Grammar bank: 6A – 6B

Passive = be + past participle

Be + verbos 3 columna o verbos regulares (ed).
We often use the passive when it isn’t said, known, or important who does an
action.
Ej: “Andy’s bike has been stolen” = (Somebody has stolen Andy’s bike, but we
don’t know who).
In passive sentences, the object of the verb becomes the new subject.

If we want to say who did the action, we use “by”.

• We can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive. Compare:
Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott (we want to focus more on the film).
Ridley Scott directed Gladiator (we want to focus more on the director).
• We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences:
Some films aren’t shot on location.
Is your car being repaired today?
• We often use the passive to talk about processes, for example, scientific
processes, and in formal language, such as new reports.
Then the water is heated to 100 degrees...
Many buildings in the city have been damaged by the...

Tense Active Passive

Present simple I make a cake A cake is made by me.
Present continuous I am making a cake A cake is being made by me.
Past simple I made a cake A cake was made by me.
Past continuous I was making a cake A cake was being made by me.
Present perfect I have made a cake A cake has been made by me.
Pres. Perf. Continuous I have been making a cake A cake has been being made by me.
Past perfect I had made a cake A cake had been made by me.
Future simple I will make a cake A cake will be made by me
Future perfect I will have made a cake A cake will have been made by me.
Modal can I can make a cake A cake can be made by me.
Modal should I should have made a cake A cake should have been made by me.

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Pasos para transformar una oración a pasiva:

1- El objeto de la oración activa (suele ser la primera palabra que aparece

después del verbo principal de la oración activa) Por ejemplo: “The house” se
convierte en el sujeto de la voz pasiva.
2- Escribir el verbo to be en la oración pasiva, en el mismo tiempo verbal que en
la oración activa. Si está en presente: am is o are. Pasado: was o were.
Futuro: will be.
3- El verbo principal de la oración activa se transforma en participio.
4- El sujeto de la oración activa (the boy) se convierte en complemento agente
en la voz pasiva introducido por la preposición by (By the boy).

MODALS OF DEDUCTION: MIGHT, CAN’T, MUST

Might = When you think something is possibly true.

Tony’s phone is switched off. He might be on the plane now, or just boarding.

Can’t = When you are sure something is impossible / not true.

Nigel can’t earn much money in his job. He’s still living with his parents.
That woman can’t be jack’s wife. Jack’s wife has dark hair.

Must = When you are sure something is true.

The neighbours must be out. The aren’t any lights on in the house.
Your sister must have a lot of money if she drives a Porsche.

o We often use might, can’t or must to say how sure or certain we are about
something (based on the information we have).
o In this context, the opposite of must is can’t.
o We can use may instead of might and we can use could in positive
sentences.
Jack could (or may) be at the party.
o We don’t use can instead of might / may.
o We often use be + gerund after might / must / can’t.
They must be having a party – the music’s very loud.

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Grammar bank: 7A – 7B.

First conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc.

First conditional sentences: If + present simple, will / won’t + infinitive.

If + sujeto + verbo (tercera persona = con s o es) do des, don’t doesn’t + , + Sujeto + will
/won’t + infinitivo.

Escribir , la coma. Si primero pongo will NO.

Ej.
- If you work hard, you will pass your exams.
- The teacher won’t be very pleased if we’re late for class.
- Come and see us next week if you have time.
- Alison won’t get into university unless she gets good grades.
- I won’t go unless you go too.

Usos:

• Usamos el primer condicional para hablar acerca de una posible o probable

futura situación y su consecuencia.
• Podemos usar Unless + present simple en vez de If…

Future time clauses = WHEN / UNTIL / AS SOON AS / BEFORE AND

AFTER.

• Usamos la oración en presente (no con futuro) después de when, as soon as,
until, before y after para hablar acerca del futuro.

- We’ll have dinner when your father gets home.

- As soon as you get your exams results, call me.
- I won’t go to bed until you come home.
- I’ll have a quick lunch before I leave.
- After I finish university, I’ll probably take a year off and travel.

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 SECOND CONDITIONAL AND CHOOSING BETWEEN CONDITIONALS:

Second conditional sentences: If + past simple, would / wouldn’t + infinitive

If + to be (was, were) verbs (verbs irregulars 2da column, verbs regulars ed, did o didn’t) +
sujeto + would or wouldn’t + infinitive.

• Usamos el segundo condicional cuando hablamos acerca de un presente

hipotético o imaginario o una futura situación y su consecuencia.
• Usamos el past simple después de if y en la otra parte el would wouldn’t +
infinitivo.
• También, podemos usar could en vez de would.
• Después de If, podemos usar was y were con I, he y she.
• Se suele usar “If I were you…” no “If I was you…”

Eligiendo entre primer o segundo condicional:

Usar un condicional u otro depende de como de probable crees que es que
suceda algo. Por ejemplo:

- If I have time, I’ll help you = Es una situación real, es posible que tenga tiempo.
Primer condicional.
- If I had time, I’d help you = Es hipotético o imaginario, no tengo tiempo. Segundo
condicional.

