12th Saiveera Academy Reduced Chemistry Guide Vol 1

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A
+2 REDUCED SYLLABUS
SAIVEERA ACADEMY’S GUIDE
CHEMISTRY GUIDE
VOL -I
(2020-2021 EDITION)
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UNIT - 1 METTALURGY
Book Inside One marks
1.Which metal is used for extraction of Au and Ag and also for galvanization of iron object?
a)Mg b) Zn c)Cr d)Co
Ans. b) Zn
2.Which of the following is not a mineral of aluminium?
a)Bauxite b) Cryolite
c) China clay d) Malachite
Ans. d) Malachite
3.Name the process by which elements such as germanium ,silicon and galium are refined.
a) Vapour phase method b) Electrolytic refining
c) Zone refining d) Van–Arkel method.
Ans. c) Zone refining
4.Which of the following will give respective metal by self reduction?
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a)galena(Pbs) b)HgS c)ZnS d)both (a)and(b)
Ans. d)both (a)and(b)
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5.In the extraction of copper from its sulphide ore, the metal is finally obtained by the
reduction of cuprous oxide with es
a)Iron sulphide(FeS) b) Carbon monoxide(CO)
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c) Copper (I)sulphide (Cu S)
2 2 d) Sulphur dioxide (SO )
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Ans. c)Copper (I)sulphide (Cu2S)

6.Which of the following mineral contains calcium as well as magnesium?
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a) Zinc blende b) Aragonite c) Dolomite d) Carnalite
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Ans. c) Dolomite
7.In the froth-floatation process the collectors such as pine oil and xanthates ,etc enhances.
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a) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in froth

b) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in water
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c) Non –wettability of the gangue particles in froth

d) Non –wettability of the gangue particles in water.
Ans. b) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in water
8.Concentration 0f copper glance is done by
a) leaching b) magnetic separation
c) froth flotation d) hydraulic washing
Ans. c) froth flotation
9. Zone refining is based on
a) fractional distillation b) simple distillation
c) sublimation d) fractional crystallization
Ans. d) fractional crystallization
10.Identify the halide ore among the following .
a) Epsom salt b) Pyrolusite c) Anglesite d) Rock salt
12th SAIVEERA ACADEMY’S CHEMISTRY REDUCED GUIDE VOL-I 1
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Ans. d) Rock salt
11.The process of heating of copper pyrites to remove sulphur is called
a)froth flotation b)roasting c) calcination d) smelting
Ans. b)roasting
12.Ignition mixture used in aluminothermic process is
a) Cr+Al2O3 b)Mg+BaO2 c) Al+Cr2O3 d) Ba+MgO
Ans. b)Mg+BaO2
13.Malachite has ___________ composition.
a) 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 b) CuCO3Cu(OH)2 c) Cu2O d) Cu2S
Ans. b) CuCO3Cu(OH)2
14.Zinc blende is ___________
a)ZnS b) PbS c) Ag2S d) Cu2S
Ans. a)ZnS
15.In acid leaching process, the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and
in
elemental ___________
a)Carbon b) Lead c) Sulphur d) Zinc
s.
Ans. c) Sulphur
a) Calcination b) Roasting
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16.Sulphide ore is converted to oxide form by using the process ___________
c) Smelting d) Leaching
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Ans. b) Roasting
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17.Magnetic separation it is based on the difference in the _______of the ore and the
impurities.
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a) Magnetic properties b) Chemical properties
c) Physical properties d) Melting point .
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Ans. a) Magnetic properties
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18.Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by____________

a) Carbon reduction process b) Nitrogen reduction process
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c) Oxygen reduction process d) All of these.

Ans. a) Carbon reduction process
19. In a metallurgical process , an acid flux is used for removing
a) slag b) basic flux c) acidic gangue d) basic gangue
Ans. d) basic gangue
20.Na[Ag(CN)2] is ______________.
a) Sodium aurocyanide b) Sodium meta aluminate
c) Aluminosilicate d) Sodium dicyano argentate
Ans. d) Sodium dicyano argentate
21.Semi conductors are purified by method __________
a) Zone refining b) Electrolytic refining
c) Mond’s process d) Bessemerisation
Ans. a) Zone refining
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22.Magnesite is
a) magnesium oxide b) magnesium carbonate
c) magnesium sulphate d) magnesium chloride
Ans. b) magnesium carbonate
23.In the metallurgy of iron, limestone is added to coke .which acts as a________
a) reducing agent b) oxidizing agent c) slag d) Flux
Ans. d) Flux
24.Froth flotation process is suitable for concentrating ___________ore.
a) Oxide b) Carbonate c) Sulphide d)Halide
Ans. c) Sulphide
25.Metal oxide is converted into metal by
a) Calcination b) Roasting c) Smelting d) Bessemerisation
Ans. c) Smelting
26.Sodium cyanide solution is used to extract___________ from its ores.
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a)Copper b)Silver c)Gold d) Both (b) and (c).
Ans. d) Both (b) and (c).
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27. Cr2O3 can be reduced by
a) Aluminothermic process es b) Mond́s process
c) Cyande process d) hydrogen reduction
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Ans. a) Aluminothermic process
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28. Find the odd one out

a) Sphalerite b) Galena c) Azurite d) Iron pyrite
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Ans. c) Azurite
29. Which is not refined by liquation?
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a) Tin b) Zinc c) Lead d) Bismuth
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Ans. b) Zinc
30. In froth floatation sodium ethyl Xanthate is used as a
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a) Collector b) depressing agent c) frothing agent d) Flux

Ans. a) Collector
31. Metals which do not form carbides with carbon at reduction temperature can be extracted
from their oxides by
a) Reduction by metal b) Reduction by hydrogen
Ans. c) Reduction by carbon d) Auto reduction
c) Reduction by carbon
32. Leaching process is a
a) reduction b) dehydration c) redox reaction d) dehydrogenation
Ans. c) redox reaction
33. The complex formed when NaCN is added to galena in which ZnS is the impurity
a) 2Na[Zn(CN)4] b) Na2[Zn(CN)4] c) 2Zn[Na(CN)-2] d) Na4[Zn(CN)4]
Ans. b) Na2[Zn(CN)4]
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34. In the froth floatation process for the purification of ores the particles that because
a) they are light b) their surface is not easily wetted by water
c)they bear electrostatic charge d) they are insoluble
Ans. b) their surface is not easily wetted by water
35. Which method is based on the solubility of the ore in a suitable solvent
a) Gravity separation b) Hydraulic wash
c) Leaching d) Magnetic separation
Ans. c) Leaching
36. The process of Gold is reduced to its elemental state (Zero oxidation state) is called
a) oxidation b) cementation c) galvanization d) smelting
Ans. b) cementation
37. Which of the following ores undergoing Ammonia leaching process ?
a) Ni, Cu, CO b) Fe , Cu, Co c) Zn, Cu, Al d) Hg, Zn, Al
Ans. a) Ni, Cu, CO
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38. Tin stone , Chromite and Pyrolusite are concentrated by ------------- process.
a) Gravity separation b) Hydraulic wash
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c) Froth flotation d) Magnetic separation
Ans. d) Magnetic separation es
39.The process of ore into metal oxide with absence of air is called
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a) Oxidation b) Cementation c) Galvanization d) Calcination
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Ans. d) Calcination
40. Which oxides will decompose on heating even in the absence of a reducing agent.
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a) Ag2O, HgO b) FeO, CaO c) SiO2, FeO d) MgO, HgO
Ans. a) Ag2O, HgO
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41. Which is the correct order of reactivity of metals
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a) Zn > Cu < Ag b) Zn < Cu < Ag c) Cu > Zn < Ag d) Zn > Cu > Ag

Ans. d) Zn > Cu > Ag
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42. Metals having low melting points such as tin, lead, mercury and bismuth are refined by
a) Distillation b) Liquation c) Electrolytic d) Zone refining
Ans. b) Liquation
43. Which type of leaching process convert insoluble sulphide ore into soluble sulphates?
a) cyanide leaching b) alkali leaching c) acid leaching d) hand picking
Ans. c) acid leaching
44. Depressing agents used to separate ZnS from PbS is
a) NaCN b) NaCl c) NaNO3 d) NaNO2
Ans. a) NaCN
45. Froth flotation process is applicable for
a) oxide ores b) carbonate ores c) chloride ores d) sulphide ores
Ans. d) sulphide ores
46. Oxide ores are concentrated by
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a) hand picking b) hydraulic washing
c) froth floatation d) magnetic separation process
Ans. b) hydraulic washing
Answer the following questions
Book Back
1.What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained by Minerals that contain high percentage of
mining which contain the metals in free metal from which it can be extracted
state or in the form of compounds like conveniently and economically are called
oxides, sulphides etc. are called minerals. ores.
All minerals are not ores All ores are minerals
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Ex : Clay – Mineral of aluminium Ex : Bauxite – Ore of aluminium
s.
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2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
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1) Concentration of the ore.
2) Extraction of the crude metal.
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3) Refining of the crude metal.

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3. What is the role of Limestone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3?
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In the extraction of iron , a basic flux limestone is used. Limestone decomposes to form
CaO which reacts with silica gangue present in the iron ore is acidic in nature to form
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calcium silicate (slag)
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CaCO3 CaO + CO2

CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s)
Flux Gangue slag
4.Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give two
examples for such ores.
Sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
E.x : Galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS)
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.
✓ Impure nickel is heated in a stream of carbon monoxide at around 350K. Nickel reacts
with CO to form a highly volatile nickel tetracarbonyl. The solid impurities are left
behind.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) NiCO4(g)
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✓ On heating nickel tetra carbonyl around 460K, the complex decomposes to give pure
nickel.
Ni(CO)4(g) Ni(s) + 4CO(g)
6. Explain zone refining process with an example
1) The principle used in this process is fractional crystallisation.
2) When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to
remain in the molten region. i.e impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the
solid state metal.
3) In this process the impure metal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of the rod is
heated using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
4) When the heater is slowly moved to the other end pure metal crystallises while
impurities will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed due to the movement of
the heater.
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5) As the heater moves further away, the molten zone containing impurities also moves
along with it.
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6) This process is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction
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again and again to achieve the desired purity level.
7) This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of
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metals.
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8) Germanium, Silicon and gallium which are used as semiconductor are refined by this
process.
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10.Explain the following terms with suitable examples. i) Gangue ii) Slag
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i) Gangue
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The non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter present in the ores are
called gangue.
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E.x : SiO2 is the gangue present in the iron ore Fe2O3.

ii) Slag
Slag is a fusible chemical substance formed by the reaction of gangue with a flux.
In the extraction of iron , a basic flux limestone is used. Limestone decomposes to form
CaO which reacts with silica gangue present in the iron ore is acidic in nature to form
calcium silicate (slag)
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s)
Flux Gangue slag
11.Give the basic requirement for vapour phase refining.
✓ The metal should form a volatile compound , when treated with a suitable reagent
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✓ Then the volatile compound should decomposed to give the pure metal.
12. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.
i) Silica in the extraction of copper.
ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium.
iii) Iodine in the refining of Zirconium.
iv) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation.
i) In the extraction of copper silica acts as an acidic flux to remove FeO as slag FeSiO3 .
FeO + SiO2 (s) FeSiO3
Flux Slag
ii) Cryolite serves as an added impurity and lowers the melting point of the Al 2O3 .
iii) First Iodine forms a Volatile tetraiodide with impure metal, which decomposes to give
pure metal. Impure zirconium metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine to form the
in
volatile zirconium tetraiodide (ZrI4). The impurities are left behind, as they do not react
with iodine.
s.
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iv) Sodium cyanide acts as a depressing agent in froth floatation process. When a sulphide
ore of a metal of interest contains other metal sulphides the depressing agent sodium cyanide
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selectively prevent other metal sulphides from coming to the froth.
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13. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.

