COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORRAMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Seminar Tittle: Quantum Computing

Group Member ID
1. Arega Alemu 1679/10
2. Kumesa Berisa 1703/10
3. Ekrem Ahmedin 1690/10
4. Abdu Redi 1669/10
5. Moyerisa Tekaligni

Submitted to:- Mr.Eyoba -----------------------------Submission Date

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1 What Is Quantum Computing....................................................................................................2
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM......................................................................................................3
3. Objectives of Quantum computing................................................................................................3
3.1 General objective.......................................................................................................................3
3.2 Specific objectives......................................................................................................................4
4. How Quantum Computing Works?................................................................................................4
5. Significances and Feasibility...........................................................................................................8
6. Advantages and Disadvantages...................................................................................................10
6.1 Advantages of Quantum Computing:..............................................................................10
6.2 Disadvantages of Quantum Computing:..........................................................................11
7. Limitation of Quantum computing..............................................................................................12
8. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................13
1. INTRODUCTION

343
Copyright © All rights are reserved by
Bahman Zohuri.
Modern Approaches on
Material Science
Review Article
What is Quantum
Computing and
How it Works,
Artificial

1|Page
Intelligence Driven
by Quantum
Computing
Bahman Zohuri1*, Farhang Mossavar
Rahmani2
1
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San Francisco, California,
USA
2
Professor of Finance and Director of
MBA School of Business and
Management, National University, San
Diego, California, USA
*Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri,
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate

2|Page
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San
Francisco, California, USA
Received: July 02, 2020
Published: August 11, 2020
Introduction
Quantum Computing (QC) is designed
and structured around
the usage of Quantum Mechanical (QM)
concepts and phenomena
such as superposition and entanglement
to perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum
computation are known as
Quantum Computers[1-5].Note that the
superposition from a
quantum point of view is a fundamental
principle of quantum
mechanics. The Quantum Superposition
(QS) states that, much like
waves in Classical Mechanics (CM) or
Classical Physics (CP), any
3|Page
two or more quantum states can be added
together (“superposed”),
and the result will be another valid
quantum state; and conversely,
that every quantum state can be
represented as a sum of two
or more other distinct
countries.Mathematically, it refers to a

property of solutions to the both

Schrödinger Time-Dependent
and Time-Independent Wave Equations;
since the Schrödinger
equation is linear, any linear combination
of solutions will also be a
solution.An example of a physically
observable manifestation of the
wave nature of quantum systems is the
interference peaks from an
electron beam in a double-slit
experiment, as illustrated in (Figure

4|Page
1).The pattern is very similar to the one
obtained by the diffraction
of classical waves. [6]. Quantum
computers are believed to be able
to solve some computational issues, such
as integer factorization,
 
 


 





of quantum information science
343
Copyright © All rights are reserved by
Bahman Zohuri.
Modern Approaches on
5|Page
Material Science
Review Article
What is Quantum
Computing and
How it Works,
Artificial
Intelligence Driven
by Quantum
Computing
Bahman Zohuri1*, Farhang Mossavar
Rahmani2

6|Page
1
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San Francisco, California,
USA
2
Professor of Finance and Director of
MBA School of Business and
Management, National University, San
Diego, California, USA
*Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri,
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San
Francisco, California, USA
Received: July 02, 2020
Published: August 11, 2020
Introduction
Quantum Computing (QC) is designed
and structured around

7|Page
the usage of Quantum Mechanical (QM)
concepts and phenomena
such as superposition and entanglement
to perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum
computation are known as
Quantum Computers[1-5].Note that the
superposition from a
quantum point of view is a fundamental
principle of quantum
mechanics. The Quantum Superposition
(QS) states that, much like
waves in Classical Mechanics (CM) or
Classical Physics (CP), any
two or more quantum states can be added
together (“superposed”),
and the result will be another valid
quantum state; and conversely,
that every quantum state can be
represented as a sum of two
or more other distinct
countries.Mathematically, it refers to a
8|Page
property of solutions to the both
Schrödinger Time-Dependent
and Time-Independent Wave Equations;
since the Schrödinger
equation is linear, any linear combination
of solutions will also be a
solution.An example of a physically
observable manifestation of the
wave nature of quantum systems is the
interference peaks from an
electron beam in a double-slit
experiment, as illustrated in (Figure
1).The pattern is very similar to the one
obtained by the diffraction
of classical waves. [6]. Quantum
computers are believed to be able
to solve some computational issues, such
as integer factorization,
 