Would / wouldn’t + infinitive:

También podemos usar would y wouldn’t + infinitivo (sin el IF) cuando hablamos
sobre situaciones imaginarias.
My ideal holiday would be a week in the Bahamas.
I’d never buy a car as big as yours.

EJ.
- If I had a job, I’d get my own flat.
- If David spoke good English, he could get a job in that new hotel.
- I would get on better with my parents if I didn’t live with them.
- I wouldn’t do that job unless they paid me a really good salary.
- If your sister were here, she’d know what to do.
- If it was warmer, we could have a swim.
- If I were you, I’d buy a new computer.

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GRAMMAR BANK 8A – 8B:

CHOOSING BETWEEN GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:

GERUND (VERB + ING):

Usamos gerundio:
• Después de preposiciones y phrasal verbs.
I’m not very good at working in a team.
Katie’s given up smoking.
• Como el sujeto de una oración.
Looking for a job can be depressing.
Shopping is my favourite thing to do at weekends.
• Después de algunos verbos: hate, don’t mind...
I hate not being on time for things.
I don’t mind getting up early.
• Verbos comunes que llevan el gerundio incluido: admit, avoid, deny, dislike,
enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer,
recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, and some phrasal verbs por ejemplo
give up, go on…
• Forma en negativo: not + verb + ing.

THE INFINITIVE WITH TO:

Lo usamos cuando:
• Después de adjetivos. “My flat is very easy to find”.
• Para expresar una razón o un propósito. “Liam is saving money to buy
a new car”.
• Después de algunos verbos como, por ejemplo: want, need, learn. “My
sister has never learned to drive”
• Los verbos comunes que toman el infinitivo incluyen: (can´t): afford,
agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan,
pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like.
• El negativo del infinitivo: not to + verb.
• Common verbs que pueden ser tanto en infinitivo como en gerundio:
Start, begin, continue.

Verb + person + infinitive with to.

• Usamos esto con verbos como ask, tell, want, would like.
Ej: Can you ask the manager to come? / She told him not to worry…

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THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO:
• Después de modales y verbos auxiliares: can’t… I can’t drive / We must
hurry.
• Después de make y let: She always makes me laught / My parents didn´t
let me go out last night.

REPORTED SPEECH: SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS.

DIRECT INDIRET
I like shopping She said she liked shopping
I’m leaving tomorrow She said she was leaving
I will always love She said he would always love me
I passed the exam She told me he had passed the exam
I have forgotten my keys She said he had forgotten the keys
I can’t come She said she couldn’t come
I may be late She said she might be late
I must go She said she had to go

• Usamos las reported speech para informar a alguien sobre lo que ha dicho
otra persona.
• Cuando el reporting verb (said, told…) está en tiempo pasado, los tiempos
en la oración que se informa generalmente cambian así:
Present = past.
Will = would.
Past simple / present perfect = past perfect.
• Cuando el tiempo no cambia: cuando informas sobre algo que alguien ha
dicho hace poco. Ej: Adam: I can’t come tonight. I’ve just spoken to adam
and he said that he can’t come tonight.
• Algunos verbos modales cambian:
Can = could.
May = might.
Must = had to.
Otros se mantienen igual:
Could, might, should…
• Cambiamos los pronombres. Ej: “I like Jazz” = Jain shaid that she liked
jazz.
• Usar that después de told y said es opcional.
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 • Si informas sobre algo que alguien dijo en otro día diferente o en otro sitio
diferente, algunas palabras sobre el tiempo y lugar pueden cambiar.
Tomorrow: The next day.
Here: There.
This: That.
“I’ll meet you here tomorrow” = “He said that he’d meet me there the next
day”.

Stay y Tell:
• Ir en cuidado: despues de said, no usar un sujeto. Ej: “Sara said that she
was tired” NOT = Sara said ME that she was…
• Después de told, debes de usar sujeto.
Ej: Sara told ME that she was tired.

Reported questions:

Direct questions Reported questions

Are you married? She asked him if he was married
What’s your name? She asked him what his name was
Did lucy phone? He asked me whether Lucy had phone
Where do you live? She asked me where I live

• Cuando informamos sobre una pregunta, los tiempos cambian como en

las reported statements.
• Cuando una pregunta no empieza con una question Word, agregamos IF
(or whether). “Do you want a drink?” = He asked me if / whether I wanted
a drink.
• También tenemos que cambiar el orden de las palabras: subject + verb y
no usar do/did.