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Crude metal is refined by electrolysis carried out in an electrolytic cell.
1) Cathode : Thin strips of pure metal.
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2) Anode : Impure metal to be refined.
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3) Electrolyte : Aqueous solution of the salt of the metal with dilute acid.
4) As current is passed, the metal of interest dissolves from the anode and pass into the
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5) electrolytic solution.
6) At the same time same amount of metal ions from the electrolytic solution will be
deposited at the cathode.
7) Less electro positive impurities in the anode settle down as anode mud.
Electro refining of silver
1) Cathode : Pure silver
2) Anode : Impure silver rods.
3) Electrolyte : Acidified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
4) On passing current the following reactions will take place.
5) Reaction at anode : 2Ag (s) Ag + (aq) + 1e−
6) Reaction at cathode : Ag + (aq) + 1e− Ag
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7) During electrolysis, at the anode the silver atoms lose electrons and enter the solution.
The positively charged silver cations migrate towards the cathode and get discharged
by gaining electrons and deposited on the cathode.
Evaluate Yourself
1.Write the equation for the extraction of silver by teaching with sodium cyanide and
show that the teaching process is a redox reaction.
The crushed ore of argentite (Ag2S) is leached with sodium cyanide solution. This reaction
forms sodium argento cyanide Na[Ag(CN)2].
Step 1: Ag2S + 4NaCN ⇌ 2Na [Ag(CN)2 + Na2S
The solution of sodium argento cyanide combines with zinc dust and forms sodium tetra
cyano zincate and precipated silver.
Step 2: Zn + 2 Na[Ag(CN)2] Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Ag
(0) (oxidation) (2+)
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In the step 2, redox reaction takes place, Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4]
(2+) (+1) (0)
s.
Zn Zn (oxidation) Na[Ag(CN)2 2Ag↓
(+1) (0) es
Ag Ag (reduction)
(reduction)
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2. Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) is calcined to obtain magnesia, which is used to

make refractory bricks. Write the decomposition reaction.
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Magnesite is a carbonate of magnesium. Magnesite when heated at 800˚C to 1000˚C at the
CO2 content in it is driven off. The residue so obtained is known as calcined magnesite.
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MgCO3 800˚C to 1000˚C MgO + CO2↓
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(Magnesite) (Magnesia)
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4. Metallic sodium is extracted by the electrolysis of brine (aq. NaCl). After electrolysis
the electrolytic solution becomes basic in nature. Write the possible electrode reactions.
Brine is a solution of sodium chloride (molten state).The process of electrolysis involves
using an electric current to bring about a chemical change and make new chemicals. In the
electrolysis of brine, sodium ions migrate to the cathode, where electrons enter to the melt
and are reduced in sodium metal.
Na+ + e Na ( at cathode )
Chloride ions migrate the other way toward the anode. They give up their electrons to the
anode and are oxidized to chlorine gas.
Cl− - ½ Cl2 + 𝑒 − ( at anode )
Overall reaction: 2Nacl 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
For aqueous solution of NaCl: H2O +2𝑒 − H2 ↑ + OH − ( at cathode )
Cl-- ½ Cl2 + 𝑒 − ( at anode )
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Overall reaction: Nacl(aq) + H2O(I) Na+(aq) + OH − aq) + H2 (g) + ½ Cl2 (g)
After electrolysis the electrolytic solution becomes basic in nature.
Book Inside
Short Answers
1. What is concentration of ores?
The removal of non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter (called as
gangue) from the ores is known as concentration of ores.
2. What is leaching?
The process of dissolving metal present in an ore in a suitable solvent to form a
soluble metal salt or complex leaving the gangue undissolved is called leaching.
3. What is ammonia leaching?
✓ Crushed ore containing nickel, copper and cobalt is treated with aqueous ammonia
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under suitable pressure.
s.
✓ Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes namely
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[Ni(NH3)6]2+ , [Cu(NH3)4]2+ from the ore leaving behind the gangue, iron(III)
oxides/hydroxides and aluminosilicate.
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4. In the extraction of metal ore is first converted into metal oxide before reduction into
metal. why?
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✓ In the concentrated ore the metal exists in positive oxidation state and hence it is to be
reduced to elemental state.
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✓ From the principles of thermodynamics the reduction of oxide is easier compared to
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the reduction of other compounds of metal.

✓ Hence before reduction the ore is first converted into metal oxide.
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5. How will you extract the metal by the process of reduction by carbon.
✓ In this method oxide ore of the metal is mixed with coal (coke) and heated strongly in
a blast furnace.
✓ This method can be applied to metals which do not form carbides with carbon at the
reduction temperature.
ZnO(s) + C Zn(S) + CO(g) ↑
6. Explain auto reduction of metallic ores?
✓ Simple roasting of some of the metallic ores give the crude metal.
✓ Use of reducing agent is not necessary.
✓ Cinnabar is roasted to give mercury.
HgS(s) + O2 (g) Hg + SO2 ↑
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7.What do you meant by Refining process ?
✓ The metal extracted from its ore contains some impurities such as unreacted oxide ore,
other metals, non metals etc...
✓ Removal of such impurities associated with the isolated crude metal is called refining
process.
8.Which method is used to refine volatile metals? Explain it
✓ Distillation method is employed for low boiling volatile metals like zinc (boiling point
1180 K) and mercury (630 K).
✓ In this method, the impure metal is heated to evaporate and the vapours are condensed
to get pure metal.
9. Explain liquation with suitable example
1. This method, is employed to remove the impurities with high melting points from
in
metals having relatively low melting points such as tin (Sb; mp = 904 K), lead (Pb; mp
= 600 K), mercury (Hg; mp =234 K), and bismuth (Bi; mp =545 K).
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2. In this process, the crude metal is heated to form fusible liquid and allowed to flow on
a sloping surface. es
3. The impure metal is placed on sloping hearth of a reverberatory furnace and it is
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heated just above the melting point of the metal in the absence of air, the molten pure
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metal flows down and the impurities are left behind.

4. The molten metal is collected and solidified.
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10.What do you meant by cementation?
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Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with zinc. In
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this process the gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation sate) and the process is
called cementation.
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𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 2[𝐴𝑢(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) 2[𝑍𝑛(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐴𝑢

11.Explain Cyanide leaching
In the concentration of gold ore , the crushed ore of gold is leached with aerated dilute
solution of sodium cyanide. Gold is converted into a soluble cyanide complex. The gangue,
aluminosilicate remains insoluble.
4Au (s) + 8CN− (aq) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) 4[Au(CN)2]− (aq) + 4OH− (aq)
12. What is Acid leaching
Leaching of sulphide ores such as ZnS, PbS etc., can be done by treating them with hot
aqueous sulphuric acid.
2ZnS (s) + 2H SO (aq) + O (g) 2ZnSO (aq) + 2S (s) + H O
2 4 2 4 2
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In this process the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental
sulphur
13.Write the differences between roasting and calcination
Roasting Calcination
In this concentrated ore is oxidised by It is the process in which the concentrated
heating it with excess of oxygen in a ore is strongly heated in the absence of air
suitable furnace below the melting point of or limited supply of air below the melting
the metal. point of the metal
It is used for concentrating sulphide ores It is used for concentrating carbonate ores
During this process SO2 is released During this process CO2 is released
14.List out the common refining methods
1. Distillation
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2. Liquation
s.
3. Electrolytic refining
4. Zone refining es
5. Vapour phase method
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15.ZnO can be reduced to the metal by heating with carbon but not Cr2O3.Jusitify your
answer
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Carbon has more affinity for oxygen than zinc , whereas chromium has higher affinity
for oxygen than zinc.Hence ZnO can be reduced to the metal by heating with carbon but not
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Cr2O3
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16.What is smelting?
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It is a process of reducing the roasted metallic oxide to metal in molten condition .In
this process , impurities are removed by addition of flux as slag
17.What is blister copper? How it is obtained ?
✓ It is an impure copper.
✓ In Bessemerization process , the metallic copper is solidified and it has blistered
appearance due to evolution of SO2 gas formed in this process. This copper is called
blistered copper.
18. Give two examples of metal refined by a) Distillation b) Liquation c) Electrolytic
refining
a) Distillation – Zinc and Mercury
b) Liquation – Tin and Antimony
c) Electrolytic refining – Copper and Zinc
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Long answers
1. Explain froth floatation method.
✓ This is used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS) Zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
✓ Metallic ore particles preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
✓ Crushed ore is mixed with water and a frothing agent like pine oil or eucalyptus oil.
✓ A small amount of sodium ethyl xanthate is added as a collector.
✓ A froth is formed by blowing air through the mixture.
✓ The collector molecules attach to the ore particles and make them water repellent.
✓ As a result ore particles wetted by the oil rise to the surface along with the froth.
✓ The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover the concentrated ore.
✓ Gangue particles preferentially wetted by
water settle at the bottom.
✓ If the sulphide ore contains other metal
sulphides as impurities, they are selectively
in
prevented from coming to the froth by using
depressing agents like sodium cyanide,
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sodium carbonate etc.
✓ Sodium cyanide depresses the floatation es
property of the impurity ZnS present in
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galena
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✓ (PbS) by forming a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.

