CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

BASED ON PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION

BASED ON THE TYPES OF CLAUSES
& WORD ORDER

SIMPLE DECLARATIVE (STATEMENTS)

COMPLEX INTERROGATIVE
(QUESTIONS)

COMPOUND
IMPERATIVE

EXCLAMATORY
BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
Subject + Verb (intransitive) + (Adjunct/Adverbial)

Subject + Verb (transitive) + Object (N/ProN/Clause/gerund/to-infinitive)

Subject + Verb (ditransitive) + Indirect Object + Direct Object

Subject + Verb (complextransitive) + Object + Object Complement

(N/Adj/infinitive/clause/

Subject + Verb (intensitive) + Complement

(N/Adj/Adv/infinitive/gerund/clause/preposition phrase)
Identify the sentence pattern
1. That sounds too strange.
2. Where to get money is a problem.
3. One would certainly think it wrong.
4. To see is to believe.
5. It is unlikely that he will tell you the truth.
6. Henry brought his mother some flowers.
7. You did not answer my question.
8. I consider what he said unimportant.
9. I’ve put the towels in the bathroom.
10. I normally get up at 6 a.m.
 PRESENT SIMPLE vs PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We use Present Simple for:
1. things that are generally true
or things that happen
repeatedly (habit, routine);
(+) Water boils at 1000Celsius.
(-) It doesn’t rain very much in
summer.
(? ) What do you usually do at
weekends?
2. a permanent situation;
e.g. My parents live in the
countryside. They have
lived there all their lives.
We use Present Continuous for:
1. something that is happening at
or around the moment of speaking
(the action is not finished);
(+) The water is boiling. Can you turn
it off?
(-) Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now.
(?) What are you doing thesedays
2. a temporary situation;
e.g. I am living with some friends until
I find a flat.
 PRESENT SIMPLE vs PRESENT CONTINUOUS
33. Used with verbs that describe 3. Not normally used with verbs that
current states. describe current states
e.g. He is owing a flat in London.
e.g. He owns a flat in London.

4. X
4. Perform an action by speaking,
pronouncements
(accept, apologize, admit, bet, deny,
insist, regret, declare..) e.g. I am promising to be more careful.
e.g. I promise to be more careful. I
pronounce you husband & wife. 5. Fixed arrangement for things in the
future
5. Programs and timetables e.g. We are leaving for Thailand this
(can refer to the future) weekend.
e.g. The fast train leaves at 7.39 tonight.
 PRESENT SIMPLE vs PRESENT CONTINUOUS
6. X 6. Current trends and slow
changes that are taking place
e.g. More and more people are 
using credit cards for payment.

7. With “always” to 7. With “always” to mean “very

mean “every time” often”, indicating “offensive”

e.g.  I always make silly  e.g. - I'm always making silly 

mistakes in exams.
  inform, no negative feeling
mistakes in exams.
- You’re always looking at your 
phone. Don’t you have anything 
else to do?
 disappointed, annoyed

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 ACTION VERBS - STATIVE VERBS
1. Action verbs: run, eat, wash,...
2. Stative verbs
- Verbs of mental states: believe, doubt, guess, realize,
think, suppose...
- Verbs of senses: hear, smell, sound, taste,...
- Verbs of possession: belong to, possess, own
- Verbs of emotion: dislike, hate, prefer, regret
- Verbs of appearance: appear, seem...
- Others: be, exist, contain, mean, weigh …

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 ACTION VERBS - STATIVE VERBS

v I think/ I’m thinking

- A verb used either for state or action.
I think you’re right. (believe) I’m thinking about buying a new
I see your problem. laptop. (considering)
(understand) Mark is seeing his boss. (meeting)
The bag weighed 5 kilos. They are weighing my bag.

v I like/ I’m liking

Some state verbs can be used in the continuous to talk
about a feeling over a short period of time.
I love parties. I’m loving this party.
That man is an idiot. You are being an idiot this morning
(You are behaving like an idiot.)

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PRACTICE
 PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS?

