NOMBRE: XIOMARA LORESMEY

APELLIDOS: ROMAN ACUÑA

NIVEL: ADVANCED 4
PROFESOR: MIGUEL DEL AGUILA
PART 1: Present - Past and Future
UNIT 1: PRESENT TIME
- PRESENT TIME: In general or Now
 SIMPLE PRESENT: We use the Simple Present to talk about things that happen regularly. It is
often used with adverbs of time: always; every day; usually; often; sometimes; never.

AFFIRMATIVE: S + verb + complement

NEGATIVE: S + auxiliary do/does not + verb + complement  P
INTERROGATIVE: Auxiliary do/does + subject + verb + complement RESENT

PROGRESSIVE:

Be + Base Form + -ing Example: Jack is looking for a new iPad.

- PRESENT TIME: From a Time in the Past until Now
 PRESENT PERFECT:
Have + Past Participle Example: We have had email for fifteen years.

 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

Have been + Base form + -ing Example: He's been texting his Friends for the last halfhour.

- ACTION + NON-ACTION USES

 ACTION VERBS:
- SIMPLE FORM: They normally drive to work.
- PROGRESSIVE FORM: Today, they're taking the bus.
 MOST NON-ACTION VERBS:
- SIMPLE FORM: Teachers know he is a good student
They want to understand his problem.
 SOME VERBS: ACTION + NON-ACTION USES
 SIMPLE FORM (NON-ACTION USE)
- I have a new iPhone.
- I think I need a better computer
 PROGRESSIVE FORM (ACTION USE)
- I'm having problems with it.
- It's being difficult today, though.
 ACTION VERBS: (+ Adverb)
- She works constantly.
- He's doing badly in class.
 SOME NON-ACTION VERBS
 (+ Adjective NON-ACTION USE)
- Your car looks good.
- She feels bad about what she said.
 (+ Adverb ACTION USE)
UNIT 2: PAST
- HeTIME
looks at this iPhone constantly.
- Feel the surface carefully; it might still be hot.
- Taste the soup quickly before it gets cold.
- PAST TIME: General or Specific (definite)
 SIMPLE PAST: Use the simple past to express an action or state occurring at a general
or specific time in the past.

AFFIRMATIVE: S + verb in past “d or ed” + complement

NEGATIVE: S + did + not + infinitive verb + complement
INTERROGATIVE: Auxiliary did + subject + infinitive verb + complement

 PAST PROGRESSIVE: Use the past progressive to express an action that was in
progress (not finished) at a time in the past.

Was/were + Base Form + -ing Example: Hector was working long hours.

- PAST TIME: Not Specific (indefinite)

 PRESENT PERFECT: Use the present perfect to express an action or state occurring at
an indefinite time in the past.

Example: Hector's mother and I have become good friends.

Has/have + Past Participle
Example: This is an intercultural marriage that has worked.

- PAST TIME: Habitual or Repeated

Used to + Base Form Example: I used to think I would marry a Hispanic woman.

Would + Base Form Example: We would go to family gatherings every weekend.

- PAST TIME: Before a Time in the Past

 PAST PERFECT: Use the past perfect with the simple past to show which of two
actions or states happened first.

Had + Past Participle Example: By the time Hector was born, they had earned their American
citizenship.

 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: Use the past perfect progressive to express an action
that was in progress before another past action.

Had been + Base Form + -ing Example: I realized I hadn't been giving Hector's family a fair
chance
- FUTURE IN THE PAST

Was/were going to + Base Form Example: I thought our relationship was going to stay the
same.

Would + Base Form Example: I didn't think we would ever argue about anything.
UNIT 3: FUTURE TIME
- BE GOING TO AND WILL
 SIMPLE FUTURE: Use be going to or will to say what you think will happen in the future.
 Example: You'll like the hotel.
Will/be going to + Base Form
Example: You're going to like the hotel.

- ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE FUTURE

 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: Use the Future progressive (will be or be going to be+ base form
+ -ing) to describe an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.

Will be/be going to + be + base Example: A week from now, you'll be relaxing in the sun.
form + -ing Example: A week from now, you're going to be relaxing in
the sun.

- FUTURE SCHEDULED EVENTS

 SIMPLE PRESENT: You can use the simple present to talk about a future action or state
that is part of a schedule.

SIMPLE PRESENT VERB Example: The tour starts tomorrow at 4:00 pm.

- FUTURE PLANS
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: You can use the present progressive to talk about a future
action or state that is not just an intention but is already arranged.

Be + Base Form + -ing Example: We're visiting our friends later this summer.

- TWO SEPARATE ACTIONS IN THE FUTURE

 TWO ACTIONS IN THE FUTURE: To talk about two separate actions or states in the future,
use will or be going to in the independent clause and the simple present in the dependent
clause.

Example: I'll call you as soon as we land.

Will/be going to + Simple Present
Example: We're going to visit Florence after we tour Rome.

- ACTIONS BEFORE A TIME IN THE FUTURE

 FUTURE PERFECT: Use the Future perfect to refer to an action or state that will
happen before a certain time in the future.

