Republic of the Philippines

Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Piccio Garden, Villamor Pasay City
______________________________________________________________________________
Name: Elomina, Ruth Nicole M. Date: June 06, 2020
Yr. & Sec.: BSAET 4-2 Inst: Ms. Mae Naynes
NAVIGATION AID MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITY # 3 ( FINALS)

Title of Activity: Navigational Aid in Aircraft

Learning Outcome:

1. Known the function and operation of different navigational aid system in aircraft.
2. Understand the principle of operation of each system.
3. Be able to read the instrument, and known its advantages/ disadvantages and limitations.

Direction: Answer the question bellow. Analyze and read carefully your answer. Use google, web, and
others to answer correctly. Don’t just copy and paste, try to understand and comprehend.

Give the function of the following navigation aid system, explain how it works.

1. Transponder
Function: A wireless communications device usually attached to a satellite. A transponder
receives and transmits radio signals at a prescribed frequency range. After receiving the
signal a transponder will at the same time broadcast the signal at a different frequency. The
term is a combination of the words transmitter and responder. Transponders are used in
satellite communications and in location, identification and navigation systems.
Operation/ how it works: In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight
transponder is an automated transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal
in response to an interrogating received signal. In a communications satellite, a satellite
transponder receives signals over a range of uplink frequencies, usually from a satellite
ground station. The transponder amplifies them, and re-transmits them on a different set of
downlink frequencies to receivers on Earth, often without changing the content of the
received signal or signals.
Uses/ Advantages/disadvantages:
Illustration:
2. GPWS
Function: A Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if
their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle.
Operation/ how it works: GPWS relied on the airplane’s radio altimeter, which determines
the aircraft’s altitude by bouncing a radar signal off the ground and measuring the duration
of the signal’s round trip. Global Positioning System to determine the aircraft’s position,
ground speed, and ground track. That data, along with the aircraft’s altitude, are fed into a
computer in the airplane. The computer has a database on the world’s natural terrain, man-
made obstacles, and runways. When the airplane’s position and flight path are
superimposed on the database of the relevant area, the results are rendered as detailed
visual representations of significant terrain and obstacles around the craft. The images
appear either on a dedicated monitor or on the aircraft’s weather radar screen (in which
case the pilot can toggle between weather and terrain displays). Some manufacturers’
systems go farther, analyzing the flight plan in the aircraft’s flight management system
computer and plotting potential hazards along the entire route.
Uses/ Advantages/disadvantages:
Illustration:

3. Weather RADAR
Function: Airborne weather radar is a type of radar used to provide an indication to pilots of
the intensity of convective weather. Modern weather radars are mostly doppler radars,
capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to intensity of the precipitation.
Operation/ how it works: The radar antenna is located in the nose of the aircraft. Signals
from the antenna are processed by a computer and presented on a screen which may be
viewed by the pilots. Droplet size is a good indicator of strong updrafts within
cumulonimbus clouds, and associated turbulence, and is indicated on the screen by
patterns, colour coded for intensity.
Uses/ Advantages/disadvantages: Advantages:
Advantages:
1. High-quality data
2. Accurate data
3. Measure thunderstorm rotation
4. Lightweight
5. Improve range performance
 6. Stabilization and navigation
7. Determine the target range
8. Determine intensity of precipitation
9. Determine wind shears
10. Detect turbulence
Disadvantages:
1. Range folding
2. Difficult to measure round trip return
3. Limited range
4. Cannot detect wind independently
5. High maintenance
6. Prone to failure
7. Reliability
8. Require expertise to analyze
Illustration:

Submission: Deadline of submission of all activities given will be until June 30, 2020. kindly send back this
activity here in messenger or in my email: maenaynes.philsca.avt@gmail.com.

Thank you everyone… Keep safe always….GOD BLESS US ALL

 Republic of the Philippines
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Piccio Garden, Villamor Pasay City
______________________________________________________________________________
Name: Elomina, Ruth Nicole M. Date: June 06, 2020
Yr. & Sec.: BSAET 4-2 Inst: Ms. Mae Naynes
NAVIGATION AID MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITY # 4 ( FINALS)

Title of Activity: Navigational Aid in Aircraft

Learning Outcome:

4. Known the function and operation of different navigational aid system in aircraft.
5. Understand the principle of operation of each system.
6. Be able to read the instrument, and known its advantages/ disadvantages and limitations.