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2. Explain about concentration of ore by Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash
1. In this method, the ore having high specific gravity is separated from the gangue that
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has low specific gravity by simply washing with running water.
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2. Ore is crushed to a finely powdered form and treated with rapidly flowing current of
water. During this process the lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running
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water.
3. This method is generally applied to concentrate the native ore such as gold and oxide
ores such as hematite (Fe2O3), tin stone (SnO2) etc.
3. Explain about Magnetic separation
1. This method is applicable to ferromagnetic ores and
it is based on the difference in the magnetic
properties of the ore and the impurities.
2. For example tin stone can be separated from the
wolframite impurities which is magnetic. Similarly,
ores such as chromite, pyrolusite having magnetic
property can be removed from the non magnetic
siliceous impurities.
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3. The crushed ore is poured on to an electromagnetic separator consisting of a belt
moving over two rollers of which one is magnetic.
4. The magnetic part of the ore is attracted towards the magnet and falls as a heap close
to the magnetic region while the nonmagnetic part falls away from it
4. Explain about Van-Arkel method for refining zirconium/titanium [OR]
Explain the method to purify Titanium metal [OR]
How will you purify metals by using iodine ?
1. This method is based on the thermal decomposition of metal compounds which lead to
the formation of pure metals.
2. Titanium and zirconium can be purified using this method.
3. The impure titanium metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine at a
temperature of 550 K to form the volatile titanium tetra-iodide.(TiI4).
4. The impurities are left behind, as they do not react with iodine
in
Ti (s) + 2I2 (s) TiI4 (vapour)
5. The volatile titanium tetraiodide vapour is passed over a tungsten filament at a
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temperature aroud 1800 K.
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6. The titanium tetraiodide is decomposed and pure titanium is deposited on the filament.
The iodine is reused.
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Ti (s) + 2I2 (s) TiI 4 (vapour)
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5.Explain about alkali leaching [OR]

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How will you get pure alumina from impure alumina using leaching ? [OR]
What is the significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium?
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✓ In this method, the ore is treated with aqueous alkali to form a soluble complex.
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✓ Bauxite, an important ore of aluminium is heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide

or sodium carbonate in the temperature range 470 - 520 K at 35 atm to form soluble
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sodium meta-aluminate leaving behind the impurities, iron oxide and titanium oxide.
Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 3H2O (l) 2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq)
✓ The hot solution is decanted, cooled, and diluted. This solution is neutralised by
passing CO2 gas, to the form hydrated Al2O3 precipitate.
2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq) + CO2 (g) Al2O3.xH2O (s) + 2NaHCO3 (aq)
✓ The precipitate is filtered off and heated around 1670 K to get pure alumina Al2O3.
6.Explain about extraction of copper from copper pyrite
1. Ore is concentrated by froth flotation process
2. The concentrated ore is heated in a reverberatory furnace after mixing with silica, an
acidic flux. The ferrous oxide formed due to melting is basic in nature and it combines
with silica to form ferrous silicate (slag).
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3. The remaining metal sulphides Cu2S and FeS are mutually soluble and form a copper
matte.
2CuFeS2 (s)+ O2 (g) 2FeS (l)+ 2Cu2S (l)+ 2SO2 (g)
FeS (l) + O (g) FeO (l) + SO2 (g)
FeO (s) + SiO2 (s) FeSiO3 (s)
Flux Gangue Slag
4. The matte is separated from the slag and fed to the converting furnace. During
conversion, the FeS present in the matte is first oxidised to FeO. This is removed by
slag formation with silica. The remaining copper sulphide is further oxidised to its
oxide which is subsequently converted to metallic copper as shown below.
5. The metallic copper is solidified and it has blistered appearance due to evolution of
SO2 gas formed in this process. This copper is called blistered copper.
Cu2S (l,s) + 3O2 (g) 2Cu2S (l,s) + 2SO2 (g)
2Cu2O (l) + Cu2S (l) 6Cu (l) + SO2 (g)
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7. Explain aluminothermite process
s.
Metallic oxides such as Cr2O3 can be reduced by an aluminothermite process.
es
In this process, the metal oxide is mixed with aluminium powder and placed in a fire clay
crucible. To initiate the reduction process, an ignition mixture (usually magneisium and
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barium peroxide) is used.
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BaO2 + Mg BaO + MgO

During the above reaction a large amount of heat is evolved (temperature up to 2400°C, is
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generated and the reaction enthalpy is : 852 kJ mol-1) which facilitates the reduction of
Cr2O3 by aluminium power.
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Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3
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es
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UNIT -2 p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - I
1. Group no 13 to 18 in the periodic table belongs to which elements.
a) s block b) p block c) d block d) f block
Ans : b) p block
2. Which allotrope is soft and conducts electricity with hexagonal net of sp2 hybridisation of
Carbon
a) Diamond b) Fullerenes c) Graphene d) Graphite
Ans : d) Graphite
3.Which type of elements that show only positive oxidation state
a) s block b) p block c) d block d) f block
Ans : a) s block
4. Group no 13 in the periodic table is called as
a) Tetragens b) Pnictogens c) Chalcogens d) Icosagens
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Ans : d) Icosagens
s.
Ans : a) Tetragens es
6. Group no 15 in the periodic table is called
pr
ex
Ans : b) Pnictogens
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a) Tetragens b) Pnictogens c) Chalcogen d) Icosagens
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Ans : c) Chalcogen
8.Generally on descending a group the Ionisation energy decreases , metallic character will
w.
a) increases b) decreases c) no change d) none of these

Ans : a) increases
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9. Which isotope is used as moderator in nuclear reactors?

a) 10B5 b) B3N c) 4He2 d)40Ca20
Ans : a) 10B5
10. Which of the following elements is/are non metals?
a) Carbon , Nitrogen b) Phosphorus , Oxygen c) Sulphur ,Selenium d) All of these
Ans : d) All of these
11. The compound used in eye drops and antiseptics is
a) boron nitride b) boric acid
c) sodium meta borate d) boron tri oxide
Ans : b) boric acid
12. The most stable form of allotropes of carbon is
a) graphite b) diamond c) fullerene d) carbon nano tubes
Ans : a) graphite
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13. Which one of the following is more stable?
a) Ti+4 b) Ti+3 c) Ti+ d) Ti+2
Ans : c) Ti+
14. Potash alum is
a)K2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O b) FeSO4 . (NH4)SO4 . 6H2O
c) Na2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O d) (NH4)2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O
Ans : a)K2SO4 . Al2(SO4)3 . 24H2O
15. Which one have graphite like tubes with fullerene ends and stronger than steel.
a) Diamond b) Carbon nanotubes c) Graphene d) Graphite
Ans : b) Carbon nanotubes
16. Group 18 elements are inert because of their
a) unstable incompletely filled orbitals b) stable completely filled orbitals
c) half filled orbitals d) stable nucleus
Ans : b) stable completely filled orbitals
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17.Oxidising acids reacts with Boron it gives
a) Boric acid b) H3BO3 c) B(OH)3 d) All of these
s.
Ans : d) All of these
18.Which is essential for the cell walls of plants
a) B b) C
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c) Zn d) Al
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Ans : a) B
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19. The substance which is hard and not conducts electricity with tetrahedral net of sp3
hybridisation of Carbon allotrope
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a) Diamond b) Fullerenes c) Graphene d) Graphite
Ans : a) Diamond
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20. Which is used for the identification of coloured metal ions
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a) Borax b) Boric acid c) Sodium borate d) Octahedral borax

Ans : a) Borax
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21. When heated at red hot , Boric acid gives which glassy mass substance
a) boric acid b) boric oxide c) sodium borate d) boric anhydride
Ans : d) boric anhydride
22. When boric acid reacted with ethyl alcohol in presence of conc.Sulphuric acid it gives
a) Borax b) trialkylborate c) Sodium borate d) Octahedral borax
Ans : b) trialkylborate
23. Boric acid heated with soda ash it gives
a) Borax b) Boric acid c) Sodium borate d) Octahedral borax
Ans : a) Borax
24. Which one is used as an antiseptic and as an eye lotion
a) Borax anhydride b) Boric acid
c) Sodium borate d) Borax
Ans : d) Borax
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25. The hybridization of carbon atom in graphite is
a) sp b) sp2 c) sp3 d) sp3d
Ans : b) sp2
26. General empirical formula of silicone is
a) (R2SiO) b) (RSiO) c) (R2CO) d) (RSiH)
Ans : a) (R2SiO)
27. The compound used as a flux in metallurgy?
a) boron nitride b) boron oxide c) boron fluoride d) borax
Ans : d) borax
28. These are obtained by blending silicones with acrylic esters
a) cyclic silicones b) silicone rubbers c) silicon resins d) silicates
Ans : c) silicon resins
29. How many allotropes possible for boron?
a) 1 b) 4 c) 6 d) 7
in
Ans : c) 6
30. The formula of colemanite is
s.
a) Na2B4O7 b) Na2B4O7.10H2O c) Ca2B6O11 d) NaBO2
Ans : c) Ca2B6O11 es
31. More toxic element in boron family is
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a) Boron b) Aluminium c) Gallium d) Thallium
ex
Ans : d) Thallium
32.Borax glass is
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a) Na2B4O7. 5H2O b) B2O3 . NaBO2 c) Na2B4O7 d) H3BO3
Ans : c) Na2B4O7
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33. Inert pair effect is observed in groups.
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a) 14,15 b) 13,14,15 c) 13,14,15,16 d) all of these

Ans : c) 13,14,15,16
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34. Which one is used for purification of water and styptic agent to arrest bleeding
a) Potash alum b) Zinc oxide c) Zinc carbonate d) Borax
Ans : a) Potash alum
Answer the following
Book Back
1.Write the Anomalous properties of the first elements of p – block
In p-block elements, the first member of each group differs from the other elements of the
corresponding group. The following factors are responsible for this anomalous behaviour .
1. Small size of the first member
2.High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity
3. Absence of d orbitals in their valance shell
✓ The first member of the group 13, boron is a metalloid while others are reactive metals
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✓ In group 14, the first element carbon is strictly a nonmetal while other elements are
metalloids (silicon & germanium) or metals (tin & lead).
✓ In group 15 Nitrogen is a diatomic gas unlike the other members of the group.
✓ In group 16, the first element, oxygen also exists as a diatomic gas in that group. Due
to its high electronegativity it forms hydrogen bonds.
✓ The first element of group 17, fluorine the most electronegative element. It shows only
-1 oxidation state while the other halogens have +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation states in
addition to -1 state. The fluorine also is the strongest oxidising agent and the most
reactive element among the halogens.
2. Describe briefly allotropism in p- block elements with specific reference to carbon.
Some elements exist in more than one crystalline or molecular forms in the same physical
state. This phenomenon is called allotropism and the different forms of an element are called
allotropes.
in
Allotropes of carbon ; Diamond , graphite , fullerene , carbon nanotubes
s.
Graphite
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✓ It is the most stable allotropic form of carbon at normal temperature and pressure.
✓ It is soft and conducts electricity.
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✓ It is composed of flat two dimensional sheets of carbon atoms.
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✓ Each sheet is a hexagonal net of sp2 hybridised carbon atoms with a C − C bond length
of 1.41 Å which is close to the C-C bond distance in benzene (1.40 Å).
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✓ Each carbon atom forms three σ bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms using
three of its valence electrons and the fourth electron present in the unhybridised p
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orbital forms a π-bond. These π electrons are delocalised over the entire sheet which is
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responsible for its electrical conductivity.

