PRESENT SIMPLE

Use: to talk about routines and habits.

Subject + verb in infinitive (add s/es for 3rd person singular, He, She, It)

I sometimes read on the metro.

Jane often forgets my birthday.

Adverbs of frequency:
Every ____, always, often sometimes, rarely, never

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Do / Does (Auxiliar verb) + subject + verb infinitive (No add s/es)?
Do you go bed early?
Does your partner like clubbing?

Negations:
Subject + do / does not + verb in infinitive (No add s/es)
No, I do not go / No, I don’t go bed.
No, He does not like clubbing / No, He doesn’t like clubbing.

Present Simple To Be

I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
They are
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Use: to talk about

1. Actions happening in this moment.
2. Temporary actions happening “around now”, but not at this moment.

Subject + am/are/is (aux verb) + verb (+ing)

I am talking to my class right now.
Currently, my sister is working as a shop assistant

Adverbs of frequency
Now, right now, at the moment, presently, currently

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Am/are/is (aux verb) + subject + verb (+ing)
Are you sleeping?
Is Maria staying in Montreal for a long time?

Negations:
Subject + am/are/is not + verb (+ing)
No, I am not. No, I’m not
No, She is not staying in Montreal for a long time. No, She isn’t / No, She’s not.
 PAST SIMPLE

Use: to talk about completed action in the past.

Subject + verb (+ed=regular / irregular)

We formed a band which my brother.

I grew up in south London.

Adverbs:
Yesterday, last week, last weekend, last month, last year, last season, a week ago, three
year ago, a minute ago. (The word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the
past. It is placed after the period of time), The Monday that passed.

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Did + subject + verb (infinitive)
Where did it all start?
How did you think of the name M?

Negations:
Subject + did not + verb (infinitive)
I did not feel very happy about my first record. I didn’t feel
They did not agree whit me all the time. They didn’t agree

Past simple “To Be”

I was
You were
He was John was very tired in the morning
She was
It was
We were
They were My parents were both university professors.
 Present Perfect

Use: to talk about things:

- That happened in the past, but still last in the present, or there are still consequences
now.
I have lived in Dallas for five years.
- That are experiences for which it no important when they happened.
I have always loved the English language.

Subject + have / has + Verb Past Participle (verb regular +ed / verb irregular 3rd column)

I have learned English since I was in high school.

It has been a great experience so far.

Adverbs:
For, since, ever, never, just, yet, so far.

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Have/ Has not + subject + Verb Past Participle (verb regular +ed / verb irregular 3rd column)
Have I learned English since I was in high school?
Has it been a great experience so far?

Negations:
Subject + have / has not + Verb Past Participle (verb regular +ed / verb irregular 3rd column)
I haven’t learned English since I was in high school.
It hasn’t been a great experience so far.
Adverbs used in the present Perfect

Since: use with specific moments in time

We have been here since nine o’clock.
I haven’t phoned home since Christmas.
For: use with time periods
I have worked for international House for more than eight years.
I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
Ever: use to ask about life experience; it makes the sentence a question.
Have you ever been to Australia?
Have you ever talked to an Eskimo?
Never: use to express the lack of life experience; it makes the sentence negative.
Tony has never been to this city before.
I have never seen this movie.
Just: use to talk about action that happened a short time ago, but consequences are still
there.
I have just finished my homework
Already: use to emphasize that the action happened, and consequences are still there.
I have already finished my homework.
Yet: use in the end of the negative sentences, to express the will to complete the action in
the future.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
 Present Continuous for Future
Use: to talk about future arrangements (time and place is decided – we are 100% sure that
the action in happening)

Subject + am/are/is (aux verb) + verb (+ing)

We are meeting at the French restaurant tonight.

Adverbs: Tonight, next week, next weekend, tomorrow

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Am/are/is + subject + verb (+ing)?
Are you meeting at the French restaurant tonight?
Negations:
Subject + am/are/is not + verb (+ing)
We are not meeting at the French restaurant tonight.
 Going to

Use:
1. To talk about future plans, intentions, and decisions.
2. To talk about personal predictions based on the evidence

Subject + am/are/is going to + verb infinitive

I’m going to work for him over the summer.