Direction: Answer the question bellow. Analyze and read carefully your answer. Use google, web, and
others to answer correctly. Don’t just copy and paste, try to understand and comprehend.

Give the function of the following navigation aid system, explain how it works?

1. Radio Altimeter System

Function: A radio altimeter is an airborne electronic device capable of measuring the height
of the aircraft above terrain immediately below the aircraft.
Operation/ how it works: A radio altimeter, or radar altimeter, is used to measure the
distance from the aircraft to the terrain directly beneath it. It is used primarily during
instrument approach and low level or night flight below 2500 feet. The radio altimeter
supplies the primary altitude information for landing decision height. It incorporates an
adjustable altitude bug that creates a visual or aural warning to the pilot when the aircraft
reaches that altitude. Typically, the pilot will abort a landing if the decision height is reached
and the runway is not visible.
Uses/ Advantages/disadvantages:
Illustration:
 2. Traffic Collision Avoidance system
Function: is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-
air collisions between aircraft.
Operation/ how it works: It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft
equipped with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and
warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which may present a
threat of mid-air collision. It is a type of airborne collision avoidance system mandated by
the International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take-
off mass of over 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers. CFR
14, Ch I, part 135 requires that TCAS I be installed for aircraft with 10-30 passengers and
TCAS II for aircraft with more than 30 passengers.
Uses/ Advantages/disadvantages:
Advantages:
1. All threats taken into account.
2. Detection of all transponding aircraft, including those which are not displayed on the air
traffic controller’s screen.
3. Independent system, which acts as a last resort measure to avoid mid-air collision when
other safety precaution fails.
4. TCAS reduced the risk of mid-air collision.

Disadvantaged

1. TCAS cannot display aircraft without TCAS antenna/transponder.

Illustration:

Submission: Deadline of submission of all activities given will be until June 30, 2020. kindly send back this
activity here in messenger or in my email: maenaynes.philsca.avt@gmail.com.

Thank you everyone… Keep safe always….GOD BLESS US ALL

 Republic of the Philippines
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Piccio Garden, Villamor Pasay City
______________________________________________________________________________
Name: Elomina, Ruth Nicole M. Date: June 06, 2020
Yr. & Sec.: BSAET 4-2 Inst: Ms. Mae Naynes
SEMINAR & FIELDTRIP
ACTIVITY # 3 ( MIDTERM)

Title of Activity: Human Factor in aircraft Maintenance

Learning Outcome:

1. Understand what Human Factor is in aircraft maintenance.

2. Familiarize with the Dirty Dozen and how to combat with it during aircraft maintenance
operation.
3. Have knowledge on human performance limitations, factors affecting in the operation, and
the hazard present in the workplace.

Direction: Read and comprehend the given module/ powerpoint. Base on your own understanding
answer the following question;

1. What is Human Factor?

Human factors science or technologies are multidisciplinary fields incorporating
contributions from psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, operations
research, and anthropometry. It is a term that covers the science of understanding the
properties of human capability, the application of this understanding to the design,
development, and deployment of systems and services, and the art of ensuring successful
application of human factor principles into the maintenance working environment.

2. Explain the SHELL model.

The SHELL model is a conceptual model of human factors for aviation, is also to assist in
understanding the human factors relation between Aviation System Resources.
The SHELL model was first developed in 1972 and later built leading in the mid-1980s into
the framework. So, the main elements in the model can be listed as follows:

Software: The interface between people and software.

The rules, procedures, documents etc., which are part of the standard operating procedures
(SOP’s).
Hardware: The interface between people and hardware.
The Air Traffic Control, their pattern, controls and surfaces, displays and practical systems.
 Environment: The interface between people and the environment.
The situation in which the L-H-S system must function, the social and economic climate as
well as the natural environment.
Liveware: The interface between people and other people.
The human beings the regulator with other controllers, flight crews, and maintenance
personnel, management and administration people within in the system.