✓ The successive carbon sheets are held together by weak van der Waals forces.
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✓ The distance between successive sheet is 3.40 Å.

✓ It is used as a lubricant either on its own or as a graphited oil.
Diamond
✓ It is very hard.
✓ The carbon atoms in diamond are sp3 hybridised and bonded to four neighbouring
carbon atoms by σ bonds with a C-C bond length of 1.54 Å.
✓ This results in a tetrahedral arrangement around each carbon atom that extends to the
entire lattice.
✓ There is no free electrons for conductivity.
✓ It is used for sharpening hard tools, cutting glasses, making bores and rock drilling.
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Fullerenes
✓ These allotropes are discrete molecules such as C32, C50, C60, C70, C76 etc..
✓ These molecules have cage like structures.
✓ The C60 molecules have a soccer ball like structure and is called buckminster fullerene
or buckyballs. It has a fused ring structure consists of 20 six membered rings and 12
five membered rings.
✓ Each carbon atom is sp2 hybridised and forms thee σ bonds & a delocalised π bond
giving aromatic character to these molecules.
✓ The C-C bond distance is 1.44 Å and C = C distance 1.38 Å.
Carbon nanotubes
✓ It is recently discovered allotropes, have graphite like tubes with fullerene ends.
✓ Along the axis, these nanotubes are stronger than steel and conduct electricity.
✓ It is used in nanoscale electronics, catalysis, polymers and medicine.
in
3.Give the uses of Borax
s.
It is used in
1) Identification of coloured metal ions es
2) Manufacture optical and borosilicate glass, enamels and glazes for pottery
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3) Flux in metallurgy and also acts as a good preservative
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4.What is catenation ? describe the catenation property of carbon.

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✓ Catenation is an ability of an element to form chain of atoms
✓ Carbon possesses all the below properties and forms a wide range of compounds with
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itself and with other elements such as H, O, N, S and halogens
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Conditions necessary for catenation

1) The valency of element is greater than or equal to two,
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2) Element should have an ability to bond with itself

3) The self bond must be as strong as its bond with other elements
4) Kinetic inertness of catenated compound towards other molecules
7. Give Uses of silicones
The are used for
1) Low temperature lubrication and in vacuum pumps, high temperature oil baths etc...
2) Making water proofing clothes
3) Insulting material in electrical motor and other appliances
4) Mixed with paints and enamels to make them resistant towards high temperature,
sunlight, dampness and chemicals.
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11. Write a note on metallic nature of p-block elements
1) The tendency of an element to form a cation by losing electrons is known as
electropositive or metallic character. This character depends on the ionisation energy.
Generally on descending a group the ionisation energy decreases and hence the
metallic character increases.
2) In p-block, the elements present in lower left part are metals while the elements in the
upper right part are non metals.
3) Elements of group 13 have metallic character except the first element boron which is a
metalloid, having properties intermediate between the metal and nonmetals.
4) The atomic radius of boron is very small and it has relatively high nuclear charge and
these properties are responsible for its nonmetallic character.
5) In the subsequent groups the non-metallic character increases. In group 14 elements,
carbon is a nonmetal while silicon and germanium are metalloids.
6) In group 15, nitrogen and phosphorus are non metals and arsenic & antimony are
in
metalloids. In group 16, oxygen, sulphur and selenium are non metals and tellurium is
a metalloid. All the elements of group 17 and 18 are non metals.
s.
10.Give one example for each of the following es
i) Icosogens ii)Prictogen iii)Tetragen iv)Chalcogens
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i) Icosogens – Boron , Aluminium
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ii)Prictogen – Nitrogen , Antimony

iii)Tetragen – Carbon , tin
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iv)Chalcogens – Oxygen , Sulphur
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12. Complete the following reactions
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∆
i) B(OH)3 + NH3 → BN + 3H2 O
ii) Na2 B4 O7 + H2 SO4 + 5H2 O Na2 SO4 + 4H3 BO3
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iv) B2 H6 + 6CH3 OH 2B(OCH3 )3 + 6H2

v) 4BF3 + 39H2 O 4H3 BO3 + 3𝐻+ + 3[BF4 ]−
13.How will you identify presence of borate radical?
When boric acid or borate salt is heated with ethyl alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric
acid, an ester, trialkylborate is formed. The vapour of this ester burns with a green edged
flame and this reaction is used to identify the presence of borate.
2 4 CONC H SO
4H3 BO3 + 3C2 H5 OH → B(OC2 H5 )3 + 3H2 O
15.How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride ?
∆
B(OH)3 + NH3 → BN + 3H2 O
Fusion of urea with boric acid in the atmosphere of ammonia at 800-1200 K gives boron
nitride
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17. A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500K gives
(B). aqueous solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour
compound with alizarin. Identify A and B.
A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) is potash alum
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐊
K 2 SO4 . Al2 (SO4 )3 .24H2 O → K 2 SO4 . Al2 (SO4 )3 + 24H2 O
(A) (B)
Aqueous solution of burnt alum has sulphate ion , potassium ion , aluminium ion .Sulphate
ion reacts with BaCl2 to form a white precipitate of Barium sulphate
SO2−4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2Cl−
Evaluate Yourself
1.Why 19 group elements are called inert gases ? Write the general electronic
configuration of group 18 elements
in
✓ They have completely filled s and p orbital , hence they are more stable and have least
s.
reactivity .
✓ General electronic configuration of group 18 elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6
es
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Book Inside
Short Answers
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1.What is burnt alum?

The aqueous solution is acidic due to the hydrolysis of aluminium sulphate it melts at 365 K
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on heating. At 475 K loses water of hydration and swells up. The swollen mass is known as
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burnt alum.
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2. What do you meant by prismatic form?

2-
Borax contains, tetranuclear units [B4O5. (OH)4] . This form is known as prismatic form
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3. List out the allotropes of phosphorous
White phosphorous, Red phosphorous, Scarlet phosphorous, Violet phosphorous,
Black phosphorous.
4.What is inert pair effect?
In heavier post-transition metals, the outer s electrons (ns) have a tendency to remain
inert and show reluctance to take part in the bonding, which is known as inert pair effect.
5. How does Silicon and boron exist in diagonal relationship . Explain with statement
✓ The oxides of boron and silicon are similar in their acidic nature. Both boron and
silicon form covalent hydrides that can be easily hydrolysed.
✓ Similarly, except boron trifluoride, halides of both elements are readily hydrolysed.
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6.Why from aluminium to thallium there is marginal decrease in ionisation energy?
✓ This is due to the presence of inner d and f-electrons which has poor shielding effect
compared to s and p-electrons.
✓ As a result, the effective nuclear charge on the valance electrons increases.
7. Give some important ores of boron
Borax - Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O
Kernite - Na2[B4O5(OH)4].2H2O
8. How will you prepare borax beads from borax?
On heating Borax forms a transparent borax beads.
Na B O . 10H O
Δ
⟩ Na B O 2NaBO + B O
2 4 7 2 −10H2 O 2 4 7 2 2 5
in
9.What are necessary condition for catenation?
s.
✓ the valency of element is greater than or equal to two,
✓ element should have an ability to bond with itself
es
✓ the self bond must be as strong as its bond with other elements
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✓ kinetic inertness of catenated compound towards other molecules
ex
10. Write the uses of boric acid.

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1) Used in the manufacture of pottery glazes, glass, enamels and pigments.

2) Used as an antiseptic.
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3) Used as an eye lotion.

4) Used as a food preservative.
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11.Give the difference between graphite and diamond

Diamond Graphite
It is hard It is soft
It does not conduct electricity It conducts electricity due to presence of
delocalised electrons
Carbon atom is sp3 hybridized Carbon atom is sp2 hybridized
C-C bond length is 1.54 Ẵ C-C bond length is 1.41 Ẵ
It used for sharpening hard tools, cutting It is used as a lubricant either on its own or
glasses, making bores and rock drilling. as a graphited oil
12. How is boric acid prepared from borax?
Boric acid can be extracted from borax by treating with HCl or H2SO4.
Na2 B4 O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O 4H3 BO3 + 2NaCl
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13. Write the uses of boron.
1) 5B10 absorbs neutrons, hence it is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
2) Amorphous boron is used as a rocket fuel igniter.
3) Boron is essential for the cell walls of plants.
4) Boric acid and borax are used in eye drops, antiseptics, washing powders.
5) Boric oxide is used in the manufacture of pyrex glass
14. Write the uses of alum.
Alum used for
1. purification of water.
2. water proofing and textiles.
3. dyeing, paper and leather tanning industries.
styptic agent to arrest bleeding
in
15. How will you prepare borax from colemanite?
✓ Borax is a sodium salt of tetraboric acid.
s.
✓ It is obtained from colemanite ore by boiling its solution with sodium carbonate.
2Ca2 B6 O11 + 2NaCO3 + H2 O →
∆ es
3Na2 B4 O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2
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16. List out the allotropes of selenium , tin , sulphur
ex
Selenium : Red selenium, Gray selenium, Black selenium, Monoclinic selenium,

Tin : Grey tin, white tin, rhombic tin, sigma tin
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Sulphur : Rhombus sulphur, monoclinic sulphur
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17.Explain about the structure of boric acid.
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✓ Boric acid has a two dimensional structure.