1. So what I (say) is......

2. I (write) to tell you that I no longer have the time.
3. I really (look) forward to going on holiday this year.
4. I (make) myself clear?
5. Sorry, who I (speak ) to? I didn’t catch your name
6. As requested, I (send) you the paper with the changes tracked.
7. I (expect) a Professor Tschaida at 7.00. Could you call me when he
arrives?
8. So basically I (ask) you two things. First,… And second…
 PRACTICE:PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT CONTINUOUS

know/look/not be/repair/use -- be/be/have/say/tell

be/live/look/move/resemble
A. My computer (1) ... very irritating right now. Every time I
(2) ...it to save something, it (3)...it (4)... no space in its
memory, which (5)...ridiculous.
B. Whales and dolphins (6) ... like fish, but they (7)...mammals
that (8)...in the ocean and (9)...through water in ways that
(10)...the movements of a dog rather than those of a shark.
C. Man: Excuse me. I (11)...for Mrs Adamson, but she (12)...in
her usual classroom. (13)...you...where she is?
Woman: Oh, they (14) ...her classroom ceiling this week so she
(15)...the library as her classroom.
A COMPARISON OF
TENSE
ASPECT
MOOD
 TENSE ASPECT MOOD

• the position • the • the reality

of the action extension of of the action,
in time the action in that is,
• present time, that is, whether it is
• past whether it is actual, a
complete, in possibility or
• future
progress, or a necessity
repeated -- • indicative
• perfective • imperative
• progressive • subjunctive
• simple
 PRESENT PERFECT OR
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

S + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (V- S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + PRESENT

ed) PARTICIPLE (V-ing)

I've been reading all morning.

→ action/situation: up to
→ action/situation: up to present
present
(in progress, duration)
(result, number of times/things)

I've done a lot of work

lately. (but now I've 
finished)  
→ completed  → may continue into the 
future
 Present perfect OR Present perfect continuous

1. Carlos has called/has been calling six times this

morning, so you’d better ring him.
2. They have known/have been knowing each other
since they were at college together.
3. Sorry but we have had/have been having emailing
problems so we can’t reply...
4. I hear you have had/have been having problems
uploading your manuscript. I have spoken/have been
speaking to the systems manager and she has
assured/has been assuring me that she will contact
you by midday today.
IRREGULAR VERBS
v Group 1: V1 =V2 = V3 split - split - split
v Group 2: V1= V3 OR V2 = V3
2A. V1= V3 come - came - come
2B. V2 = V3 bend - bent - bent
v Group 3: V1≠V2≠V3
3A. V1≠V2-vowel change≠V3- 'n, en' ending
throw - threw - thrown bite - bit - bitten
3B. V1-'i' ,V2- 'a', V3-'u' shrink - shrank - shrunk
v Group 4: Both regular and irregular form are used.
(AmE: regular, BE: irregular)
dream - dreamed/dreamt - dreamed/dreamt
 Present perfect OR Present perfect continuous

be -complete -do - know -read- show- swim

1. How long .. she and Mark .. each other?
2. Why is your hair all wet?
3. ..you ..an application form?
4. ...you... Keith the report yet?
a. Yes, he ..it for the past hour.
b. I....
c. They...friends since school.
d. Yes, I...already ...that.
 PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE
I have done I did

Ø A state/ action: in a period of  Ø A state/ action: at a point 
time up to present  + not  of time in the past + 
ended ended
I have lived in HCMC for a year. I lived in London for a year.
I have known him for ages.  I knew him when we were at 
He’s an old friend. college together.
 
Ø A situation: ended + no  Ø A situation: ended + 
specific time specific time mentioned.
- I have been to Thailand  - I was in Thailand in 2014.
before.
3.did William Shakespeare write

4 OK

5 Who invented

6 OK

7 We washed

8 Where were you born?

9 OK

10 Albert Einstein was the scientist who developed

 PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

I have fogotten

arrested

it has improved

Have you finished

I applied
It was

There has been

did you find

It was

He has broken/ He broke

did that happen

He fell
 PAST CONTINUOUS OR PAST SIMPLE
I was doing I did
- Telling stories: describe background - Telling stories: main events
events in progress.

Past Continuous + Past Simple Past Simple + Past Simple

a shorter action comes in the one action after another
middle of a longer one
e.g. When she came back, we e.g. When she came back,
were watching TV. we watched TV.
PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT
I DID I HAD DONE
- A past situation - Things happened earlier 
(before the past situation)
e.g. Ms. Tran came to class at    e.g. When Ms Tran came to 
9:30. class, her students had 
arrived. 