 

9|Page

 





of quantum information science
343
Copyright © All rights are reserved by
Bahman Zohuri.
Modern Approaches on
Material Science
Review Article
What is Quantum
Computing and

10 | P a g e
How it Works,
Artificial
Intelligence Driven
by Quantum
Computing
Bahman Zohuri1*, Farhang Mossavar
Rahmani2
1
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San Francisco, California,
USA
2
Professor of Finance and Director of
MBA School of Business and

11 | P a g e
Management, National University, San
Diego, California, USA
*Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri,
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San
Francisco, California, USA
Received: July 02, 2020
Published: August 11, 2020
Introduction
Quantum Computing (QC) is designed
and structured around
the usage of Quantum Mechanical (QM)
concepts and phenomena
such as superposition and entanglement
to perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum
computation are known as
Quantum Computers[1-5].Note that the
superposition from a

12 | P a g e
quantum point of view is a fundamental
principle of quantum
mechanics. The Quantum Superposition
(QS) states that, much like
waves in Classical Mechanics (CM) or
Classical Physics (CP), any
two or more quantum states can be added
together (“superposed”),
and the result will be another valid
quantum state; and conversely,
that every quantum state can be
represented as a sum of two
or more other distinct
countries.Mathematically, it refers to a

property of solutions to the both

Schrödinger Time-Dependent
and Time-Independent Wave Equations;
since the Schrödinger
equation is linear, any linear combination
of solutions will also be a

13 | P a g e
solution.An example of a physically
observable manifestation of the
wave nature of quantum systems is the
interference peaks from an
electron beam in a double-slit
experiment, as illustrated in (Figure
1).The pattern is very similar to the one
obtained by the diffraction
of classical waves. [6]. Quantum
computers are believed to be able
to solve some computational issues, such
as integer factorization,
 
 


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
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


14 | P a g e
of quantum information science
343
Copyright © All rights are reserved by
Bahman Zohuri.
Modern Approaches on
Material Science
Review Article
What is Quantum
Computing and
How it Works,
Artificial

15 | P a g e
Intelligence Driven
by Quantum
Computing
Bahman Zohuri1*, Farhang Mossavar
Rahmani2
1
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San Francisco, California,
USA
2
Professor of Finance and Director of
MBA School of Business and
Management, National University, San
Diego, California, USA
*Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri,
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate

16 | P a g e
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San
Francisco, California, USA
Received: July 02, 2020
Published: August 11, 2020
Introduction
Quantum Computing (QC) is designed
and structured around
the usage of Quantum Mechanical (QM)
concepts and phenomena
such as superposition and entanglement
to perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum
computation are known as
Quantum Computers[1-5].Note that the
superposition from a
quantum point of view is a fundamental
principle of quantum
mechanics. The Quantum Superposition
(QS) states that, much like
waves in Classical Mechanics (CM) or
Classical Physics (CP), any
17 | P a g e
two or more quantum states can be added
together (“superposed”),
and the result will be another valid
quantum state; and conversely,
that every quantum state can be
represented as a sum of two
or more other distinct
countries.Mathematically, it refers to a

property of solutions to the both

Schrödinger Time-Dependent
and Time-Independent Wave Equations;
since the Schrödinger
equation is linear, any linear combination
of solutions will also be a
solution.An example of a physically
observable manifestation of the
wave nature of quantum systems is the
interference peaks from an
electron beam in a double-slit
experiment, as illustrated in (Figure

18 | P a g e
1).The pattern is very similar to the one
obtained by the diffraction
of classical waves. [6]. Quantum
computers are believed to be able
to solve some computational issues, such
as integer factorization,
 