✓ It consists of [BO3]3– unit.
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✓ These unit are linked to each other by hydrogen

bonds.
18. List out the allotropes of boron
Amorphous boron , α-rhombohedral boron , β-rhombohedral boron, γ-orthorhombic
boron, α-tetragonal boron, ,β-tetragonal boron
19. Why silicones are water repellent?
This is due to the presence of organic side groups that surrounds the silicon which
makes the molecule looks like an alkane.
20. Why boron has non metallic character?
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The atomic radius of boron is vey small and it has relatively high nuclear charge and
these properties responsible for its non-metallic character.
21.What happens when boric acid with sodium hydroxide?
NaOH + H3 BO3 → NaBO2 + 2H2 O
2NaOH + 4H3 BO3 → Na2 B4 O7 + 7H2 O
Long Answers
1.Explain the action of heat on Boric acid?
Boric acid when heated at 373 K gives metaboric aid and at 413 K, it gives tetraboric acid.
When heated at red hot, it gives boric anhydride which is a glassy mass.
373 K
4H3 BO3 → 4HBO2 + H2 O (Metaboric acid)
413 K
4HBO2 → H2 B4 O7 + H2 O
Red hot
in
H2 B4 O7 → 2B2 O3 + H2 O
s.
2. Explain about Types of Silicones
i) Linear Silicones: es
They are obtained by the hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of dialkyl or diaryl
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silicon chlorides.
ex
a) Silicone rubbers: These are bridged together by methylene or similar groups.

b) Silicone resins: They are obtained by blending silicones with organic resins such as
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acrylic esters.
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ii) Cyclic Silicones: These are obtained by the hydrolysis of R2SiCl2.
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iii) Cross linked Silicones: These are obtained by the hydrolysis of RSiCl3.
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3.Write a note on properties of silicones

1) The extent of cross linking and nature of alkyl group determine the nature of polymer.
2) They range from oily liquids to rubber like solids.
3) All silicones are water repellent. This property arises due to the presence of organic
side groups that surrounds the silicon which makes the molecule looks like an alkane.
4) They are also thermal and electrical insulators.
5) Chemically they are inert.
6) Lower silicones are oily liquids whereas higher silicones with long chain structure are
waxy solids. The viscosity of silicon oil remains constant and doesn’t change with
temperature and they don't thicken during winter
4.How is potash alum prepared?
1) Potash alum is prepared from alunite or alum stone.
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2) When alunite is treated with excess of sulphuric acid, the aluminium hydroxide
present is converted into aluminium sulphate.
3) A calculated quantity of potassium sulphate is added.
4) The solution is crystallised to obtain potash alum.
5) It is purified by recrystallisation.
K 2 SO4 . Al2 (SO4 )3 . 4Al(OH)3 + 6H2 SO4 → K 2 SO4 + 3Al(SO4 )3 + 12H2 O
Alunite
K 2 SO4 + Al(SO4 )3 + 24H2 O → K 2 SO4 . Al2 (SO4 )3 . 24H2 O
5.Write a note on preparation of silicones
Vapours of RCl or ArCl are passed over silicon at 570 K with copper catalyst gives R SiCl
2 2
(dialkyl dichloro silanes) or Ar2SiCl2 (diaryl dichloro silanes)
in
Cu / 570K
2RCl + Si → R 2 SiCl2
s.
Hydrolysis of R 2 SiCl2 gives a straight chain polymer which grows from both sides
es
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✓ Hydrolysis of mono alkyl trichloro silanes RSiCl3 gives a very complex cross linked
polymer.
✓ Linear silicones can be converted into cyclic or ring silicones when water molecules
are removed from the terminal –OH groups.
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es
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UNIT – 3 p BLOCK ELEMENTS - II
Book Inside one marks
1.Which of the following is correct?
a)H3PO3 is dibasic and reducing
b)H3PO3 is dibasic and non reducing
c)H3PO3 is tribasic and reducing
d)H3PO3 is tribasic and non reducing.
2.Catenation property of group 15 elements follow the order?
a)N< 𝑃 < 𝐴𝑠 < 𝑆𝑏 < 𝐵𝑖 b)𝑷 ≫ 𝑵 > 𝑨𝒔 > 𝑺𝒃 > 𝑩𝒊
c)𝑃 < 𝑁 < 𝐴𝑠 < 𝑆𝑏 < 𝐵𝑖 d)𝑁 ≫ 𝑃 > 𝐴𝑠 > 𝑆𝑏 > 𝐵𝑖
3.Which of the following halides of group 15 is not hydrolysed?
a)NF3 b)PF3 c) NI3 d) both (a) and (b)
4)Which is diabasic?
a)Orthophosphoric acid b)Pyrophosphoric acid
in
c)Orthophosphorous acid d)Hypophosphorous acid
s.
5.The hybridisation and shape of SF6 is respectively?
a)Sp3d2, square planar es b)Sp3d2, octahedral
c)Sp3d, see-saw d)Sp3d,trigonal bipyramindal
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6.Allotrope of sulphur which shows paramagnetic behaviour
a)S8 – Rhombic
b)S8 - Monoclinic
ex
c)S2- in vapour phase d)Not possible

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7.S-S bond is present in
a)H2S2O7 b)H2SO5 c)H2S2O8 d)H2S2O6
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8.Pick the wrong one among the following
a)F2 – yellow b)Br2 – red c)Cl2 – colourless d)I2 – violet
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9. Which one is used in gun powder for fire arms?
ww
a) NaNO2 b) NaOH c) NaNO3 d) NH4OH

10. Which one is used in disinfecting crops & plants in agriculture?
a) SO3 b) H2SO4 c) SO2 d) S2O5
11.Least volatile hydrogen halide is
a)HF b) HCl c) HBr d) HI
12. It is used in advertisement boards.
a) Ar b) He c) Ne d) Kr
13.Which of the following orders is not in accordance with the property stated against it?
a)F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 : bond dissociation energy
b)HI> HBr > HCl>HF : acidic property in water
c)F2>Cl2>Br2>I2: oxidising power
d)F2>Cl2>Br2>I2 : electronegativity
14.Which among the following ion is not formed?
a)F3- b) Cl3- c) Br3- d) I3-
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15. Nitration takes place due to the formation of ____ ion,
a) nitrosonium b) nitronium c) hydrogen d) both (a) & (b)
16.The incorrect statement among the following is _______
a)Reducing character of hybrides of group increases down the group
b)Basicity of hybrides of group 15 increases down the group
c)NCl5 does not exist
d)Phosphorus and arsenic can form P𝝅 − 𝒅𝝅 bond but not nitrogen.
17. The first ionisation energy of noble gases is in the order
a. He < Ne < Ar < Kr b. He > Ne > Ar > Kr
c. He < Ne > Ar < Kr d. He > Ne < Ar > Kr
18.Maximum covalent character is shown by ____________
a)PCl3 b) NCl3 c) AsCl3 d) SbCl3
16.Strong reducing behaviour of H3PO2 is due to________
a)High oxidation state of phosphorus
in
b)High electro gain enthalpy of phosphorus
c)Presence of two –OH groups and one P-H bond
s.
d)Presence of one –OH groups and two P-H bonds
es
17.Repeated use of which one of the following fertilizers would increase the activity of the
soil___________
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a)Ammonium sulphates b)Superphosphate of lime c)Urea d)Potassium nitrate
ex
18.Which reaction is not feasible ________

a)2H2O+2F2 → 4HF + O2
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b)2KBr +I2 → 2KI +Br2
c)2KBr+Cl2 → 2KCl + Br2
ka
d)2KI + Br2 → 2KBr + I2
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19.Oxidation states of P in H4P2O5 , H4P2O6 , H4P2O7 are respectively __________

a)+3,+4,+5 b)+3,+5,+4 c)+5,+3,+4 d) +5,+4,+3
ww
20.The ionisation energy of Ga is higher than that of Al because of ___________

a)More effective nuclear charge of Ga b)Smaller atomic size of Ga
c)Larger size of Ga d)Both (a) and (b)
21.Helium is used in balloons in the place of hydrogen because it is ________
a)Incombustile b)Radioactive and detected easily
c)Lighter than hydrogen d)Both (a) and (c)
22.The high reactivity of fluorine is due to__________
a)High ionisation energy b)Low bond dissociation energy
c)Low electron affinity d)High electronegativity .
23. Chile salt petre is
a. NaNO2 b. NaNO3 c. KNO2 d. KNO3
24. The substance used in cryosurgery for producing low temperature is
a. liquid oxygen b. liquid nitrogen c. liquid hydrogen d. liquid ammonia
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25. The process used for the manufacture of nitric acid is known as
a. Haber's process b. Deacon's process c).contact process d. Ostwald's process
26. With excess of chlorine, ammonia reacts to give an explosive substance
a. N2 b. NH4NO3 c. NH4Cl d. NCl3
27. The shape of ammonia molecule is
a. tetrahedral b. pyramidal c. square planar d. octahedral
28. The bond angle in ammonia is
a. 104o b. 104o28' c. 107o d. 180o
29. The correct order of acid strength is
a. HF > HCl > HBr > HI b. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
c. HF > HCl < HBr > HI d. HF < HCl > HBr < HI
30. Which is used in match boxes?
a. White phosphorous b. Red phosphorous c. Black phosphorous d. Scarlet phosphorous
31. Hydrolysis of urea gives
in
a) ammonia b) liquid nitrogen c) nitrous oxide d) nitric oxide
32. Thermodynamically stable allotropic form of sulphur is
s.
a. Rhombic sulphur b. Monoclinic sulphur
c. Plastic sulphur es d. Colloidal sulphur
33. The halogen which exists as a liquid is
pr
a. fluorine b. chlorine c. bromine d. iodine
ex
34. Chlorine is manufactured by

a. Haber's process b. Deacon's process c. Contact process d. Ostwald's process
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Answer the following questions.

Book Back
w.
1.What is inert pair effect?

1) As we move down the group in p–block elements the outer ns2 electrons become
ww
inert and do not involve in chemical combination.

2) Only np electrons take part in chemical combination.
3) This is known as inert pair effect.
2.Chalcogens belongs to p–block. Give reason.
2 4
1) Because their outer electronic configuration is ns np .
2) In these elements the last electron enters np orbital.
3) Hence they belong to p–block elements.
3. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of –1?
1) Since fluorine is the most electronegative element it exhibits only a negative state of –
1.
2) Electronic configuration of fluorine is 1s22s22p5.
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3) To attain noble gas configuration it gains 1 electron and exhibit -1 oxidation state.
4.Give the oxidation state of halogen in the following
a)OF2 b)O2F2 c)Cl2O3 d)I2O4
Oxidation state of fluorine is -1
a)OF2 is –1
b)O2F2 is –1
c)Cl2O3
2x+3(–2) = 0
2x–6 = 0
2x = +6
x = +3
in
O.S of Cl is +3
s.
d)I2O4
2x+4(–2) = 0 es
2x–8 = 0
pr
2x = +8
ex
X = +4
O.S of I is +4
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5.What are inter halogen compounds? Give examples
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Each halogen combines with other halogens to form a series of compounds called
w.
inter halogen compounds. E.g : IF7.

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6. Why fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?