When .. had done, …did: When… did, …did: one

one thing finished, then short action comes
something else happened. straight after another.
e.g. When we had paid the e.g. When the firework went
bill, we left the restaurant. off, the dog ran away.

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PRACTICE: Which is correct?
 PRACTICE: Correct the mistakes
1-A few years ago, when my friend and I were hitchhike 2-through
France, we sometimes stop for the night in a 3-park or a field. If it
wasn't rain, we just sleep outside 4-in our sleeping bags under the
stars. We really
5- enjoying that. If it was rain, we put up our small tent 6- and crawl
inside for the night. One night, while we
7-sleep in the tent, I think that the ground moving
8-under me. I sit up and I realize that the tent was
9-trying to move and only the weight of our body was 10-hold it in
place. When we get outside, we discover 11-that we stand ankle-deep
in a small stream and our 12-tent slowly floats away. At first, we really
surprised 13-and worried, but then we think it is very funny.
FUTURE
TIME
TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE
Function Form -Example

A fact in the future She’ll be twenty next Friday.

A general prediction One day people will travel to Mars.
A prediction based on evidence There isn’t a cloud in the sky. It is going to
be a lovely day.

Formal announcements The factory is to open in May.

Obligation You are to submit reports before Saturday.

The very near future The teacher is about to talk/is on the point
of talking about future continuous tense.

A future action over a period of time Claire will be shopping non-stop for two
days.

Completed situations before a certain The sales will have finished by Saturday.
future time
TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE
Function Form
An instant decision (deciding now) A: You’ve left your computer on.
B: Oh, I’ll go and switch it off.

An intention (already decided) I’m going to do some shopping.

Continuing situations up to a certain future This time next week I will have been
time working here for 11 years.
A past intention I was going to buy a guidebook, but I forgot.
A future arrangement She’s flying to New York next week.
In the course of events She’ll be buying some presents, too.
An official arrangement The President is to address the nation
tonight.
A timetable What time does your train leave tomorrow?
 FUTURE: WILL/SHALL
1. Future facts
I will/shall be twenty next Friday.

2. Instant decisions
I’m thirsty. I think I will make some tea.

3. General Predictions
WILL Tommorow it will be cold and cloudy.

4. To imply certainty: promises, threats OR order things

I won’t tell anyone. /I’ll have the ham salad

5. Result of a condition
If you press this button, the door will close.

1. I/We + shall  determination

e.g. We will forgive but we shall never forget.
SHALL
2. Shall I/we…?  offers, suggestions
Shall I make a coffee? (BE)/ Shall we go for a walk?
Should I make a coffee? (AE)
FUTURE: be going to/be V-ing/present simple

1. Firm predictions based on evidence

There isn’t a cloud in the sky. It is going to be a lovely day.
BE GOING
TO 2. Future intentions
What are you going to be when you grow up?
I am going to be a doctor.

BE + Future arrangement (pre-arranged)

V-ING I am having dinner with Tim next Saturday evening.

1. Timetable/Schedule (fixed)
What time does your train leave tomorrow?
PRESENT
SIMPLE 2. Replace will + V in clauses beginning with if, time conjunctions (when,
before, as soon as, once,...)
I will call you as soon as I arrive.
 FUTURE: OTHER WAYS
1. Formal announcements
The factory is to open in May.

BE TO 2. Official arrangements
The President is to address the nation tonight.

3. Obligations
You are to submit the report before Saturday evening.

BE + ABOUT TO + V
BE + ON THE POINT OF +V-ING

Very near future

We are about to have a break.
We are on the point of having a break.
 FUTURE: TENSE + ASPECT
1. To talk about actions that we are in the middle of at
a particular future time
I’ll be working at home at this time tomorrow.

2. To ask about someone’s plans, intentions

WILL BE V-ING Pete: How long will you be using this computer?

3. To denote a pure future: future action with no other

complications (greater tact and consideration than will + V)
When will you visit us again? (normal)
When will you be visiting us again? (polite)

WILL HAVE PAST To talk about sth which will be completed before a
PARTICIPLE definite time/event in the future.
By Sunday/the time you read this I will have finished my work.