Will have + Past Participle Example: We'll have arrived by 4:00 pm.
 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: Use the Future perfect progressive to refer to an
action or state that will be happening before a certain time in the future.

Will have been + Base Form + -ing Example: We will been flying for hours by then.

PART 2: Modals and other Auxiliaries

UNIT 4: MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY
 Modals are auxiliary verbs that show speakers’ attitudes toward the actions they are
describing. Modals are used to talk about obligations, advice, expectations, and suggestions.
 - Have to and have got to are similar in meaning to must
- Ought to and be supposed to are similar in meaning to should.
- Be allowed to is similar in meaning to may and can.

 OBLIGATION (necessity)

- You must call them. - You must not call them.

have to can't
have got to are not allowed to
- Youthem.
You had -to call weren’t allowed to call them.

 ADVICE
- You had better leave early. - You had better not leave early.
should shouldn' have
ought to
- You shouldn't have left early.
- You should have left early.
ought to have

 EXPECTATION
- You are supposed to take a gift. - You are not supposed to take a gift.
are to are not to

- You were supposed to take a gift. - You were not supposed to take a gift.
were to were not to

 SUGGESTION

- You could give roses. - You could have give roses.

might might have

 NO OBLIGATION (No necessity)

- You don't have to call them. - You didn't have to call them.

- BE CAREFUL!!
- Use simple modals (modal + base form) to show degrees of necessity in the present and the future.
- Use perfect modals (modal + have + past participle) to show degrees of necessity in the past.
- Use had to+ base form to show past necessity. Don’t use must have + past participle.
- Have got to is rarely used in the negative. Use don’t have to instead.
- Although must and have to have equivalent meanings, must not and don’t have to have very different meanings.
 UNIT 5: MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY
1. DIFFERENT DEGREES OF CERTAINTY
- We use modals and modal-like expressions to express different degrees of certainty. We use them to
speculate based on logic and facts.
 Approximately 90% certain The story must be true.
 Approximately 50% certain The story might be true.
-We use modals with progressive as well as simple forms. Example: He may be planning another trip
-When we want to state a fact, we are absolutely, 100% That story is true.
sure of, we don’t use modals. He was planning another trip.

2. ALMOST CERTAIN ABOUT THE PRESENT

- Use must/have to/have got to, can’t/couldn’t, and must not+ base form to speculate about the present
when you are almost certain.

 must The evidence must mean something. In questions, use could/might+

 have to That has to be the answer to the question. base form.
 have got to He’s got to be wrong about what he’s saying. - Could that be the case?
 can’t That theory can’t be right. - Couldn’t that be the explanation?
 couldn’t That couldn’t be the correct explanation.
 must not It must not be correct.

3. LESS CERTAIN ABOUT THE PRESENT

- Use may/might/could and may not/might not+ base form to speculate about the present when you are less
certain.
 may We may know the answer soon. In questions, use could/might+
 might That might be the solution to the problem. base form.
 could That could be the reason for the confusion. - Might that be the real answer?
 may not They may not have any evidence. - - Could that theory be correct?
 might not It might not rain today after all.

4. ALMOST CERTAIN ABOUT THE PAST

- Use must have/had to have/must not have+ past participle when you are speculating about the past and are
almost certain.

 must have They must have visited America. In questions, use can have/could
 had to have They had to have experienced many difficulties. have+ past participle.
 must not have He must not have made the voyage. - Can that really have taken place?
. - Could that have been the solution?
In the negative, use can’t have/couldn’t have+ past participle to
suggest impossibility.

5. LESS CERTAIN ABOUT THE FUTURE

- Use may/might/could+ base Form when you are less certain (about 50%) about a Future action or event.

 May We may know the answer soon. In the negative, use may/might+ not/never+
 might She might win the election. base Form.
 Could This plan could be successful - However, we may never know the answer.
- We might not be able to solve the problem.
 PARTE 3: PASSIVE VOICE
UNIT 6: PASSIVES – PARTE I
- PASSIVE VOICE VS ACTIVE VOICE: A sentence in the passive voice has a corresponding sentence in the
active voice. In an active sentence, the subject acts upon the object of the sentence. In a passive sentence,
the subject is acted upon by the agent.
 ACTIVE: The police catch some criminals.
 PASSIVE: Some criminals are caught by the police.

- FORMS OF THE PASSIVE: To form passive sentences, use be+ past participle or get+ past participle. They
occur in present, past, and future forms, as well as in the progressive.

 PRESENT: Police officers are well trained. They get tested on the job almost daily.
 PAST: The suspect was arrested yesterday. He got caught committing a crime.
 FUTURE: He will be held in the local jail. He’ll get charged soon.
To make a negative passive sentence, place not after the first verb.

 Cooper has not been caught.

 The man did not get killed in the robbery.

- USES OF THE PASSIVE: You can use the passive in the following situations:
When you don’t know who performed the action or - The money was stolen.
it is not important to say who performed it. - The plane was refueled.
When you want to avoid mentioning who Information is known that hasn’t been released.
performed the action. (We don’t want to say who hasn’t released it.)
I was given some bad advice.
(We don’t want to say who gave the advice.)
When you want to focus on the receiver or - The thief was caught.
the result of an action instead of on the agent. - Emma was written by Jane Austen.

