Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

1. Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (to focus on the result)
• Para hablar de acciones, experiencias y hechos en el pasado, cuando no se menciona o es
importante el tiempo exacto.

• Have/has + P. participle

• Example:

- I’ve found my favorite T-shirt.

- She has been to the shops.

PRSENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (to focus os the duration)

• Para hablar de acciones son una serie de acciones que comenzar en el pasado, todavía están
en progreso y esperamos que continúen.

- I’ve been studying hard all week.

- She’s been exercising since last summer.

• Decir cuánto tiempo llevamos haciendo algo. (Con frecuencia)

- I’ve been going to piano lessons for ve years

• Centrarse en la acción en curso, en lugar del resultado.

- We’ve been preparing for the party all day!

• We don’t use it with stative verbs (e.g. like, have and know)

- Emily has liked him since she met him

- Emily has been liking since she met him

• Have/has + been + …ing

Usamos el presente perfecto simple para enfatizar que la acción o evento ha terminado
recientemente. El presente perfecto continuo se usa para acciones solventes que todavía están
sucediendo hasta ahora.

- I’ve studied for my English test tomorrow. (Completed action)

- I’ve been studying for my English test tomorrow. (Ongoing)

2. Modifiers

- Totally/Extremely/Really + adj (for emphasis)

- Pretty/Quite/Rather/Fairly + adj (bastantes)

- A bit/A little + comparative adj (to indicate a small di erence)

- A lot/Far + comparative adj (to indicate a big di erence)

3. Used to, Would, P. Simple

USED TO (to talk about past habits , actions, states and feelings, that are di erent now)

WOULD/USED TO +inf (only for habits and actions)

Di erence used to and P. Simple

- Used to: habitos

- P. Simple: ocurrió una vez

4. Past perfect with never, already, by (then), by the time

Los usamos con otros tiempos pasados para hablar de acciones estados ocurrir antes de la
acción o estado pasado principal.

We use adverbs and adverbial phrases such as already, ever, never, by the time and by then.

We use already to emphasize that something had happened.

Example:

- We hadn’t seen the news so we didn’t know about the storms.

- I couldn’t call you on Friday because I had left my phone at home.

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 5. Future tenses
Be going to: los usamos para hablar de planes futuros de intenciones y predicciones de las que
nos sentimos seguros.

- After my graduate, I’m going to travel the world.

Will: lo usamos para hablar de lo que va pasar en el futuro, especialmente cosas de las que
está seguro o están planeadas.

- I’ll see hi tomorrow.

May/might: para mostrar que no sentías menos seguros acerca de una acción o evento, pero
creemos que es probable.

- I might not go to the university.

- I may get a job with my dad.

6. Present continuous for future

Lo usamos para hablar de arreglos futuro cuando se ja en el tiempo.

They’re getting married this summer.

She isn’t coming to the party.

7. Present simple for the future

Los sábados suelo hablar de eventos que están programados.

The lesson starts at 9:30 tomorrow instead of 10:30

They don’t go back to school until next Monday.

8. Future continuous
Will/may/might + be + …ing

Para hablar de acciones que creemos que estarán en progreso en un momento futuro.

- In ve years, he’ll be living in Istanbul and working as a teacher.

- By 2025, everyone will be wearing smart watches.

También podemos usar el futuro continuo para hablar de planes futuros.

- I’ll be leaving at 2 pm. I’m picking my little brother up from school, so I can’t be late.

Ponemos palabras interrogativas al comienzo de la pregunta.

- When will computers be computers be cooking dinner for us?

9. Future perfect
We form the future perfect with will + have + P. participle

Usamos el futuro perfecto para acciones que se completarán antes de cierto tiempo en el
futuro.

- He will have nished the project by 2050

10. The five senses

We use “like” with a noun.

- Feel/feel like

- Look/look like

- Smell/smell like

- Sound/sound like

- Taste/taste like

- Touch/touch like

11. Modals Verbs

- Possibility: can, could, cay, might

* High possibility: must

- Obligation: must, have to (+)

- Prohibition: mustn’t, can’t

- Necessary: need to, don’t/doesn’t have to

- Advice: should, ought to

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12. The passive (To be + P.participle)

Active voice Passive voice

Someone delivered the parcel The parcel was delivered

Robots make cars Cars are made by robots

Drones will deliver food Food will be delivered by drones

13. Question tags

Main clause Be/do/have/modal + subject pronoun

They aren’t ready, are they?

They are ready, aren’t they?

We don’t need a pencil, do we?

We need a pencil, don’t we?

He was ill, wasn’t he?

He wasn’t ill, was he?

She can’t run a marathon, can she?

She can run a marathon, can’t she?

You won’t be late, will you?

You’ll be late, won’t you?

You haven’t seen it, have you?

You’ve seen it, haven’t you?

14. Questions with prepositions

• What are we learning about today?

• What are you looking at?

• Who was it won by?

• Where are we going to next?

• What are you scared of?

• Who do you look like?

15. First conditional

• To talk about possible situations in the present or future and what we think the result will be.

• We often use if + present simple

• We can use unless + present simple stead of if not.

• We use will/won’t + in nitive when we are sure of the result and may or might + in nitive
when are less sure.

16. Second conditional.

• To talk about imaginary situations, and the possible consequences.

• We use if + past simple to describe the imaginary situation and would, could or might for the
consequence.

• We use would (not) when we are sure of the consequence.

• We use could (not) to express a possibility or ability as a consequence.

• We use might (not) to show we are less sure about the consequence.

• We can use was or were in the if- part of the sentence with I, he/she and it.

17. Third conditional.

• We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary situations in the past and the imaginary
past consequences.

• We use if + past perfect to describe an imaginary past situation.

• We use would (not) + have + past participle when we are sure of the imaginary past
consequence.

• We often use the third conditional to talk about things we regret doing (arrepentimientos).

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