WILL HAVE BEEN Continuing situations up to a certain future time

V-ING This time next week I will have been working here for 11 years.
 HOW PROBABLE A FUTURE EVENT IS
Degree Adverbs of degree Verbs & Expressions Be+ adjective +to
of chance

100% will definitely I’m quite sure that be certain to

I’m confident that

75% will probably I expect that

The chances are that
I should think that

50% maybe/perhaps will be likely to

be expected to

25% probably won’t I shouldn’t think that

I doubt if

0% definitely won’t I doubt very much whether be unlikely to

I’m quite sure that +S + won’t
 PRESENT TENSES FOR THE FUTURE

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Arrangements ( already decided and

Timetables & programmes
arranged to do)
(transport/cinema times)

A: What are you doing on Saturday

ü I have to go. My train leaves at 11.30.
evening? (What will you do?)
ü I have an exam next week.
B: I’m going to the cinema. (I go)
 PREDICTION FOR THE FUTURE

WILL BE GOING TO

Prediction: based on past

Prediction: based on what we
experience or knowledge
feel/think now
(predictive conditionals)

ü If you eat too much ice cream, you’ll

ü Oh, no, I think I’m going to be sick.
be sick.
WATCH OUT
After many time words phrases: when, while, once, as soon as, before, after, etc we
do not use will or be going to

I'll give you a pay rise when you start working harder.
I'll give you a pay rise once you are bringing in three new customers a week.
 WILL
COMPARISON
• Decisions made at the
moment of speaking
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I’ll get it.
• General predictions
Industrial production will
increase sharply
next year.
• Promises, offers, and
requests
I’ll give you a hand with those
boxes if you like.
BE GOING TO
• Decisions already made
before
I’ve made up my mind. I’m
going to buy a new laptop.
• Firm predictions (based on
present evidence)
Look at the dark clouds! It's
going to
rain.
• Intentions: in the distant
future
I'm going to work for a really
successful company one day.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
• Arrangements (usually
fixed)
I’m having a meeting with
the Export Manager on
Thursday at 2.15.
• X
• Intentions: near future
I'm working for a huge
multinational company one
day.
I'm asking for a pay rise
tomorrow.
Will: no intention, no arrangement, prediction
Be + V-ing: arranged future

1. I am sure that I (recogize) him.

2. He (move) to the new flat next week.
3. I think he (leave) in a few days.
4. He told me he (leave) in a few days.
5. “Look! I’ve broken the teapot. What Mrs. Pit (say)?”
“She (not mind). She never liked that one.”
 ACTIVE vs PASSIVE

ACTIVE PASSIVE

to say what the to say what happens to

subject does the subject
FORM

S + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET (V3/V-ed)
 WHEN TO USE PASSIVE
The action is more The car was stolen at
important than who/what approximately 1:30 a.m.
does it (the agent is All pupils are taught computer
general, unknown, obvious, skills.
unimportant)
To emphasize new This type of marine was designed
information (which is placed during the Second World War by
at the end of the sentence) the Americans.
To produce a All passengers are required to
formal/academic style (to present their tickets to the
introduce evidence, inspector.
argument, opinion) It is shown that …./People show
that (more objective)
To avoid a change of When they got to the police
subject in a sentence station, they were immediately
questioned.
 WHEN NOT TO USE PASSIVE
1. VERBS THAT CANNOT BE PASSIVE
a. Intransitive Verbs
e.g. Something happened. /He slept soundly.
b. Some State Verbs: be, belong, exist, have (own), lack,
resemble, seem, suit
e.g. Tom has a guitar. /The building seemed empty.
2. TENSES THAT ARE NOT USED IN PASSIVE
Present/Past/Future perfect continuous Future continuous

use prepositional phrases instead

has been being built  has been under construction
had been being displayed  had been on display
will have been being trained  will have been in training
will be being made  will be in progress
 WHEN TO USE PASSIVE WITH “GET”
- Mainly in informal English; for actions/changes.
- The action in unexpected, or incidental.
e.g. The vase got broken when we moved.
- An achievement
e.g. She got elected.
- In idiomatic expressions: get washed, get dressed, get
changed, get engaged, get married, get divorced, get
started, get lost, get paid
Note: in simple tenses, we use “do/did” in negatives and
questions
- How often do these offices get cleaned?
- I forgot to leave the dustbin out, so it didn’t get emptied.
 PASSIVE WITH VERBS OF REPORTING
believe, claim, consider, declare, discover, expect, intend,
presume, report, say, suppose, think,...