- THE PASSIVE WITH A BY PHRASE: You can use a by phrase in the following situations:
When you introduce new information about - The money was stolen by a person who has
the agent. a criminal record.
When you want to credit or identify - The bills were photocopied by FBI agents.
someone who did something.
When the agent is surprising. - The money was Found by a little boy.
Remember, you can omit the by phrase in a passive sentence if you feel it is unnecessary or
undesirable to mention the agent.
( Why hasn’t this crime been solved? )

- DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS: Most commonly, direct objects of active
sentences become subjects of their corresponding passive sentences. However, indirect objects can also be
subjects of passive sentences.

 DIRECT OBJECT - SUBJECT = The police arrested the suspect.

UNIT 7: PASSIVES – PARTE II The suspect was arrested by the police.
 INDIRECT OBJECT - SUBJECT = The FBI gave the money to Cooper.
Cooper was given the money by the FBI.
 To form the stative passive, use (be +
past participle).
In stative passive sentences, there is normally no
action taking place. The past participle functions
as an adjective. It is often followed by a
prepositional phrase.
Stative passive sentences are often used in
everyday English. Examples of stative passive
expressions are:
(be + past participle + by)
(be + past participle)
A few stative passive sentences have a
corresponding active sentence. These include
passives formed with connect and surround.
- STATIVE PASSIVE: The passive is often used to describe situations or states. This use is called the
stative passive.
- These peoples are related to each other.
- St. Louis is located on the Missouri River.
- The United States is composed of 50 states.
- Cuba is located in the Caribbean.
- A peninsula is surrounded by water on
three sides.
- Curitiba is found in southern Brazil.
- South Africa is bordered by Namibia.
- England and France are connected by the
Chunnel. (passive)
The Chunnel connects England and
France. (active)

- OPINION / BELIEF PASSIVES: We often use regular passives to report ideas, beliefs, and opinions.
To form this type of passive, use (it + be + - It is assumed that this culture is very old.
past participle + that). You can use -It is believed that Atlantis really existed.
these verbs to form the passives:
Passive sentences of this type have - Scholars assume that this culture is very
corresponding active sentences. old.
- Some people believe that Atlantis really
existed.
These passive structures may take an - It is claimed (by some scholars) that
optional by phrase. Shakespeare didn’t write all his plays.

- OPINION / BELIEF PASSIVES + TO PHRASE: To form passives that report ideas, beliefs, and opinions, you
can also use subject + be+ past participle + to phrase.
Passive + to phrase sentences can be - ACTIVE: Scholars assume that the culture
formed from an equivalent active dates from 5000 B.C.E.
sentence with a that clause. - PASSIVE: The culture is assumed (by
A by phrase is optional. scholars) to date from 5000 B.C.E.
The verb in the to phrase can be - He is said to be the author.
Present or past. - The Japanese are thought to have
visited the New World before Columbus.

- PASSIVES IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE AND THE NEWS: Use passives with that clauses or to phrases in
academic discourse and when reporting the news. Passive sentences of this type create an objective
impression by distancing the author from the idea.
+ that clause It is believed that the Abominable Snowman actually exists.
+ to phrase The defendant is alleged to have committed the crime.

COMMA ( , )
 The comma is a punctuation mark. It is used in sentences to separate clauses or to
connect sentences.
Also, the comma connects two complement sentences with the principal idea and
the complement phrase or sentence. Also, with other connectors or refer to the
complement of the mean idea. In some cases, it preceded the words: but, or, and,
so, although, etc. Those are reason, possibilities, obstacles, etc.
 Example:
1. I could watch a movie, but I preferred to do my homework.
2. If I want to do the homework, I would look for my science book.
3. I eat candies, although the doctor doesn’t allow me.
 Also, the sentences and phrases could stay with the connectors at the
beginning of them. In these cases, the comma if followed the first statement.
- Even though I looked for you, I never found you.
- Because I talked with her, my boyfriend was angry.

Period ( . )
 It is a dot shaped punctuation mark that end the clause or sentence. It could
finish a command or instruction. It is also used at the end of a clause that
contains an indirect question.
1. I was to the cinema with my brother to watch MARVEL.
2. Prepare your schedule to do the homework.
3. Ana asked Ximena how she break the window.
 Period end a statement to introduce another new sentence in some cases.
- I have been late to my school. I try to change that behavior.
 Period is also used for abbreviations
- I ask Mr. Rojas where he went the last weekend for vacations.

Semicolon ( ; )
 It is punctuation mark that is used to separate and connect independent
clauses. Also, semicolons are used instead of using a comma + conjunction.
- Bryan takes notes about the homework; Melanie doesn't pay attention.
 It is also used when items in a series have been separated by commas and
need an additional punctuation.
Before conjunctive adverb in a sentence.
- I visited Cuzco Museum, Ica, Aguas Calientes; however, I couldn't go to the
Mountain of 7 colors.
 To separate lines in an address when you are writing it as a sentence.
- I have lived in Lima; Rimac.