✓ Fluorine is the most reactive element among halogen.
✓ This is due to the low value of F–F Bond dissociation energy.
7.Give the uses of helium.
1) Helium and oxygen mixture is used by divers in place of air oxygen mixture.This
Prevents the painful dangerous condition called bends.
2) Helium is used to provide inert atmosphere in electric arc welding of metals.
3) Helium has lowest boiling point hence used in cryogenics)
4) Helium is much less denser than air and hence used for filling air balloons.
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8.What is the hybridisation of iodine in IF7?Give its structure.
Interhalogen Hybridisation Structure
IF7 Sp3d3 Pentagonal bipyramidal
9.Give the balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine with cold NaOH and
hot NaOH?
✓ Chlorine reacts with cold NaOH to give sodium hypochlorite
Cl2+2NaOH → NaOCl+NaCl+H2O
sodium hypochlorite
✓ Chlorine reacts with hot NaOH to give sodium chlorate
3Cl2+6NaOH → NaClO3+5NaCl+3H2O
sodium chlorate
in
10.How will you prepare chlorine in the laboratory?
s.
In the laboratory chlorine is prepared by the oxidation of hydrochloric acid by
potassium permanganate. es
2KMnO4+16HCl → 2KCl+2MnCl2+8H2O+5Cl2↑
pr
ex
13.Write the reason for the anamolous behaviour of Nitrogen.

1) Small size
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2) High electro negativity
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3) Non–availability of d–orbitals in valency shell

4) Chemically inert due to high bonding energy
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5) High ionization energy

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14.Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules
a)Nitric acid b)dinitrogen pentoxide c)phosphoric acid
d)phosphine
Compound Molecular Formula Structural Formula
a) Nitricacid HNO3
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b)Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5
c)Phosphoric acid H3PO4
d)Phosphine PH3
in
s.
15.Give the uses of argon. es
✓ Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs.
pr
✓ Argon is used in radio valves and tubes.
ex
16. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of group–15 elements.

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Valence shell electronic configuration of group 15 elements is ns2np3.
ka
18.Give a reaction between nitric acid and a basic oxide.
w.
Nitric acid reacts with a basic oxide to form salt and water.
3FeO +10HNO3 ⟶ 3Fe(NO3)3+NO+5H2O.
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19.What happens when PCl5 is heated?
On heating Phoshorous pentachloride decomposes into phosphorus trichloride and
chlorine.
PCl5(g) ⟶ PCl3(g) +Cl2(g).
20.Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, where as binary acids of the all other
halogens are strong acids.
✓ Among halogen acids, the electronegativity difference is maximum (1.9) in HF
acid.
✓ Hence the bond between H and F is stronger and the acid HF is weaker.
✓ It takes tremendous amount of energy to break the H-F bond in water.
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22.What type of hybridisation occur in
a)BrF5 b)BrF3
S.NO Inter Halogen Compound Hybridisation
3 2
a) BrF5 sp d
b) BrF3 sp3d
23.Complete the following reactions
Answer:
1. 4NaCl+MnO2+4H2SO4 ⟶ Cl2 + MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O
2. NaNO2+HCl ⟶ NaCl + HNO2
in
s.
3– – +
3. IO +5I +6H ⟶ 3I2 + 3H2O
4. I2+2S2O3 ⟶ 2–
3I2 + 3 H2O
es
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5. P4+3NaOH+3H2O ⟶ 3NaH2PO2 + PH3↑
ex
sodium hypophosphitephosphine
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6. 6AgNO3+PH3+3H2⟶ 6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3PO3
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7. 4Mg+10HNO3 ⟶ 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
w.
∆
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8. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2↑

9. Cu+2H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2↑
10.2Sb+3Cl2 ⟶ 2SbCl3
11.2HBr+H2SO4 ⟶ 2H2O + Br2 + SO2
12.XeF6+3H2O ⟶ XeO3 + 6HF
13.5XeO64–+2Mn2++14H+ ⟶ 2MnO4–+5XeO3+7H2O
14.2XeOF4+SiO2 ⟶ 2XeO2F2 + SiF4
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Ni/200atm
15. Xe+3F2 ⟶ XeF6
400℃
Book inside
Short answers
1. Write about the bleaching action of chlorine.
Chlorine is a strong oxidising and bleaching agent since it produces nascent oxygen.
H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl
HOCl HCl +[O]
Colouring matter + Nascent oxygen → Colourless oxidation product.
The bleaching of chlorine is permanent.
in
s.
2.Give the uses of Xenon and radon.
Xenon:
es
1) Xenon is used in fluorescent bulbs, flash bulbs and lasers.
pr
2) Xenon emits an intense light in discharge tubes instantly. Due to this it is used in high
speed electronic flash bulbs used by photographers
ex
Radon:
1) Radon is radioactive and used as a source of gamma rays
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2) Radon gas is sealed as small capsules and implanted in the body to destroy malignant
ka
i.e. cancer growth

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3. Give the uses of neon , argon , krypton

Neon:
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Neon is used in advertisement as neon sign and the brilliant red glow is caused by passing
electric current through neon gas under low pressure.
Argon:
Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs
Krypton:
1) Krypton is used in fluorescent bulbs, flash bulbs etc...
2) Lamps filed with krypton are used in airports as approaching lights as they can
penetrate through dense fog.
4. Give the Uses of chlorine
1. Purification of drinking water
2. Bleaching of cotton textiles, paper and rayon
3. It is used in extraction of gold and platinum
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5.What happens when ammonia reacts with excess of chlorine?
With excess of chlorine ammonia reacts to give an explosive substance nitrogen
trichloride
2NH3 + 6Cl2 2NCl3 + 6HCl
6.How will you prepare bleaching powder from chlorine
Bleaching powder is produced by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
7. What is phosphorescence?
White phosphorous undergoes spontaneous slow oxidation in air giving a
greenish yellow glow which is visible in the dark. This is known as phosphorescence.
8. Write the uses of oxygen
in
1) Oxygen is one of the essential component for the survival of living organisms.
s.
2) Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding.
3) Liquid oxygen is used as a rocket fuel. es
pr
9.Give uses of sulphur dioxide
ex
1. Sulphur dioxide is used in bleaching hair, silk, wool etc...

2. It can be used for disinfecting crops and plants in agriculture.
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ka
10. Give the uses of oxygen

1. Oxygen is one of the essential component for the survival of living organisms.
w.
2. It is used in welding (oxyacetylene welding)

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3. Liquid oxygen is used as fuel in rockets

11.Hybridisation and structure of xenon fluoride Compounds
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12. Show that sodium per xenate is a strong oxidising agent
Sodium per xenate oxidises manganese (II) ion into permanganate ion even in the absence of
a catalyst
5XeO64– + 2Mn2+ + 14H+ 2MnO4– + 5XeO3 + 7H2
13. Give the Structure , Hybridisation of interhalogen copounds
14. What is Haber's process?
The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure and optimum
in
temperature in presence of iron catalyst is known as Haber's process.
N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3
s.
15. Write the uses of nitrogen es
✓ In the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid and calcium cyanamide etc.
pr
✓ Liquid nitrogen is used for producing low temperature required in cryosurgery and so
ex
used in biological preservation.

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Book inside long answers
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1. What are the Properties of inter halogen compounds
w.
i. The central atom will be the larger one

ii. It can be formed only between two halogen and not more than two halogens.
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iii. Fluorine can’t act as a central metal atom being the smallest one
iv. Due to high electronegativity with small size fluorine helps the central atom to attain high
coordination number
v. They can undergo the auto ionization.
vi. They are strong oxidizing agents
2. Write about the reducing property of sulphur dioxide
i)SO reduces chlorine into hydrochloric acid
2
SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 H2SO4 + 2HCl
ii)SO2 reduces potassium permanganate into manganese sulphate (Mn2+)
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
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iii)SO2 reduces potassium dichromate into chromic sulphate (Cr3+)
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
3. Explain trend in various properties of Hydrogen halide from fluorine to iodine
4.Explain the manufacture of chlorine by electrolytic method and Deacon’s process
in
Electrolytic process
➢ When a solution of brine (NaCl) is electrolysed, Na+ and Cl- ions are formed. Na+ ion
s.
reacts with OH- ions of water and forms sodium hydroxide.
➢ Hydrogen and chlorine are liberated as gases. es
pr
ex
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ka
w.
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Deacon’s process
In this process a mixture of air and hydrochloric acid is passed up a chamber containing a
number of shelves, pumice stones soaked in cuprous chloride are placed. Hot gases at about
723 K are passed through a jacket that surrounds the chamber.
4HCl + O2400oC 2H2O + Cl2
Cu2Cl2
5. Explain about Allotrophic forms of sulphur
1) Sulphur exists in crystalline as well as amorphous allotrophic forms.
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2) The crystalline form includes rhombic sulphur (α sulphur) and monoclinic sulphur (β
sulphur). Amorphous allotropic form includes plastic sulphur (γ sulphur), milk of
sulphur and colloidal sulphur.
3) Rhombic sulphur also known as α sulphur, is the only thermodynamically stable
allotropic form at ordinary temperature and pressure.
4) The crystals have a characteristic yellow colour and composed of S8 molecules.
5) When heated slowly above 96⁰C, it converts into monoclinic sulphur. Upon cooling
below
6) 96 ⁰C the β form converts back to α form.
7) Monoclinic sulphur also contains S8 molecules in addition to small amount of S 6
molecules.
8) It exists as a long needle like prism and is also called as prismatic sulphur. It is stable
between 96 ⁰ - 119 ⁰C and slowly changes into rhombic sulphur.
9) When molten sulphur is poured into cold water a yellow rubbery ribbon of plastic
in
sulphur is produced. They are very soft and can be stretched easily. On standing
(cooling slowly) it slowly becomes hard and changes to stable rhombic
s.
Sulphur.Sulphur also exists in liquid and gaseous states. At around 140 ⁰C the
es
monoclinic sulphur melts to form mobile pale yellow liquid called λ sulphur.
pr
ex
5. Write about the bleaching action of sulphur dioxide.

i) In presence of water, sulphur dioxide bleaches coloured wool, silk, sponges and straw
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into colourless due to its reducing property
SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2[H]
ka
X + 2[H] XH2
w.
Coloured colourless
ii)When the bleached product (Colourless) is allowed to stand in air, it is reoxidised by
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atmospheric oxygen to its original colour.

