228 POPULATION DISPLACEMENT

AND mElTLEMENT

Anatolia) rather than in religious and ethnic terms. It repudiates the Ottoman
identity and heritage in favor of modernization and westernization.
This exodus also indicated an increasing disparity between various official
and popular representations of national identity. The displacement of the
Bulgarian Turks has once again placed a Turkish identity defined in religious
and ethnic terms at the center of public discourse. In contrast to the official
stance regarding the Bulgarian Turks, public opinion in Turkey - although
indignant about their migration ordeal - has been one of resentment for the
privileges the state gave to immigrants when citizens were pressed by the hard
economic and social conditions in Turkey.
In the process of identity constitution, the link between the projects of the
nation-buildersand the situation of the subordinated people, who are displaced
either as immigrants or host populations, is not unmediated. The impact of the
larger context (national and international aspects of displacement) in everyday
practices of people for survivaland hegemony needs to be examined. Therefore,
by focusing on the interaction of Bulgarian Turks with indigenous populations
in an Anatolian town, as well as examining the interplay between dominant and
popular discursive practices, the empirical findings of this research will provide
a broad historical perspective to conceptualize population displacement and its
sociocultural implications. It will also contribute to the development of a
regional theoretical and comparative framework for the study of the phenome-
non of displacement.

Jewish Smmigrafion to Palesfine. 1948-1989

George Al-Kossaifi
United Nations, Economic and Social Commissionfm West Asia
ince the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, 1.75 million Jews have
settled there from all corners of the globe, while a million Palestinians have
been forced out of their homeland in two successive wars, threequarters of a
million as a result of the 1948 war and onequarter of a million as a result of the
1967 war. In the period 1967-1986, an additional 22,000 Palestinians annually
have been forced out of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza strip.
Jewish immigration has accounted for 47 percent of the total population
growth of Israel in the period 1948-1987 and was most significant in the first
twelve years after the establishment of Israel. Immigration to Israel has taken
place in waves, the largest occurring from 1948 to 1951, when 687,000 immi-
grants were brought to Israel. The outcome of the Arab-Israeliwars, in addition
to expelling Palestinians, has had a visible effect on the size of Jewish immigra-
tion to Israel. Immigration rose with each Israeli victory, and fell with the relative
defeat of the 1973 war. Large waves of immigrants came to Israel following both
the 1948 and 1967 wars. Following the 1973 war, however, immigration slowed
considerably until, by the start of the 1980s, the phenomenon of net emigration
out of Israel had developed. Whereas a portion of the immigrants to Israel had
 SHORTCASES 229

always emigrated after their arrival in Israel, by the 1980s more people were
leaving Israel than were coming.
In the late 1980s,a new flow of immigrants from the Soviet Union began which
reversed the phenomenon of net emigration. The number of SovietJews immi-
grating to Israel remained low from 1948 to 1979 with an average annual rate of
only 1,627 per year. This figure rose in the 1970s,but fell again in the mid-1980s.
At the end of the 1980s, Soviet immigration rose sharply to 7,200 in 1988 and
12,923 in 1989. Soviet immigration is expected to continue at 60,000 per year
through 1995. Only about half the Jews who left the Soviet Union from 1968 to
1989 reached Israel, the remainder having gone on to other destinations.
The SovietJews in Israel are characterized by a high educational level. A large
percentage of them occupy scientific and academic professions and advanced
technical and professional trades. SovietJews are relatively more contented and
stable in Israel than immigrants from other nationalities have been.
The settlement process in the Gaza strip and West Bank has intensified with
time, particularly that in EastJerusalem. The Jerusalem region has become the
most important pole of attraction for the immigrants, mainly Soviet, arriving
after 1987,whereas Tel Aviv and the Central regions were the first choices in the
previous decade.

The Dispersal and Relocation of Ihe

Palestinian €%mstalBourgeoisie
Salim Tamari
Beir Zezt University

0 ne of the most dramatic consequences of the war of 1948 was the displace-
ment of whole urban communities in the coastal cities of Palestine during
the fateful months of March, April, and May. The flight of the upper classes,
composed of landlords, businessmen, and professionals, led to the disin tegra-
tion of the whole fabric of cities like Jaffa, Haifa, Acre, Ramleh, and Lyddah.
The flight of the Palestinian Arabs has been linked directly to the military aspects
of the war, in particular to the encirclement of those cities by the Haganah and
otherJewish irregular forces. Nevertheless,the relatively weak resistance of these
cities to the Israelis (compared to the 1936-1938 period) can be explained
largely by the initial exodus of these ciasses, given the patronage-based structure
of these communities.
The Mandate period (1922-1948), and more particularly the war years of
1940-1945, saw a vigorous growth of the coastal cities of Haifa,Jaf€a, Ramleh,
and Lyddah, particularly in capitalist agriculture (ie., citrus fruits) and in the
manufacturing and commercial sectors. The hegemonic classes in those cities
eclipsed the social and economic weight, but not the political role, of the upper
classes in the central highlands. While the notables of Jerusalem and Nablus
continued to appear as the leaders of Palestinian society, the coastal bourgeoisie