A: They say that the elephants have good memories.

1. It + be + passive reporting verb + that + clause

 It is said that elephants have good memories.

2. S2 + be + passive reporting verb + to V2 (infinitive)

 The elephants are said to have have good memories.

 KINDS OF INFINITIVE

2. S2 + be + passive reporting verb + to V2 (infinitive)

- The infinitive can be perfect, continuous, or

passive.
e.g. The prisoner is known to have behaved
violently in the past.
e.g. The army was reported to be crossing the
frontier.
e.g. Stonehenge is thought to have been built over
a period of 500 years.
 IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

There + be + passive reporting verb + be (infinitive)

There are estimated to have been 132 victims

killed in the plane crash last week.
There is reported to be a record amount of air
pollution in the city.
Passive with REPORTING VERBS

1. He is considered _____ a good

president. Everybody likes him.
A. to be
B. to have been
C. that he is
D. that to be
 Passive with REPORTING VERBS
2. It is thought ____ very tough.
A. that the competition is going to be
B. that the competition to have been
C. that the competition to be
D. to be
 Passive with REPORTING VERBS
3. The paintings are reported ____
destroyed in the fire.
A. to be
B. that they were
C. to have been
D. to have
Passive with REPORTING VERBS

4. The company is said ____ more

than 100 million dollars last
month.
A. that it’s lost
B. to lose
C. to have lost
D. that have lost
Passive with REPORTING VERBS

5. The police are hunting an escaped

criminal who is belived ____ in the city.
A. to hide
B. to have hidden
C. to be hiding
D. that is hiding
PRACTICE
CAUSATIVE FORMS
have + O (sb) + V
get + O (sb) + to V
to tell or arrange for somebody to do something
for you

have/get + O (sth) + V3/ed

to cause something to be done for you by somebody else

have/get +O + V-ing
to cause somebody/something to be in a particular state; to make somebody
react in a particular way

- The woman is having a mechanic repair her car .

- The woman is getting a mechanic TO repair her car.
- The woman is having/getting her car repaired.
-Don't worry. We'll soon have your car running like new.
NOTE
 have your teacher explain

got/had me feeling

get a professional to do

Getting our car stolen

have your parents help

got us all dancing

to have me do
having your hair cut
got Karen to show

having their essays

written
 Which sentences are incorrect?

1. Participants were each given a map and a set of

instructions.
2. They were emphasized that the area can be dangerous
in bad weather.
3. Thankfully, he was found some dry clothes by his
teacher.
4. Hanah was told the infection has spread to her lungs.
5. The childern were explained how to set up the
experiment.
Some verbs can have 2 objects in active form but can only have
one passive form:
demonstrate, deliver, exclude, emphasize, explain
They explained the situation to the manager.
The situation was explained to the manager.
The manager was explained the situation.
was kept waiting

being considered a star

is reported to be making

staff was provided with extra

training by

this computer program

explaining to

has been under construction

Craig was made to stay

have him send

 PASSIVE OF VERBS REFERRING TO STATES
Transitive verbs that refer to states rather than actions can be used in
passive: person or thing that creates the state is put after “with”, “by”,
“in”

WITH: BY: IN:

cover, cram, conceal, contain,
crowd, cover, cover,
decorate, fill, litter, exceed, illuminate, embody,
ornament, pack, include,
stuff, inhabit,
teem, throng occupy, overshadow involve,
The building was subsume
The streets were illuminated by
thronged with The walls of her flat
people. thousands of lights. were covered in dirt.
 Match 2 halves of the sentences and fill in the gap
using by, with, in
1. I slipped and fell
2. The shop were
crowded
3. Her victory at the TV
awards was marked.
4. He has been invited
to a dinner party
5. She looked really ill
6. I dreamt that I was
a. ...one of the company
directors.
b. and was covered ...spots
c. attacked ... giant spiders.
d. ... a special DVD of the TV
show.
e. and got splashed ... mud
f. people doing Christmas
shopping.