Adverbs: this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, next week, next weekend, next summer, in
2021

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Am/are/is + subject + going to + verb infinitive?
Am I going to work for him over the summer?
Negations:
Subject + am/are/is not going to + verb infinitive
I’m not going to work for him over the summer.

Example Personal Predictions:

Look at those clouds! It is going to rain again tonight.
Look at her eyes! She is going to cry.
Listen to Jack’s voices. He is going to break up with Rose.
 Going to
Vs.
Present Continuous for Future

Going to Present Continuous for Future

Future actions and events already decided Future actions and events already decided
or planned
-We are going to buy a new car.
Personal arrangements
-I am going to get a new job
(= I intend to get a new job)
Making predictions based on the evidence
-According to the recent trends, price are
going to fall
or planned
-We are buying a new car
Personal arrangements
-I am getting a new job.
(=It is already decided / arranged, with the
focus on certainty)
 Future Simple Tense (Will) - Form

Use:
1. Predictions base on no evidence
Flying cars will exist in the near future.
2. Decisions made at the time of speaking
No problem, I will help you with your homework.
3. Promises
I will stop smoking.
4. Offers
Sam will carry your bags for you
5. Refusals and warnings
We will not tolerate such behaviour here.

Subject + will + verb infinitive

Okay, I will buy you cookies later.

Grammar structure:

Questions:
Will + subject + verb infinitive?
Will robots rule this world in 50 years?

Negations:
Subject + will not + verb infinitive
I promise, I will not (won’t) be late tomorrow.

Adverbs: later, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, next week, next weekend, next summer,
in 2021, in X years…
 Future Simple (Will)
Vs.
Going to

Future Simple (Will) Going to

Marking predictions based on no evidence
-Robots will replace teachers soon.
Decisions made at the time of speaking
-All right, I will buy some pizza for everyone.
Promises, offers, refusals, and warnings
-Anna told me she will study more.
Making predictions based on the evidence
-Look at the sky! It’s going to snow.
Future actions and events already decided
or planned
-They are going to spend their vacation in
Cuba.
Personal arrangements
-I am going to get a haircut.
 Writing Essentials

Structure of a paragraph
1. Topic Sentence
o Typically first in the paragraph.
o States argument of the paragraph
o Controls the main idea (everything else in the paragraph relate to it)

My brother Michael’s bedroom shows his big interests in fantasy and science
fiction.
2. Evidence to support your Topic Sentence
o Supports your argument
o Adds more detail
3. Conclusion Sentence
o Summarizes your argument
o Introduces the next paragraph
Informal Emails
 Articles in English
1. Definite Articles: “the”
-Depending on the noun that follows it, we can red this article in two different ways.
2. Indefinite Articles: “a / an”
-We use “a” in front of noun that starts with a consonant.
-We use “an” in front of nouns that starts with a vowel.
3. Zero Article: “Ø”

When do we use?

a / an
We do know “which one”
or “who”
The first time we mention a
person, animal or thing
Singular countable nouns
(dog, book, desk, teacher)
Means the same as “one”
(can be use
interchangeably)
In front of professions
Ø the
Abstract nouns: speaking
generally
Plural of noun that use a /
an
Lake, singles mountains
Church, school, university
as experiences
Generalization
We kwon “which one” or
“who”
The second (and every
consecutive) time we
mention a person, animal
or thing
Abstract noun when talking
specifically
Only one (sun, moon,
president, sky)
Superlative and
order/ordinal numbers
Nationalities as a whole
Group of people as whole
(adjective)
Names of countries that
have word “republic” or
“states” in their name
Group of islands
Oceans, seas, rivers,
mountain ranges
Church, school, university
as buildings
Music instruments
Semi-Formal Email
 Relative Clauses: Form
Use: Providing the additional description of a noun (that is the first part of sentence)

Who ------- people

Which ------ things
Where ------ place
When ------- time

1. That is the man who sells ice-cream in my street

2. Jimmy loves the book which I bought him.
3. Jacob’s is the restaurant where we first met.
4. Today is the day when you become an uncle!

We do not use a comma before or after defining relative clauses.

We can use “that” to replace “who” or ‘which”