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GRAMMAR BANK 9A – 9B

THIRD CONDICIONAL

IF + HAD + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

PASIVA: IF + HAD + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE

• Se utiliza para situaciones hipotéticas o imaginarias pasadas. Ej: “If I hadn’t got
up late yesterday, I wouldn’t have missed my train”.
• La contracción de had y would es ‘d.
• Podemos también usar might o could en lugar de would para hacer el resultado
menos seguro. Ej: “If she’d studied harder, she might have passed the exam”.

QUANTIFIERS

Too much / many Very Few

Many A lot of
Much Aren’t any
Too Enough
A few None

Large Quantities:

Lot of, lots of, much, many and plenty of.

• Usamos a lot of o lots of en oraciones positivas. También podemos usar

loads of, pero es más informal.
• Usamos a lot of cuando no hay sustantivo = “He talks a lot.”
• Much / many se suelen usar en oraciones negativas y preguntas, pero” a
lot of” puede usarse también.
• Usamos “Plenty of” en oraciones positivas.

Small quantities:
A Little, a few, very few, very little, less, fewer.

• Usamos little con sustantivos incontables, few con sustantivos plurales

contables. Ej: “Do you want some more ice cream? Just a little” / The town
only has a few cinemas”.
• Very little y very few = not much / many. Ej: “I’m so busy that I have very
little time for myself” / Sara isn’t popular, and she has very few friends”.

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 • El comparative de little es less y el comparativo de few es fewer. Ej: “I
have less free time tan I used to have” / “There are fewer flights in the
winter than in the summer.

More or less than you need or want:

• Usamos too + adjetivo o adverbio = “I don’t like this city. It’s too big and
it’s too noisy”.
• Usamos too much + sustantivos incontables y too many + sustantivos
plurales contables. = “There’s too much traffic and too much noise” / There
are too many tourists and too many cars.”
• Usamos (not) enough antes de un sustantivo = not enough eggs or milk.
O después de un adjetivo = “It isn’t big enough”. Ejemplos: “There aren’t
enough parks and there aren’t enough tres” / The buses aren’t frequent
enough.

Zero quantity:

• Usamos any + sustantivos incontables o plurales para cero cantidad con

un verbo en negativo = “There isn’t any milk in the fridge / We don’t have
any eggs.
• Usamos no + sustantivos incontables o plurales con un verbo en positivo
= There’s no milk in the fridge. We have no eggs.
• Usamos none (sin sustantivo) en pequeñas respuestas = How many eggs
do we have? None. I’ve used them all.

GRAMMAR BANK 10A – 10B:

RELATIVE CLAUSES: DEFINING AND NON – DEFINING:

(Dar información esencial)

Usamos una defining relative clause (RELATIVE PRONOUN + VERB PHRASE)

para dar información esencial sobre una persona, lugar o cosa.

• Usamos el relative pronoun: Who (personas), which (cosas y animales)

y where (lugares). = Harper Lee is the woman who wrote … / I’m looking
for a book which teaches you how to relax / That’s the house where I was
born.
• Podemos usar That en lugar de Who o Which.
• Usamos Whose para referirnos a “of who” or “of which”. = Is frank the man
whose brother plays… / It’s a tree whose leaves change colour.

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 • En algunas relative clauses, el verbo después de Who, which, or that tiene
un sujeto diferente (She’s the girl who I met on the train) A veces se
pueden omitir (She’s the girl I met on the train).
• Where y Whose nunca se pueden omitir.

NON- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (dar información extra no esencial)

• Usamos una non-defining relative clause para dar información extra que
muchas veces no es esencial en la oración. Sin esta la oración también
tendría sentido.
• Deben ir entre comas.
• No podemos omitir el pronombre relativo (who, which…)
• No podemos usar that en lugar de who, which…

Ejemplos:
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds.
Last week I visited my aunt Jane, who's nearly 90 years old.
Burford, where my Gran father was born, is a beautiful little town.
My neighbour, who's son goes to my son’s schools, has just remarried.

QUESTIONS TAGS:

Positive verb Negative tag

It’s cold today. Isn’t it?
You’re Polish. Aren’t you?
They live in London. Don’t they?
The match finishes at 8.00. Doesn’t it?
Your sister worked in the USA. Didn’t she?
We’ve met before. Haven’t we?
You’ll be OK. Wouldn’t you?

Negative verb Positive tag

She ins’t here today. Is she?
You aren’t angry. Are you?
They don’t eat meat. Do they?
Lucy doesn’t drive. Does she?

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You didn’t like the film. Did you?
Mike hasn’t been to Rome before. Has he?
Sue wouldn’t resign. Would she?

• Se suelen usar para ver si algo que piensas es verdaderamente cierto.

• Para formar una question tag usamos:
- El verbo auxiliar correcto (be, do, have, will, would…) en su correcta
forma para presente pasado y futuro.
- Un pronombre (he, it…)
- Un verbo auxiliar negativo si la oración es positiva y un verbo auxiliar
positivo si la oración es negativa o con Never. “You never do the whasing-
up, do you?.

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