iii)Hence bleaching action of sulphur dioxide is temporary
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in
s.
es
pr
ex
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ka
w.
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UNIT – 4 TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
1. The catalytic activity of transition metals is due to
a) The formation of variety of oxidation states
b) The formation of intermediate products
c) The capability of forming interstitial compounds
d) All the above.
2. Most of the transition metal ions are coloured, because of the
a) Presence of unpaired electrons
b) Energy gap between two energy levels is very small.
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Neither (a) nor (b)
3. Which of the following is wrong with respect to lanthanide contraction?
a) Decrease in ionic radii
b) Increase in tendency to act as reducing agent.
in
c) Decrease in basic character.
d) Resembles second and third row of d-block elements.
s.
4. Which metal is used in manufacturing artificial joints?
a) Molybdenum b) Titanium es
c) Tungsten
d) Iron
5. The highest possible oxidation state shown by osmium in its compound is ______
pr
a)+4 b)+6 c) +8 d)+10
ex
6. Identify the paramagnetic species

a) Cu+ b) Cr+ c) MnO4 d) Zn2+
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7. The trend in ionization enthalpy of a transition element is not regular because,
ka
a) removal of one electron alters the relation energies of 4s and 3d orbitals.

b) due to different electronic configuration (stability)
w.
c) poor screening of 3p-orbitals

d) due to decrease in effective nuclear charge
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8. Oxygen stabilizes higher oxidation state because

a) it is electronegative b)of its tendency to form multiple bond
c) of large size d) of small size
9. Which one of the following exhibits highest oxidation state?
a) Ni b)Mn c)V d) Zr
10. Ce(Z=58) and Yb (Z=70) Exhibits stable +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively. This is
because
a) Ce4+ and Yb2+ acquire f 7 configuration
b) Ce4+ and Yb2+ acquire f 0 configuration
c) Ce4+ and Yb2+ acquire f 7 and f 14 configuration
d) Ce4+ and Yb2+ acquire f 0 and f 14configuration.
11. Which of the following is coloured due to charge transfer?
a) MnO4- b)CrO42- c)Cu2O d) all of these
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12. The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the fact that
a) Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state
b) Zr and Hf have almost the same radius
c) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
d) Zr and Y have similar radius
13. Which of the following is not coloured ?
a) Mn2+ b) Zn2+ c) Cr3+ d) Cu2+
14. The correct statement is,
a) Cu2Cl2 and Ag2S are coloured
b) upon strong heating paramagnetic gases are evolved by NaNO3 and AgNO3
c) green vitriol and blue vitriol are isomorphus
d) KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 are coloured due to d-d transitions.
15. Which of the following statements is correct for 3d-transition element?
a) all metals except Zn and Sc form ‘MO’ oxide
b) all metals except Sc forms ‘MO’ oxide
in
c) all metals except Zn forms ‘MO’ oxide
s.
d) all metals except Mn forms ‘MO’ oxide
es
16. The complex compound act as oxygen transporter of human is _____
a) Haemoglobin b) Chlorophyll
pr
c) Cyano cobalamine d) Wilkinson compound
ex
17. CrO3 is coloured due to

a) low I.E b) crystal defects c)charge transfer spectra d)unpaired electron
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18. Which transition metal is applied in the manufacturing of boiler plants?
a) Iron b) Copper c) Aluminium d) Molybdenum
ka
19. Identify the correct reason for lanthanide contraction
w.
a) decreasing nuclear charge b) decreasing screening effect

c) increasing nuclear charge d) negligible screening effect
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20. Which of the following ions will exhibit colour in aqueous solutions?
a)SC3+(Z=21) b)Ti3+(Z=22) c)La3+(Z=57) d) Lu3+(Z=71)
21. Neptunium and plutonium exhibit the maximum oxidation state as _____
a) +8 b) +7 c) +6 d) +4
22. Value of magnetic moment of a divalent metal ion is 5.92 BM. Total number of electron
in its atom would be__________
a) 24 b) 25 c)26 d)27
23. The electronic configuration of Sc is ___________
a)[Ar]3d14s2 b)[Ar]3d24s1 c)[Ar]3d54s1 d)[Ar]3d34s1
24. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements can be written as __________
a) [Noble gas] n-1d1-10ns1-2 b) [Noble gas] n-1d1-10np1-6
c) [Noble gas] n-2d10ns1-2 d) [Noble gas] n-2d10ns1-6
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25. If the standard electrode potential (E+) of a metal is ___________ and ____________the
metal is a powerful reducing agent.
a) Large, negative b) Large, positive
c) Small, negative d) Small, positive.
26. Identify the transition metal present in Hemoglobin.
a) Cobalt b) Iron c) Manganese d) Copper
27. Which of the following transition metal is present in vitamin B12 ?
a) Cobalt b) Platinum c) Copper d) Iron
28. The general electronic configuration of 4f series of the elements can be written as
a) [Xe] 4f 2-145d0-4 6s2 b) [Xe] 4f 2-145d0-4 6s1
c) [Xe] 4f 1-145d0 6s1 d) [Xe] 4f 2-145d0-4 6s1
29. The common oxidation state for lanthanides is________
a) +3 b)-3 c) 0 d) +2
30. The element corresponding to the electronic configuration [Rn]5f 36d17s2 is
in
a)neptunium b)plutonium c)uranium d)americium
31.__________ is known as Bayer’s reagent.
s.
a) Hot dilute alkaline KMnO4 b) Cold dilute alkaline KMnO4
c) Hot conc. Acidic KMnO4 es
d) Cold conc. Acidic KMnO4
32. A mixture of TiCl4 and trialkyl aluminium is
pr
a) Hydroformylation of obfine. b) Zeigler-Natta catalyst
ex
c) Interstitial compounds d) Ferromagnetic

33. The transition metal present in vitamin B12 is
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a) Fe b) Co c) Ni d) Na
34. Transition elements that show anomalous electronic configuration in first series are.
ka
a) Cr and Ni b) Cu and Co c) Fe and Ni d) Cr and Cu
w.
35. The lanthanoids contraction is responsible for the fact that

a) Zr and Y have the same radius b) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
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c) Zr and Hr have almost the same radius d) Zr and Zn have same oxidation state
36. Which of the following forms colourless compound?
a) Sc3+ b) V3+ c) Ti3+ d) Cr3+
37. The colour of UO2 2+ is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) pink
38. The reagent used for detecting unsaturation
a) Bayer’s reagent b) Tollen’s reagent
c) Fenton’s reagent d) Schiff’s reagent
39. Which one of the following elements show high negative electrode potential?
a) copper b) manganese c) cobalt d) zinc
40. The actual electronic configuration of La( z = 57 ) is ______ .
a) [Xe] 4f 1 5d0 6s2 b) [Xe] 4f 3 c) [Xe] 4f 0 5d1 6s2 d) [Xe] 4f 0 5d3
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41. Which pair of actinoids show +2 oxidation state?
a) Am and Th b) Pa and U c) Pu and Cm d) No and Lr
Book back
1.What are transition metals?. Give four examples
✓ IUPAC defines transition metal as an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub
shell or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub shell.
✓ Their properties are transitional between highly reactive metals of s block and
elements of p block which are mostly non metals.
Example : Fe , Cu , Ni , CO
2.Explain the oxidation state of 4d series elements
1) The oxidation states of 4d metals vary from +3 for Y and La to +8 for Ru and Os.
in
2) The highest oxidation state of 4d elements are found in their compounds with the
higher electronegative elements like O, F and Cl. for example: RuO4, OsO4 and WCl6.
s.
3) First element of 4d series Yttrium has only one oxidation state +3.
es
4) Last element of 4d series has only one oxidation state +2.
5) Middle element Ru has seven different oxidation states from +2 to +8.
pr
6) +2 & +3 are their common oxidation states.
ex
3.What are inner transition elements?

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✓ The elements in which the extra electron enters (n-2)f orbitals are called f – block
elements.
ka
✓ They are called as inner transition elements they form a transition series within the
w.
transition elements.
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4.Justify the position of lanthanoids and actinoids in periodic table

1) The actual position of Lanthanoids in the periodic table is at group number 3 and
period number 6.
2) However, in the sixth period after lanthanum, the electrons are preferentially filled in
inner 4f sub shell and these fourteen elements following lanthanum show similar
chemical properties.
3) Therefore these elements are grouped together and placed at the bottom of the periodic
table.
4) If we place these elements after Lanthanum in the periodic table below 4d series, the
properties of the elements belongs to a group would be different and it would affect
the proper structure of the periodic table.
5) Hence a separate position is provided to the inner transition elements.
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Lanthanoids have general electronic configuration [Xe]4f1-145d0-16s2 .
Actinoids have general electronic configuration [Rn]5f2-146d0-27s2
The common oxidation state of lanthanoids and actinoids are +3
All these elements have similar physical and chemical properties.
5.What are actinides ?. Give three examples
✓ The fourteen elements following actinium ,i.e., from Thorium (Th) to Lawrentium (Lr)
are called actinoids.
✓ Similar to lanthanoids, they are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.
✓ Actinoids have general electronic configuration [Rn]5f2-146d0-27s2
✓ Ex : Actnium , Thorium , Uranium
7.What is lanthanide contraction and what are the effects of lanthanide contraction?
Lanthanide contraction
in
As we move across 4f series, the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids show gradual
decrease with increase in atomic number. This decrease in ionic size is called lanthanoid
s.
contraction.
Effects of lanthanide contraction es
1. Basicity differences
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As we from Ce3+ to Lu3+ , the basic character of Ln3+ ions decrease. Due to the
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decrease in the size of Ln3+ ions, the ionic character of Ln OH −bond decreases (covalent
character increases) which results in the decrease in the basicity.
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2. Similarities among lanthanoids:
In the complete f - series only 10 pm decrease in atomic radii and 20 pm decrease in
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ionic radii is observed because of this very small change in radii of lanthanoids, their
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chemical properties are quite similar.

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9.What are interstitial compounds?

An interstitial compound or alloy is a compound that is formed when small
atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial holes in a
metal lattice. They are usually non-stoichiometric compounds
Example : TiC, ZrH1.92
10.Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti3+ , Mn2+ and calculate the spin
only magnetic moment
1) Ti3+ - 1s22s22p63s23p63d1 No of unpaired electron = 1
µ = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = √1(3) = √3 = 1.732B.M
2) Mn2+ - 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 No of unpaired electron = 5
µ = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = √5(7) = √35 = 5.92 B.M
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11.Write the electronic configuration of Ce4+ and Co2+
Ce4+ - [Xe]4f0 or 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6 4f0
Co2+ - [Ar]3d7 or 1s22s22p63s23p63d7
12. Explain briefly how +2 states becomes more and more stable in the first half of the
first row transition elements with increasing atomic number.
✓ It is observed that except Sc all other metals possess +2 oxidation state
✓ In the first half of the first row transition elements from Sc to Mn atomic number
increases from 21 – 25 so that number of electrons in 3d – orbital also increases from
1 to 5.
Sc+2 - d1
Ti+2 - d2
V+2 - d3
Cr+2 - d4
Mn+2 - d5
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✓ +2 oxidation state is attained by the loss of two electrons by these metals
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✓ Number of d electrons in +2 oxidation state increases from Ti+2 to Mn+2 the stability
of +2 state increases es
✓ As a result d – orbital is becoming more and more half – filled which is more stable
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13. Which is more stable? Fe3+ or Fe2+ - explain.