3. In human performance, identify all those limitations of aircraft personnel while working in
maintenance operation.
 Lack of Communication
 Complacency
 Lack of Knowledge
 Distraction
 Lack of Teamwork
 Fatigue
 Lack of Resources
 Pressure
 Lack of Assertiveness
 Stress
 Lack of Awareness
 Norms

4. What are those factors affecting the performance of aircraft maintenance personnel while
working in the operation?
The factors that affecting the performance of aircraft maintenance personnel at work are:
 Fatigue
 Loud noises
 Poor control
 Substance abuse
 Smelly fumes
 Slippery floor
 Snow
 Lack of spare parts
 Unrealistic deadlines
 Poor training
 Lack of tools and equipment
 Poor communication
 Poor instruction
 Boring repetitive jobs
 Personal life problems
 Poorly designed testing for skills and knowledge
  Incomplete or incorrect documentation

5. Lists down the Dirty Dozen and explain briefly on your own words.

1. Lack of Communication
Lack of communication between technicians could lead to a maintenance error and
result in an aircraft accident. Maintainers must communicate with one another and
explain what work has and has not been completed when changing shifts.
2. Complacency
It is a human factor in aviation maintenance that develops over time. These are the
people who tend to overconfident after becoming an expert in a work they do, which
can be really dangerous.
3. Lack of Knowledge
Technicians should be aware of all the procedures they must perform. They must certain
to use the latest applicable data and follow each step of the procedure as outlined. They
must be aware that they have different design, operations and maintenance procedure
in each aircraft that also acquired training. Lack of Knowledge when performing aircraft
maintenance can result in a faulty repair that can cause disaster.
4. Distraction
A distraction while performing aircraft maintenance may disrupt the procedure.
Distraction must set aside and shall focus on a task that the technicians assigned.
5. Lack of Teamwork
Lack of teamwork is also a reason that causes failure. Organizations should emphasize
that a lack of teamwork can hardly affect the safety of maintenance work. Personality
differences in the work place must set aside and rest assure that unity is the priority.
6. Fatigue
Fatigue is a major human factor that has contributed to many maintenance errors
resulting in accidents. Fatigue reduces alertness and often reduces a person’s ability to
focus and hold attention on the task being performed. When experiencing having
symptoms get a rest because health is important in occupation that require individual to
work long hours or stay up overnight.
7. Lack of Resources
When there is a lack of resources available to properly fix something, a decision should
be made to cease maintenance until the proper parts are available.
8. Pressure
Pressure can affect the capabilities of maintenance workers to get the job done right.
Maintainers must not let the pressures of time constraints get in the way with safely
finishing a repair. Pressure to get things done is always present in Aviation.
9. Lack of Assertiveness
Being assertive is important for aircraft mechanics when pertaining to aviation repair
rather than choosing or not being allowed to voice their concerns and opinions. The
direct result of not being assertive could ultimately cost people their lives.
 10. Stress
Having a work at an airline can be really stressing, especially being aircraft maintenance.
With all the work that needs to be done in a short frame to avoid flight delay and
cancellations. Stress is the subconscious response to the demands placed on a person.
People deals and cope with stress differently.
11. Lack of Awareness
Maintainers can develop a lack of awareness for what is around them after completing
the same tasks multiple times. Common sense and vigilance tend to not be present
because they have completed the same task so many times.
12. Norms
Norms is short for “normal,” or the way things are normally done. They are unwritten
rules that are followed or tolerated by most of the organization. Negative norms can
detract from the established safety standard and cause an accident to occur.

Submission: Deadline of submission of all activities given will be until June 30, 2020. kindly send back this
activity here in messenger or in my email: maenaynes.philsca.avt@gmail.com.

Thank you everyone… Keep safe always…

 Republic of the Philippines
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Piccio Garden, Villamor Pasay City
______________________________________________________________________________
Name: Elomina, Ruth Nicole M. Date: June 06, 2020
Yr. & Sec.: BSAET 4-2 Inst: Ms. Mae Naynes
SEMINAR & FIELDTRIP
ACTIVITY # 4 ( FINALS)

Title of Activity: Human factor

Learning Outcome:

1. Understand what Human Factor is in aircraft maintenance.

2. Familiarize with the Dirty Dozen and how to combat with it during aircraft maintenance
operation.
3. Have knowledge on human performance limitations, factors affecting in the operation, and
the hazard present in the workplace.