 

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




of quantum information science
343
Copyright © All rights are reserved by
Bahman Zohuri.
Modern Approaches on
19 | P a g e
Material Science
Review Article
What is Quantum
Computing and
How it Works,
Artificial
Intelligence Driven
by Quantum
Computing
Bahman Zohuri1*, Farhang Mossavar
Rahmani2

20 | P a g e
1
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San Francisco, California,
USA
2
Professor of Finance and Director of
MBA School of Business and
Management, National University, San
Diego, California, USA
*Corresponding author: Bahman Zohuri,
Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate
University, Ageno School of Business,
Data Analytic, San
Francisco, California, USA
Received: July 02, 2020
Published: August 11, 2020
Introduction
Quantum Computing (QC) is designed
and structured around

21 | P a g e
the usage of Quantum Mechanical (QM)
concepts and phenomena
such as superposition and entanglement
to perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum
computation are known as
Quantum Computers[1-5].Note that the
superposition from a
quantum point of view is a fundamental
principle of quantum
mechanics. The Quantum Superposition
(QS) states that, much like
waves in Classical Mechanics (CM) or
Classical Physics (CP), any
two or more quantum states can be added
together (“superposed”),
and the result will be another valid
quantum state; and conversely,
that every quantum state can be
represented as a sum of two
or more other distinct
countries.Mathematically, it refers to a
22 | P a g e
property of solutions to the both
Schrödinger Time-Dependent
and Time-Independent Wave Equations;
since the Schrödinger
equation is linear, any linear combination
of solutions will also be a
solution.An example of a physically
observable manifestation of the
wave nature of quantum systems is the
interference peaks from an
electron beam in a double-slit
experiment, as illustrated in (Figure
1).The pattern is very similar to the one
obtained by the diffraction
of classical waves. [6]. Quantum
computers are believed to be able
to solve some computational issues, such
as integer factorization,
 
 

23 | P a g e

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


of quantum information science
Quantum computing was first proposed in the 1970s, it relies on quantum physics by taking
advantage of certain quantum physics properties of atoms or nuclei that allow them to work
together as quantum bits, or qubits, to be the computer's processor and memory. By
interacting with each other, qubits can perform certain calculations exponentially faster than
conventional computers.
Qubits do not rely on the traditional binary nature of computing. While traditional computers
encode information into bits using binary numbers, either a 0 or 1, and can only do
calculations on one set of numbers at once. Quantum computers encode information as a
series of quantum-mechanical states such as spin directions of electrons or polarization
orientations of a photon that:-
 might represent a 1 or a 0,
 might represent a combination of the two or
 Might represent a number expressing that the state of the qubit is somewhere between
1 and 0, or a superposition of many different numbers at once.

By doing a computation on many, different numbers at Once and, then interfering the results
to get a single answer, a quantum computer has the potential to be much more powerful than
a classical computer of the same size.

24 | P a g e
 1.1 What Is Quantum Computing

A quantum computer is a machine that performs calculations.

Quantum computing is an area of computing focused on developing computer technology

based on the principles of quantum theory, which explains the behaviour of energy and
material on the atomic and subatomic levels.

Classical computers that we use today can only encode information in bits that take the value
of 1 or 0. This restricts their ability.

Quantum computing, on the other hand, uses quantum bits or qubits. It harnesses the unique
ability of sub-atomic participles that allows them to exist in more than one state i.e. a 1 and a
0 at the same time.

25 | P a g e
Fig. Quantum computer

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem existed before:- The complexity of the commute optimization task is
mainly due to the three-time components processing, waiting and commuting time.

Why quantum computing?

With the unique features of quantum computing, obstacles to achieve AGI (Artificial General
Intelligence), can be eliminated. Quantum computing can be used for the rapid training of
machine learning models and to create optimized algorithms. Quantum AI is one of the most
likely solutions for next-generation AI.

I. Quantum computers reduce the complexity of certain computational tasks

One reason for quantum computers is that they will solve certain types of problems faster
than any (present or future) classical computer. – It seems the border between easy and hard
problems
 Easy problem: means that the time for solving the problem grows polynomials with
the length of the input data (like for the problem of multiplying two numbers).
 Hard problem: problems are those for which the required time grows exponentially.
E.g. Prominent
II. Quantum systems can efficiently simulate other quantum systems
 A classical simulation typically suffers from an exponential slowdown.
 Whereas another quantum system could in principle do the simulation efficiently with
bearable overhead.

3. Objectives of Quantum computing

26 | P a g e
 3.1 General objective

 In general, it is believed that quantum computers will help immensely with problems
related to optimization, which play key roles in everything from defence to financial
trading.
 The goal of quantum computing is to create the next generation of computers and
overcome classic computing limits.

3.2 Specific objectives

Quantum Computing is important to understand that they will likely speed-up for only
specific types of problems. Understand which problems are suited for quantum speed-up and
develop algorithms to demonstrate them.

 Classical computers carry out logical operations using the definite position of a physical state. A
single state - such as on or off, up or down, 1 or 0 - is called a bit.

 Quantum computers perform calculations based on the probability of an object's state

before it is measured - instead of just 1s or 0s.

4. How Quantum Computing Works?

The concept of a quantum computer is based on the Quantum theory of Physics.

Quantum perform calculations based on the probability of an object's state before it is
measured - instead of just 1s or 0s - which means they have the potential to process
exponentially more data compared to classical computers.

27 | P a g e
Fig. How Quantum computing work

 It was expected that Quantum computers would increase the computational power, which
means a computation that can take at least a year to get solved, when solved with a
normal computer system can be solved by a quantum computer in just a few seconds.

 This is the power of quantum computing. In some big brands such as Google, a quantum
computer has been successfully developed as well as experimented.

 Although it is an immensely powerful computer system, the structure and method of

using are too complicated.

Quantum computers perform calculations based on the probability of an object's state before

it is measured - instead of just 1s or 0s.

Classical computers carry out logical operations using the definite position of a physical state.
A single state - such as on or off, up or down, 1 or 0 - is called a bit. In quantum computing,
operations instead use the quantum state of an object to produce what is known as a qubit.

What are Qubits?

 Binary bit of 0 and 1in classic computing qubit is the basic building block of quantum
computing.

28 | P a g e
 Qubits are the storage units and data representation units in a quantum computer. In a
traditional computer, it uses bits to store and represent the data in the form of 0 and 1.

 In Quantum computers, data is represented either in the form of 0 or 1 or both

simultaneously.

 In addition, Qubits varies from bits because Qubits can remain in an intermediate state
until it is not readout. Qubits have the probability of being 0 and being 1 unless it is
measured.

 Qubits typically start life at 0, although they are often then moved into an indeterminate
state, which results in a qubit that will read out as 0 half the time and 1 the other half.
Other gates are available to flip the state of a qubit by varying amounts and directions
relative to both the 0 and 1 axes, and also a third axis that represents phase, and provides
additional possibilities for representing information.

2) Superposition: 

The data provided by the user is encoded in the form of Quantum bits in a Quantum computer
where these Qubits inherits the parallelism property. Due to parallelism property, the
Quantum systems are able to compute millions of computations in just one attempt.

superposition is when a Qubit can be in multiple states at the same time .Subsequently, if you
were playing the game with a quantum computer then the quantum computer will always

29 | P a g e
place itself in a superposition which will mean it is On and Off at the same time. Just before
the results are tested, they would switch themselves into the winning state.

Superposition is the unusual property of any quantum object to exist simultaneously in

multiple states like that in electrons where one of the states in the electron remains in a lower
energy state while the other stays at higher energy levels. So, the electron is prepared for
superposition of these two different energy states then there is some probability for the
electron to be present in the lower levels as well as some probability to be present in the
higher energy states too. 

The basic component of information in quantum computing is the qubit, which is only
possible to understand if we have the idea of superposition beforehand. In classical
computers, information is transferred in bits, which are the transistors that have two states, 0
and 1 (i.e. off state or on state). In quantum computing, qubits like electrons exhibit lower
and higher energy states corresponding to 0 and 1. Qubits are different from classical bits as
unlike classical bits qubits must always be in both 0 and 1 state due to their superposition
property which states that they have multiple different probabilities which we can manipulate
during computation by performing quantum operations.

The concept of Superposition is the simultaneous positioning of the Qubits. It means that the
Qubits (0 and 1) are the two sides of a coin, and when spinning the coin, either of the
outcomes is positioned. It can be 0 or 1. A Qubit default state is 0, which means it begins
from 0 and changes as got measured.

30 | P a g e
3) Entanglement: In quantum physics, there is a concept of Entanglement without which the
Qubits and Superposition are not powerful enough. The actual magic of Quantum computers
begins from Entanglement only.

The word 'Entanglement' describes that distance does not matter for the Quantum Bits. It
means the bond between the Qubits is highly strong that these Qubits affect each other even
placed at a far distance from one another.

Entanglement is a phenomenon in which quantum particles are defined in such a way that
none of them can be recognized without referencing the others. If there is any change in the
measurement of one particle then that change will immediately be reflected on the other
particles making it seem as if the information travelled even faster than the speed of light.

According to Entanglement, when increasing the number of Qubits, the number of those
correlations grows in an exponential manner. For example, there are 2 ncorrelations for n
number of Qubits. It makes it possible for the Quantum Computer to solve highly complex
problems that can just be a hope for a classical computer.

Applications of Quantum Computing

The following are some of the fields of quantum online application benefits, which can be
applied to make them more efficient than ever.

Artificial Intelligence:-Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a key and one of the best technologies
of quantum computing. 

Cryptography:-Most online security systems nowadays depend on the complexity of

factoring large numbers into primes. While this is possible by using digital computers to scan
through every possible factor. There are also innovative methods of quantum encryption that
are based on the one-way nature of quantum interdependence.

31 | P a g e
Data Analytics:-Quantum computing has the ability to solve problems on impressive scales
by engaging with complex material that might otherwise ignore. A particular field of study
called topological analysis helps to identify how certain geometric shapes behave in specific
ways.

With the introduction of a topological quantum computer, can do Simple calculations and
Make easier processed.

5. Significances and Feasibility

Quantum computers can solve problems, which, are impossible or would take a traditional
computer an impractical amount of time (a billion years) to solve.

What types of problems can Quantum Computers solve?

Quantum computers tend to be able to solve problems that have a very high search space. For
example, consider a database.

Quantum computing it is possible to solve such problems more efficiently and with less
computational complexity.

Example, a quantum algorithm called Grover’s

 Encryption and Cybersecurity: - Quantum computers will change the landscape of

data security.

Even though quantum computers would be able to crack many of today’s encryption
techniques

Predictions are that they would create hack proof replacements. These probably the most
known kind of problems that quantum computers can solve.

Example, the complex mathematical problem that is the core of the design of RSA encryption
and other public-key encryption schemes is factoring a product of two prime numbers.

 Chemistry Research: - Biological systems are extraordinarily complex; that is why it

is very challenging and time-consuming to model and simulate them.

Optimization problems include the traveling salesman problem, speech, and image
recognition.

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On the quantum side, we can use superposition, or quantum “parallelism” to check all possible
answers at the same time to solve these problems more efficiently.

Difference between Quantum and Classical Computers

 The memory of a classical computer is a string of 0s and 1s, and it can perform
calculations on only one set of numbers simultaneously. The memory of a quantum
computer is a quantum state that can be a superposition of different numbers.
 A quantum computer can do an arbitrary reversible classical computation on all the
numbers simultaneously. Performing a computation on many different numbers at the
same time and then interfering all the results to get a single answer, makes a quantum
computer much powerful than a classical one.

Comparison of Traditional and Quantum Computing

S.No Description Classical Quantum Computing

Computing

1 Information storage and Binary 0 or 1 Qubit

representation
2 Delivery of information Information can Information cannot
be be copied distributing
Copied Without
distributing.
3 Behaviour of Unidirectional l Multidirectional
information

How to get started in quantum computing

A circuit built with IBM’s online Quantum Experience tool looks like something out of an
introductory computer-science course. Logic gates, the building blocks of computation, based
on digital, transforming inputs into outputs. But this is a quantum circuit, and the gates
modify not the usual binary 1 or 0 bits, but qubits, the fundamental unit of quantum
computing. Unlike binary bits, qubits can exist as a ‘superposition’ of both 1 and 0, resolving
one way or the other only when measured. Quantum computing also exploits properties such
as entanglement, in which changing the state of one qubit also changes the state of another,
even at a distance.

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Those properties empower quantum computers to solve certain classes of problem more
quickly than classical computers.

How quantum Computing changes the future world

Create life-saving medicines and solve some of science’s most complex problems.

Help create more energy-efficient materials, better weather forecasting, and better financial
modelling.

Significant threat to cyber-security:- we are going to have to completely re-think the way
we secure commercial transactions (and all other data transfers) or none of them will be safe.

Threaten online banking transactions, all our communications, driverless cars and even our
elections.With deep learning computers can see, recognize and interact with the outside
world.

6. Advantages and Disadvantages

6.1 Advantages of Quantum Computing:

1. The main advantage of quantum computing is it can execute any task very faster when
compared to the classical computer, generally the atoms changes very faster in case of the
traditional computing whereas in quantum computing it changes even more faster.
2. But, not all the tasks can be done better by quantum computing when compared to
traditional computer.
3. In the quantum computing, qubit is the conventional superposition state and so there is
an advantage of exponential speedup, which is resulted by handle number of calculations.
4. The other advantage of quantum computing is even classical algorithm calculations are
also performed easily, which is similar to the classical computer.

The best example for a quantum algorithm is the quantum factorization algorithm.
Quantum computers can be used:-
 In cryptography for more, secure data encryptions.
 To better, predict patterns in weather.
 In stock markets for detecting problems.
 In Mathematical field for better optimizations.
 For the Google search engine to show the most relevant searches.

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 6.2 Disadvantages of Quantum Computing:

 The main disadvantage of computing is the technology required to implement a

quantum computer is not available at present.
 The reason for this is the consistent electron is damaged as soon as its environment
affects it and that electron is very much essential for the functioning of quantum
computers.
 According to theoretical research with quantum, computing every computer on this planet
will become vulnerable even nuclear codes can be hacked with quantum computing.
 The research for this problem is continuing the effort applied to identify a solution for this
problem has no positive progress.
 We need new Quantum algorithms to reach its full potential. Because without these
algorithms a Quantum computer will work only as a classical computer. In short, there
will be no advantage to a quantum computer without quantum algorithms
Futures of Quantum computing

a) Power full new resource for computation.

b) Complementary to classical computers.
c) Accessible through cloud.
d) Emergency of Quantum software ecosystem: Developer tools, Optimized algorithms,
applications.

7. Limitation of Quantum computing

The scaling problem itself is a result of quantum de-coherence—or, rather, wanting to

eliminate it. Quantum computers promise exponential speedup in solving certain types of
problems by using quantum principles like superposition and entanglement, but the use of
quantum states also leaves the quantum computer much more vulnerable to errors than a

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classical computer would be. These errors arise from de-coherence, a process in which the
environment interacts with the qubits, uncontrollably changing their quantum states and
causing information stored by the quantum computer to be lost.
De-coherence could come from many aspects of the environment: changing magnetic and
electric fields, radiation from warm objects nearby, or cross talk between qubits. Quantum
scientists have their work cut out for them in wrangling all of these potential sources of de-
coherence.

8. Conclusion

Quantum computing is still in its early stages of development, and many computer scientists
believe the technology needed to create a practical quantum computer is years away.
Quantum computers must have at least several dozen qubits to be able to solve real-world
problems, and thus serve as a viable computing method.

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 The basis of quantum computing is the Qubit. Unlike a normal computer bit, which
can be 0 or 1, a Qubit can be either of those, or a superposition of both 0 and 1.

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