8A 

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

COMPLEX GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
FORM
1 Usamos un passive gerund (BEING DONE) o un passive infinitive (TO BE DONE)
 para describir acciones que se hacen al sujeto.

  She hates being told she should exercise more.

Ella odia que le digan que debe hacer más ejercicio
    I’m tired of being lied to. I want the truth.
  It’s very difficult to be promoted in this company.
  My car needs to be seviced.

2 Usamos a perfect gerund (HAVING DONE) or a perfect infinitive (TO HAVE DONE)
 si queremos enfatizar que una acción está completada o en el pasado.

A menudo no hay diferencia entre usar un gerundio o infinitivo simple y un gerundio o infinitivo perfecto,
por ejemplo
o    He denied stealing / having stolen the money.
o    It was our fault. It was foolish of us not to lock / not to have locked the car.

 He thanked them for having helped him.

    Having studied one language before makes it easier to learn another.
 How wonderful to have finished all our final exams!
  By the time I’m 30, I hope to have started a family.

 Usamos el infinitivo perfecto (TO HAVE + VERB 3ERA FILA ) después de PARA HABLAR
DE UNA ACCIÓN ANTERIOR.

would like would love would hate would prefer would rather
COMPARA:
I would like TO SEE the Eiffel Tower. (= cuando vaya a París en el futuro)
 I would like TO HAVE SEEN the Eiffel Tower. (= estuve en París, pero no la vi) PASADO

  I would like to have seen your face when they told you you’d won the competition!
    We would rather have stayed in a more central hotel, but they were all full.

4  Usamos un continous infinitive ( To be + verbo + -ing) para decir UNA ACCIÓN / EVENTO
ESTÁ EN PROGRESO ALREDEDOR DEL TIEMPO DEL QUE ESTAMOS HABLANDO.
 I’d like to be lying on the beach right now.
  She seems to be coughing a lot – do you think she’s OK?
OTHER USES OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

FORM
We use the GERUND:

1 Después de ciertas expresiones

It’s not worth IT    Is there any point 
There  It’s no use  There’s no point It’s no good
EXAMPLES
 It’s no use worryING. There’s nothing you can do.
    Is there any point (in) askiNG him? He never has anything useful to say.
    It’s no good talkING to my dad because he doesn’t listen to me.

Usamos el INFINITIVO:

2.Después de sustantivos formados a partir de verbos que toman el infinitivo, por ejemplo,

agree plan hope

 We had an agreement to share the costs.

    Our plan is to leave on Saturday.

3 Después de expresiones con cuantificadores, e.g., 

enough too much a lot plenty of  FEW / A LITTLE
Cuando queremos REFERIRNOS AL SUJETO DEL VERBO INFINITIVO utilizamos

1. For + person or object pronoun + infinitivo.

2. Se puede utilizar antes de cualquier estructura de infinitivo, por ejemplo, después de los adjetivos:
It’s very difficult  for me to decide.

 You can’t visit the Palacio de Bellas Artes in a day – there’s too much to see.
    There wasn’t enough snow for us to ski.

4 DESPUES 
something anywhere  etc.
 Is there anything to eat?
    There’s nowhere to go at night.

5 DESPUES question words (EXCEPT WHY).

 who what/which when where and how

 I don’t know where to go or what to do.

6 DESPUES superlatives O FIRST , SECOND, LAST

first second last  etc. YoungEST
the best the least  the worst  the laziest
e.g., Who was the first person to  walk on the moon?
 He’s the youngest player ever to play for Peru.

AND  + VERB
  
A menudo usamos AND + verbo EN FORMA BASE en lugar de infinitivo después de

try wait come  go

 Come and see me when you’re next in New York.
  
 I’m not sure what’s going to happen – we need to wait and see.

8B EXPRESSING FUTURE PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTS

PRESENT AND FUTURE FORMS

1 El PRESENTE CONTINUO ES la forma más común de (BE ) + VERB with ING

 HABLAR DE ARREGLOS, DE PLANES FIJOS PARA EL FUTURO, CUANDO SE HA
DECIDIDO EL TIEMPO Y EL LUGAR.
 I’m seeing Sarah tomorrow. We're having lunch together.

