Resonant frequency f1f 2  
2LC 2  10  10  100  10 6
3
1
f0  = 159154.94
2 LC
1
 (f2+ f1) = f 2  f1 2 4f1f 2
=
2 10  10  100  10 6
3 = 7957.752 4  159154.94
= 159.15 Hz. = 7997.65 …… (2)
Adding equations (1) + (2) , f2 = 7977.7 Hz
(ii) Maximum current in the circuit Subtracting equations (2) – (1), f1 = 19.95
Hz
4. The singularity nearest to (or at) infinity
07.(c) is a zero.
Sol: 5. The residues of the poles of Z(s) are real
Prosperities of L – C impedance function: and positive.
1. ZLC(s) or YLC(s) is the ratio of even to dZ
6. The slope is negative.
odd to even polynomials d
2. The poles and zeros are simple and lie 7. Z(0) > Z().
on the j  axis. Properties of RL impedance or RC
3. The poles and zeros interlace on the j  admittance functions:
axis 1. All poles and zeros are simple and are
4. The highest powers of numerator and located on the negative real axis
denominator polynomials must differ 2. Poles and zeros interlace
by one, the lowest powers also differ 3. The singularity nearest to (or at) the
by one. origin is a zero
5. There must be a pole or a zero at the 4. The singularity nearest to (or at) infinity
origin and infinity. is a pole.
5. The residues of the poles of ZRL (s) are
Prosperities of RC impedance functions: real and negative; the residues of
1. All poles and zeros are simple and are ZRL(s)/s are real and positive.
located on the negative real axis. d
2. Poles and zeros interlace. 6. The slope ZRL () is positive
d
3. The singularity nearest to (or at) the
7. ZRL ()> ZRL (0)
origin is a pole.
ACE Engineering Academy Hyderabad | Delhi | Bhopal| Pune | Bhubaneswar | Bengaluru | Chennai | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati
 Conv-2 Solutions

ACE Engineering Academy Hyderabad | Delhi | Bhopal| Pune | Bhubaneswar | Bengaluru | Chennai | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati