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Oxygen = 21%
•Plants
Other Gases = 1%
•Argon
•Carbon Dioxide
•Methane
•Water Vapor
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmosphere also contains atmospheric dust
Mainly soil
Salt
Ash from fires
Volcanic ash
Particulate matter from combustion
Skin
Hair
Bits of clothing
Pollen
Bacteria and viruses
aerosols
Air Pressure
Earth’s atmosphere is pulled toward Earth’s surface
by gravity
This makes the atmosphere denser near Earth’s
surface
Almost the entire mass of Earth’s atmospheric gases
is located with 30 km of the surface.
The air is less dense at higher altitudes. This makes
breathing more difficult.
A barometer is how you measure air pressure by
mercury, which contains vacuum mercury. The
aneroid barometer which contains vacuum chamber,
lever, spindle and pointer. (video)
Mercury Barometer
A mercury barometer is
an accurate and
relatively simple way to
measure changes in
atmospheric pressure.
At sea level, the weight
of the atmosphere
forces mercury 760 mm
(29.9 in) up a
calibrated glass tube.
Higher elevations yield
lower readings because
the atmosphere is less
dense there, and the
thinner air exerts less
pressure on the
mercury.
Aneroid Barometer
In an aneroid
barometer, a partially
evacuated metal drum
expands or contracts
in response to
changes in air
pressure. A series of
levers and springs
translates the up and
down movement of
the drum top into the
circular motion of the
pointers along the
aneroid barometer's
face.
Mercurial Barometer
Aneroid Barometer
Layers of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into four layers based on
temperature changes that occur at different distances
above the Earth’s surface.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Without our atmosphere, there would be no life on Earth. A relatively thin envelope,
the atmosphere consists of layers of gases that support life and provide protection
from harmful radiation.
The Troposphere
Closest to Earth’s surface
18 km above Earth’s surface
Almost all weather occurs here
Densest atmospheric layer
Temperature decreases as altitude increases
The Stratosphere
From 18 km to about 50 km
Temperature rises as altitude increases in
stratosphere
Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs the sun’s
ultraviolet (UV) energy and warms the air
Ozone, O3, is made up of three oxygen atoms
Almost all ozone in the atmosphere is located in the
ozone layer of the stratosphere
Ozone reduces the amount of UV radiation that
reaches Earth.
The Mesosphere
From 50 km to 80 km above Earth’s surface
The coldest layer of the atmosphere
Temperatures as low as -93°C.
The Thermosphere
The layer farthest from the Earth’s surface
Nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation
The absorption causes atoms to be electrically charged.
These ions radiate energy as light.
Temperatures above 2,000°C
If we could travel here, it would not feel hot to us
Air particles that strike one another transfer heat
The air in the thermosphere is so thin that air particles
rarely collide so they rarely transfer heat.
LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE BASED
ON COMPOSITION OF GASES
OZONOSPHERE - In this layer ozone concentrations
are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much
higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very
small compared to the main components of the
atmosphere.
Ozone layer is located in the lower portion of the
stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–22 mi;
49,000–110,000 ft), though the thickness varies
seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the
ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the
stratosphere.
LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE BASED
ON COMPOSITION OF GASES
IONOSPHERE - the part of the atmosphere that is
ionized by solar radiation, stretches from 50 to 1,000
km (31 to 620 mi; 160,000 to 3,300,000 ft) and typically
overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere.
- It forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere.
- It has practical importance because it influences, for
example, radio propagation on the Earth.
- It is responsible for auroras.
LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE BASED
ON DISTRIBUTION OF GASES
HOMOSPHERE
HETEROSPHERE
HOMOSPHERE
the chemical composition of the atmosphere
does not depend on molecular weight because
the gases are mixed by turbulence.
includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and
mesosphere.
Above the turbopause at about 100 km (62 mi;
330,000 ft) (essentially corresponding to the
mesopause), the composition varies with
altitude.
HETEROSPHERE
allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight,
with the heavier ones such as oxygen and
nitrogen present only near the bottom of the
heterosphere.
The upper part of the heterosphere is composed
almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest
element.
This is because the distance that particles can
move without colliding with one another is large
compared with the size of motions that cause
mixing.
VIDEOS
Beginning
The divisions of the earth atmosphere
Reveal Earth's Atmosphere
Three Types of Heat Transfer
Radiation – Transfer of energy across space