2 BE GOING TO es la forma más común de

 EXPRESAR PLANES E INTENCIONES FUTURAS Y DE DAR A ENTENDER QUE SE HA
TOMADO UNA DECISIÓN.
 I’m going to have my hair cut tomorrow.
 She’s going to get the last train home.

BE GOING TO OR THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS?

Podemos utilizar tanto going to como el presente continuo sin mucha diferencia de significado. Sin embargo, el
presente continuo enfatiza que se ha decidido un tiempo y un lugar para hacer algo, mientras que going to
enfatiza la intención.

I’m seeing Sarah tomorrow (= ES NUESTRO ACUERDO)

I’m going to give her a birthday present. (= ES MI INTENCIÓN)

No usamos el presente continuo cuando está claro que algo es sólo una intención, pero no se han hecho
arreglos, I’m going to talk to
Mike about it when I see him next. NOT I’m talking to Mike about it…

3 El futuro continuo puede utilizarse en lugar del presente continuo (SUJETO + BE+ Verb ING) para
referirse a arreglos futuros.

- A veces usamos el futuro continuo (SUJETO+ WILL BE+ VERBO EN ING ) ESTAMOS HABLANDO
DE ALGO QUE SUCEDERÁ DE TODAS FORMAS Y NO DE ALGO QUE HEMOS ARREGLADO.

 I’m seeing Sarah tomorrow. (= lo he arreglado)

 I’ll be seeing Sarah at the party tomorrow. (= que ocurrirá de todos modos, pero no lo he arreglado)

- el futuro continuo (SUJETO+ WILL BE+ VERBO EN ING ) Se utiliza a menudo para hacer preguntas de
cortesía sobre los arreglos, por ejemplo

 Will you be meeting us at the airport?

 I’ll be going to the supermarket later – do you want anything?
  Will we be having dinner at the usual time? I'm going to see a movie and it starts at 8:00.

4 Podemos utilizar el presente simple para Hablar De Acontecimientos Futuros Que Forman Parte De Un
Calendario O De Una Programación Regular.
 The train leaves in five minutes. Our classes start next Tuesday

OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS

1 Be Due To + forma base puede utilizarse para decir que algo está dispuesto o se espera en un momento
determinado.
SE ESPERA
   •  usamos "due" con el significado"EXPECTED", por ejemplo:
" The next train  is due in five minutes.

 EXAMPLES
  My sister is due to arrive at 7:30. Can you meet her at the train station?

2 Usamos Be About To + forma base para decir “Algo Va A Ocurrir Muy Pronto”
- También podemos utilizar be on the verge of + gerundio con un significado similar, pero más formal e
implica que algo es más inminente,
e.g., It is believed that the senator is on the verge of (Esta Apunto De) resigning.
BE AT THE POINT OF + GERUND

 My sister is about to have a baby, so I need to keep my phone turned on.

3 Podemos usar BE + infinitive en un estilo formal para Hablar De Los Planes Y Disposiciones Oficiales..

  It has been announced that the president is to visit Brazil next month.

9A ELLIPSIS
ELLIPSIS AFTER LINKERS

FORM

1 Después de
 and but or
se SUELE OMITIR UN SUJETO REPETIDO O un Sujeto Y Un Verbo Auxiliar, especialmente cuando
las cláusulas son cortas.

- Después de THEN también podemos Omitir Un Pronombre sujeto repetido.

 He fed the dog and (he) took a shower.

 She came to the meeting, but (she) didn’t say anything.
    We should call him or (we should) send him an email.
  We usually have dinner at 7:00 and then (we) watch TV.

2 No Podemos Omitir El Pronombre Sujeto Después (EN ESTE CASO SE DEJA EL SUJETO)

before after  because when  and while.

 They locked the doors and windows  before they left.

     We’ll have a look at the photos  after we finish  dinner.
     He’s stressed  because he has  too much work.
   She was horrified  when she saw  the mess he had left.
     I met Sam  while he was working  in Seoul.

ELLIPSIS AFTER AUXILIARIES OR WITH INFINITIVES

FORM

1  A omitimos una frase verbal o un adjetivo repetido y sólo repetimos el verbo auxiliar o modal, o el verb BE

  Laura has  never been to Brazil, but her sister has Been There. 

 Gary thinks he's right, but he isn't Right.

 - Si el verbo que no queremos repetir es el presente o el pasado simple, utilizamos

do does did

En la elipsis


Laura has never been to Brazil, but her sister has.
 Gary thinks he’s right, but he isn’t.
 They said I would love the movie, but I don’t think I would.
 I didn’t like the play, but Mike did.

2 PODEMOS UTILIZAR UN VERBO AUXILIAR o MODAL diferente al utilizado en la primera parte de

la frase.

  I thought I would be able to come tonight, but in fact I can’t.

  I know you’ve never learned to drive, but I think you should have.
    A You must see his latest movie. B I already have.

3 También Podemos Omitir Una Frase Verbal Repetida después del infinitivo.

 Esto se llama infinitivo reducido, por ejemplo,

 I’ve never ridden a  motorcycle, but I’d love to (ride one).

 I’ve never ridden a motorcycle, but I’d love to.

   The students cheated on the exam, even though I told them not to.

ELLIPSIS WITH  SO  AND  NOT

1  Con las cláusulas positivas, a menudo utilizamos SO en lugar de repetir una cláusula entera
[POSITIVA] después de los verbos de PENSAMIENTO

(assume believe expect guess hope imagine presume reckon suppose think)

y también después de

be afraid APPEAR/ seem say.

 - I hope SO. = Espero haber terminado el trabajo el viernes. (I hope I’ll have finished the work by Friday)

EXAMPLES

  I’ll have finished the work by Friday, or at least I hope so.

  A Will you be working on Saturday? B I imagine so, unless we get everything done tomorrow.
  A You do know it wasn’t my fault, don’t you? B If you SAY so.

2 Con las cláusulas negativas, podemos utilizar un verbo [positivo] + not o un verbo [negativo] + so.

- Normalmente usamos un (verbo POSITIVO] + not con LOS SIGUINETES VERBOS

be afraid assume guess hope presume suspect

p.ej., I hope NOT.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Solemos usar un (verbo NEGATIVO] + SO con

p. ej., I don't think SO.

THINK appear believe expect imagine seem  suppose)

Con otros verbos

podemos utilizar cualquiera de las dos formas,

     A I don’t think they’ll come now. It’s very late. 
     B No, I  suppose  NOT. / I don’t suppose SO.

 A Do you think it’ll rain tonight? B I hope not.

    A She’s not going to pass, is she? B I’m afraid not.
    The children may be back, but I don’t think SO

8A DOCTOR’S ORDERS
words meaning
A bruise Un moretón
A blíster Una ampolla
A rash Un sarpullido
A side effects Un efecto secundario
A bandage Un vendaje
A cast Un yeso
 antibiotics antibióticos
Stitches Puntos de sutura
A surgeon Un cirujano
A cold Un resfriado
A flu Una gripe
Food poison Intoxicación alimentaria
A stroke Una derrame cerebral

Vocabulary

Alternative meaning
medicine
Acupunture It’s a Chinese method of treating pain and illness Acupuntura
which uses special thin needles which are pushed
into the skin in particular parts of the body.
Aromatherapy It’s a technique which uses natural sweet-swelling Aromaterapia
oils for controlling pain or for rubbing into the body
during massage.
Chiropractic It involves treating some diseases and physical Quiropráctica
problems by pressing and moving the bones in a
person’s spine or joints
Homeopathy It’s a system of treating diseases or conditions using Homeopatía
very small amounts of the substance that causes the
disease or condition
Hypnotherapy It’s a kind of treatment that uses hypnosis, that is Hipnoterapia
putting people into an unconscious state, to help
with physical or emotional problems
osteopathy It’s the treatment of some diseases and physical osteopatía
problems by pressing and moving the bones and
muscles.
Making decisions Tomar decisiones
Make a diference Marcar la diferencia
Do you good Hacerte el bien
Do you any harm Hacerte daño
Do the recommended amount Hacer la cantidad recomendada
Make Friends Hacer amigos
Make up our own minds Decidir por nosotros mismos

MODISMOS
My husband’s as stubborn as a mule –

he refuses to go to the doctor about his bad back.

She’s as white as a sheet.

I think she’s going to faint.

He sings like an angel.

He really should be on a singing competition show.

He’s as deaf as a post.

You’ll have to speak up a little.

She sleeps like a log.

I don’t think she’s ever had problems with insogning

Your mother’s as blind as a bat.

She should get her eyes tested.

7 She’s been as good as gold.

She took all her medicine without making any fuss.

8 He’s lost a lot of weight since his illness.

He’s as thin as a rail.

9 When I pressed the button the nurse CAME AS
QUICK AS A FLASH AND changed my IV drip.
10 My new medication works like a dream.

I feel 100 times better.

8 B TRAVELS OR TOURIST
Verbs & verb phrases
1 set off on a journey 1 emprender un viaje
2 extend a trip 2 prolongar un viaje
3 go camping 3 ir a acampar
4 go on vacation 4 irse de vacaciones
5 cancel a trip 5 cancelar un viaje
6 postpone a trip 6 posponer un viaje
 1. OVERRATED 1.sobrevalorado

2. DULL 2. aburrido

3. TOURISTY 3. turístico

4. SPOILED 5. mimado
ARRUINADO
6. LIVELY 5. animado

7. OFF THE BEATEN TRACK 6. fuera de las rutas habituales

8. OVERCROWDED 7. superpoblado

9. BREATHTAKING 10. impresionante

TE QUITA EL ALIENTO
11. PICTURESQUE 9. pintoresco

12. TACKY 10. CHAFAS

13. REMOTO 11. remoto (MUY LEJANO)

14. UNSPOILED 12. intacto

NO HA SIDO ARRUINADO

7 wander around the old town 7 pasear por el casco antiguo

8 chill out after a tiring day
9 soak up the atmosphere
10 sample the local cuisine
11 hit the stores
12 get away from it all
13 recharge your batteries
8 relajarse después de un día agotador
9 empaparse del ambiente
10 probar la cocina local
11 ir de tiendas
12 evadirse de la rutina
13 recargar las pilas

VENDERSE SELL OUT

APRESURARSE  rush around

PERDER LA OPORTUNIDAD  miss out

DESCARTAR  rule out

 ESTAR HARTO  be sick of

PREOCUPARSE POR  care about

COMPROBAR  check off

1. VIENTOS 1.GALE-FORCE WINDS = extremely strong winds

EXTREMADAMENTE FUERTES
2 acercarse 2 APPROACHING = getting close to

3 moverse en círculo; dar 3 CIRCLE = to move in a circle; to go a round and a

round
vueltas y vueltas
4.turbulencia 4 TURBULENCE = a series of sudden and violent
changes in the direction that air or water is moving
dirección en la que se mueve
el aire o el agua.

5 volver a subir de repente 5 SHOT BACK UP = rose again suddenly

6 ganar altura = ir cada vez 6 gaining height = getting higher and higher
más alto
7 vamos a 7 WE’RE OFF TO = we’re leaving for

8 incómodo con muchos 8 BUMPY = uncomfortable with a lot of sudden

unpleasant
movimientos bruscos y
desagradables

9 aliviado 9 RELIEVED = feeling happy because something

unpleasant

10 dilema = difícil elección 10 DILEMMA = a situation in which you have to

make a difficult choice between things of equal
entre cosas de igual importance
importancia

9 ANIMAL PLANET
ANIMAL ADULTO ANIMALES BEBE
Dog Puppy
Cat Kitten
Horse Foal
cow Calf
sheep Lamb / lamb
het chick

ANIMAL ADULTO ANIMALES BEBE

A hive / colmena bee
A satble / establo Hordse
A cage / jaula Cannary
A kennel / caja de arenero Dog
A tank / tanque o pecera Gold fish
A nest / un nido Blackbird

ANIMAL ADULTO ANIMALES BEBE

Squeak Mouse
A bark Dog
Neight Horse
Meow Cat
Roar Lion
grunt Pig
twiter bird

ANIMAL ADULTO ANIMALES BEBE

A beak Un pico
Claws Garras
A fin Una aleta
Fur Pelaje
Hooves Pezuñas
horns cuernos
Paws Patas
A Shell Un caparazón
A tail Una cola
wings alas

Did all the grunt work

Off a duck’s back
Was like a fish out of wáter
Don’t count your chickens before they catch
 A dark horse
The lion’s share
Smell a rat
It’ll kill two birds with one Stone
Her bark is worse tan her bite
His tale beetween his legs