CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

They are used to express contrast between two statements or ideas. There are
various ways of contrasting information and expressing a concession or an
unexpected result. English uses:

Although
Even though
clause
conjunctions Though (informal)
(subject + verb)
While
Whereas
noun, pronoun (this, that,
In spite of
what etc) or
Despite
prepositions v-ing
In spite of the fact that
clause
Despite the fact that
However
adverbs/transition
Nevertheless
signals
Still

We can use although at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

a. They don't spend much money although they are rich.
b. Although it rained a lot, the students enjoyed their holiday.

We can use in spite of, despite in the middle or at the beginning of a sentence.
a. Berk won the prize in spite of the difficult conditions.
b. They went on holiday in spite of the bad weather conditions.
c. Despite the traffic jam, we arrived on time.
d. Despite the fact that she had planned everything carefully, Laura made a lot of
mistakes.

Adverbs or transition signals are positioned between two simple sentences to make
a compound sentence or we usually put the two ideas in two separate sentences. If
they are put in the second sentence we can put it at the beginning, at the end, or
after the subject. Commas are used to separate these words and phrases from the
sentence or within a sentence.

a. The tickets to the closing ceremony of the Olympics are really not within my price
range. Still, it would be worthwhile going!
b. I love London. However, the weather is bad.
c. I love London. The weather, however, is bad.
d. I love London. The weather is bad, however.
 CLAUSES OF REASON
They are used to explain the reason why sth happens or is done.

As
clause
conjunctions Since
(subject + verb)
Because
Because of
Due to
Owing to
prepositions Thanks to noun or object pronoun
The cause of
The reason for
On account of
clause
For
(subject + verb)

Because puts more emphasis on the reason and usually introduces new information
which is not known to the listener/reader. This explains why because usually occurs
in final position (new information is given at the end of the sentence).
a. Why are you crying? I am crying because we lost the game.
b. I will punish you because you lie to me. (the reason is stressed)

As and since are used when the reason is already known to the reader /listener or
when it is not the most important part of the sentence. This is why these clauses
usually occur in initial position.

a. As we lost the final game, we couldn’t qualify for the semi-final.

(that we lost the final game is not something new to the listener.)

For also introduces a new reason to the listener as because does.

Note:
For-clause cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence.
For cannot answer a why-question.
Not, but or any other conjunction cannot precede for.
He broke the vase not because he was careless but because he was angry.

a. I had to stay at home and finish my assignment – for the deadline was soon.
b. I am going to Los Angeles for the NBA finals.
 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
These are used to show why somebody does something. They are introduced with
the following words or expressions:

to infinitive David went out to buy a bottle of wine.

in order to infinitive We were asked to say over in order to finish the
so as to (formal) project.
can/will
Here’s my number so that you can
so that for a present or future
call me if you have a problem.
reference
could/would We left early so that we would be able
so that
for a past reference to park close to the stadium.
present tense
in case Take your hat in case it gets too hot.
for a present or future reference
past tense
in case We took an umbrella in case it rained.
for a past reference
noun
for We went out for a pizza.
used to express purpose
v-ing
This function on the air conditioner is
for used to express purpose
for reducing humidity.
and/or function of something

For negative purpose we use:

in order not to We walked in quietly so as not to wake up
infinitive
so as not to the children
+ noun/pronoun + from I parked the car under a tree to prevent it
prevent
+ ing from getting too hot.
They set off early in the morning to avoid
avoid verb-ing
getting stuck in the traffic.

CLAUSES OF RESULT
So can be followed by an adjective / adverb while such is followed by a noun phrase.
We use these structures when we want to say that sth happens because someone
or something has a quality to an unusually large extent.

so+adj+(that) The house was so big (that)we decided to sell it.

He dressed so quickly that he put his boots on the wrong
so+adv+(that)
feet.
such+a/an+adj+singular countable noun+ It was such a big house (that) we decided
(that) to sell it.
They are such friendly people (that) they make
such+adj+plural countable noun+(that)
you feel welcome.
B;l[v It was such hot weather (that) we went swimming.