Direction: Read and comprehend the given module/ powerpoint. Base on your own understanding
answer the following question;

1. a fear of height ACROPHOBIA

2. It is a term that encompasses all aspect of readiness for work ALERTNESS
3. If information that has been received, the brain concentrates on particular element ATTENTION
4. What is called an assembly of information in such a manner that the environment becomes
recognizable, the input data organized interpreted and combined into parcels of information ,
sight is a good example AWARENESS
5. Is like a automotive in the human brain
6. A fear of enclosed space CLAUSTROPHOBIA
7. It is the study that deals with you psychological composure it can address topics such as,
emotion motivation ears and others things CLINIC PSYCHOLOGY
8. It is study of how people learn. The excellent training program are often the result of this action
EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY
9. It is the sum of responsibilities GROUP RESPONSIBILITY
10. The pressure of sound influence hearing. What is the threshold in decibel of a human being 140
DB (A)
11. The primary causes of accident Inter action with people, machine and environment HUMAN
FACTOR
12. It is the relation of the aircraft to the flight to its instruction and direction for safe operation
13. If something can go wrong, it will MURPHY’S LAW
14. It can distract, disturb the work place, communication and camouflage warning sounds NOISE
15. What is compulsive feeling of terror at particular situation of things PHOBIA
16. Is an important top “ human factor “ and its complicated process that takes places in the
attention awareness and decision reaching in the brains HUMAN FACTOR MAINTENANCE
17. 5 human sense HEARING, SIGHT, SMELL, TASTE AND TOUCH
 18. What are 3 medium of oral communication SPEAKING TRANSMITTING, LISTENING RECEIVING,
FEEDBACK GIVES AND RECEIVED
19. Omission is a type of human error
20. Weariness from labor or exertion, nervous exhaustion, temporary loss of power ability to
responds LACKING STRENGHT/FATIGUE
21. The science of dealing with the maintenance of health & the prevention &treatment of diseases
MEDICAL SCIENCE
22. Can be through of as a basic human drive that arouses, directs and sustains all human behavior
General we say a person is motivated if he taking action to achieve something, motivation
reflects the different between what a people can do or what he will do MOTIVATION
23. It is lack of working together to achieve a common goal TEAMWORK
24. Involves the organization and of interpretation of sensory data in order to make it meaningful,
discarding non-relevant, data transformation data into information PERCEPTION
25. Is the generation and alternative courses of action based on available information knowledge,
prior experience expectation context goals and selecting one preferred option it is also
described as thinking problem solving and judgment DECISION MAKING
26. Multiple time zones and region of sunlight & darkness in one day CIRCARDIAN CLOCK
27. Is a sub discipline of psychology exploring internal mental process it is study of how people
Perceive remember think speak and solve problems COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
28. Commission is a type human error

Submission: Deadline of submission of all activities given will be until June 30, 2020. kindly send back this
activity here in messenger or in my email: maenaynes.philsca.avt@gmail.com.
Thank you everyone… Keep safe always….GOD BLESS US ALL…

Choices in activity no.4

ACROPHOBIA ALERTNESS ATTENTION AWARENESS

CIRCARDIAN CLOCK CLAUSTROPOBIA CLINIC PSYCHOLOGY

EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY GROUP RESPONSIBILITIES 140 DB (A) HUMAN FACTOR

HUMAN FACTOR MAINTENANCE MURPHY’S LAW NOISE PHOBIA

SITUATION AWARENESS

HEARING
SIGHT
SMELL
TASTE
TOUCH SPEAKING TRANSMITTING LISTENING RECEIVING

FEEDBACK GIVES AND RECEIVED

UNDONE / NOT INCLUDE / TO LEAVE OUT / TO FAIL TO DO

LOCKING STRENGTH / FATIGUE

MEDICAL SCIENCE

MONTIVATION

TEAM

PERCEPTION

DECISION MAKING

CIRCARDIAN CLOCK

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

CONTROLLING SOMETHING / THE ACT OF COMMITTING A CRIME

PHYSICAL FEELINGM/ THAT YOU AWARE

ACROPHOBIA