Fe3+ has 3d5 configuration in its outermost shell
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Fe2+ has 3d6 configuration in its outermost shell
Fe3+ ion is more stable due to its half filled configuration
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14. Explain the variation in 𝑬𝟎𝑴𝟐+ 3d series.

⁄𝑴
✓ In 3d series as we move from Ti to Zn, the standard reduction potential (𝑬𝟎𝑴𝟐+ )

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⁄𝑴
value is approaching towards less negative value and copper has a positive reduction
potential. i.e., elemental copper is more stable than Cu2+
✓ There are two deviations., In the general trend, value for manganese and zinc are more
negative than the regular trend.
✓ It is due to extra stability which arises due to the half filled d5 configuration in Mn2+
and completely filled d10 configuration in Zn2+
15.Compare lanthanides and actinides
Lanthanoids Actinoids
Differentiating electron enters in 4f orbital Differentiating electron enters in 5f orbital
Binding energy of 4f orbitals are higher Binding energy of 5f orbitals are lower
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They show less tendency to form They show greater tendency to form
complexes complexes
Besides +3 oxidation states lanthanoids Besides +3 oxidation states actinoids show
show +2 and +4 oxidation states in few higher oxidation states such as +4, +5, +6
cases. and +7
They do not form oxo cations They do form oxo cations such as UO22+
Most of the lanthanoids are colourless Most of the actinoids are coloured. For
example. U3+ (red),
16. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is strongly oxidizing.
✓ Cr2+ is strongly reducing in nature .It has d4 configuration. While acting as reducing
agent , it get oxidized to Cr3+ which has d3 configuration.
✓ This d3 configuration can be written as 3t2g configuration which is most stable
configuration.
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✓ For Mn2+ which has d4 configuration acts as an oxidizing agent and get reduced to
Mn2+ which has d5 configuration
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✓ It has half filled configuration , so it is more stable.
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17.Compare the ionization enthalpies of first series of the transition elements.
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1) Ionization energy of transition element is intermediate between those of s and p
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block elements.
2) As we move from left to right in a transition metal series, the ionization enthalpy
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increases as expected.
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3) This is due to increase in nuclear charge corresponding to the filling of d electrons.

4) The increase in first ionisation enthalpy with increase in atomic number along a
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particular series is not regular.

5) The added electron enters (n-1)d orbital and the inner electrons act as a shield and
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decrease the effect of nuclear charge on valence ns electrons. Therefore, it leads to

variation in the ionization energy values.
6) In 3d series ionisation enthalpy of first four members (Sc , Ti , V , Cr ) show little
differences in values
7) Because , effective nuclear charge is more than that of repulsive force of d electron on
electrons on its outer most shell .Last four (Fe , Co , Ni , Cu ) are also fairly close
8) Zn shows high values due to extra stability of completely filled d orbitals.
18.Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the lanthanoid
contraction, why?
✓ These 5f orbital have poor shielding effect than 4f orbital which leads to decrease in
atomic or ionic radii.
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✓ Therefore in actinoids effective nuclear charge experienced by outermost electrons
is more than experienced by lanthanoids.
✓ So actinoid shows greater contraction.
19.Out of Lu(OH)3 and La(OH)3 which is more basic and why?
✓ La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3 .
✓ As we move from Ce3+ to Lu3+ , the basic character of Ln3+ decrease .
✓ Due to decrease in size of Ln3+ on account of lanthanoid contraction , the ionic
character of Ln - OH bond decreases ( Covalent character increases ) which result in
the decrease in the basicity .
20. Why Europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
Eu (II) – [Xe ] 4f7
Ce(II) – [Xe ] 4f2
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Eu (II) has half filled subshell which provide more stability due to exchange of energy.
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21.Why do zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties?
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1) In the complete f - series only 10 pm decrease in atomic radii and 20 pm decrease in
ionic radii is observed , because of this very small change in radii of lanthanoids, their
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chemical properties are quite similar.
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2) Due to lanthanoid contraction , second and third rows of d – block transition elements
are quite close in properties
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22. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+ ?
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When Cr2+ acts as reducing agent
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3+ 2+
𝐶𝑟(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑟(𝑎𝑞) 𝐸 0 = −0.41 𝑉
When Fe2+ acts as reducing agent
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3+ 2+
𝐹𝑒(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑒 − → 𝐹𝑒(𝑎𝑞) 𝐸 0 = +0.77 𝑉
✓ If the standard electrode potential (E ), of a metal is large and negative, the metal is a
0
powerful reducing agent, because it loses electrons easily.

✓
Thus Cr2+ is easily oxidized to Cr3+ but Fe2+ cannot be easily oxidized to Fe3+
✓ Hence Cr2+ is powerful reducing agent
𝟎
23.The 𝑬𝑴𝟐+ value for copper is positive. Suggest a possible reason for this.
⁄𝑴
✓ Copper has high atomisation energy (Energy observed ) , but low hydration enthalpy
(energy released ).
✓ Hence the E0 value for copper is positive (+0.34 v) .i.e elemental copper is more stable
than Cu2+
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24. Describe the variable oxidation state of 3d series elements.
1) The first transition metal Scandium exhibits only +3 oxidation state, but all other
transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states by loosing electrons from (n-1)d
orbital and ns orbital as the energy difference between them is very small.
2) At the beginning of the series, +3 oxidation state is stable but towards the end +2
oxidation state becomes stable.
3) The number of oxidation states increases with the number of electrons available, and it
decreases as the number of paired electrons increases.
4) Hence, the first and last elements show less number of oxidation states and the middle
elements with more number of oxidation states.
5) For example, the first element Sc has only one oxidation state +3; the middle element
Mn has six different oxidation states from +2 to +7. The last element Cu shows +1 and
+2 oxidation states only.
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25. Which metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and why?
1) Cu is only metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state
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2) Cu has electronic configuration [Ar] 3d104s1 and after losing one electron it acquires a
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stable 3d10 configuration which is more stable.
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26. Why first ionization enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc?
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Zn : 3d10 4s2 Cr : 3d10 4s1

✓ In Cr first electron has to be remove from 4s1 (half filled ) orbital with less amount
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of energy.
✓ In Zn first electron has to be remove from 4s2 (completely filled )orbital , so it
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requires high energy to remove electron from it.
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✓ So first ionization enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc.

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27. Transition metals show high melting points why?

The melting point of the transition metals are high due to greater number of
unpaired d electrons for metallic bonding .
Book inside
Short answer questions
1.What are the applications of transition metals?
1) Tungsten in light bulb filaments
2) Titanium in manufacturing artificial joints
3) Molybdenum in boiler plants
4) Platinum in catalysis .
5) They also play vital role in living system, for example iron in haemoglobin, cobalt in
vitamin B12 etc.
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2.Write the the electronic configurations of Cr and Cu
Cr - [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Cu - [Ar] 3d10 4s1
3. Write the general electronic configuration of d- block elements
[Noble gas ](n-1)d1-10ns1-2 n = 4 to 7
In periods 6 and 7, [Noble gas ]f1-14(n-1)d1-10ns1-2
4. Why there is maximum melting point in the middle of transition metal
The maximum melting point at about the middle of transition metal series indicates
that d5 configuration is favorable for strong interatomic attraction.
5. What is Bayer’s reagent and write down its use
Cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 is known as Bayer’s reagent. It is used to oxidise
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alkenes into diols. For example, ethylene can be converted into ethylene glycol and this
reaction is used as a test for unsaturation.
s.
6.What is standard electrode potential? es
Standard electrode potential is the value of the standard emf of a cell in which
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molecular hydrogen under standard pressure ( 1atm) and temperature (273K) is oxidised to
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solvated protons at the electrode.

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7. Why many industrial processes use transition metals or their compounds as
catalysts?
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Transition metal has energetically available d orbitals that can accept electrons from
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reactant molecule or metal can form bond with reactant molecule using its d electrons.
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8.Explain about Hume-Rothery rule to form a substitute alloy

1) The difference between the atomic radii of solvent and solute is less than 15%.
2) Both the solvent and solute must have the same crystal structure and valence and
their electro negativity difference must be close to zero.
8.What are the properties of interstitial compounds
(i) They are hard and show electrical land thermal conductivity
(ii) They have high melting points higher than those of pure metals
(iii) Transition metal hydrides are used as powerful reducing agents
(iv) Metallic carbides are chemically inert.
9.What is Zeigler Natta catalyst ?
A mixture of TiCl4 and trialkyl aluminium
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10.Why transition metals form complexes?
✓ Transition elements have a tendency to form coordination compounds with a species
that has an ability to donate an electron pair to form a coordinate covalent bond.
✓ Transition metal ions are small and highly charged and they have vacant low energy
orbitals to accept an electron pair donated by other groups.
✓ Due to these properties, transition metals form large number of complexes.
✓ Examples: [Fe(CN)6]4-
11.What are general electronic configuration of lanthanide and actinides
Lanthanide - [Xe]4f2-145d0-16s2
Actinide – [Rn]5f2-146d0-27s2
12.A substance is found to have magnetic moment of 3.9 µB .How many unpaired
electrons it have
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µ = 3.9 µ = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = 3.9
n(n + 2 ) - (3.9)2 = 0
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n =3
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13.What is advantage of catalyst?
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1) They require low energy
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2) Minimize waste production

3) Enhance the conversion of reactants to products
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Long answers
1. What are Cause of lanthanoid contraction
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1) As we move from one element to another in 4f series ( Ce to Lu) the nuclear charge
increases by one unit and an additional electron is added into the same inner 4f sub
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shell.
2) We know that 4f sub shell have a diffused shapes and therefore the shielding effect of
4f elelctrons relatively poor, hence, with increase of nuclear charge, the valence shell
is pulled slightly towards nucleus.
3) As a result, the effective nuclear charge experienced by the 4f electrons increases and
the size of Ln3+ ions decreases.
2.Write about Variation of atomic and ionic size:
✓ It is generally expected a steady decrease in atomic radius along a period as the
nuclear charge increases and the extra electrons are added to the same sub shell.
✓ But for the 3d transition elements, the expected decrease in atomic radius is observed
from Sc to V , thereafter up to Cu the atomic radius nearly remains the same.
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✓ As we move from Sc toZn in 3d series the extra electrons are added to the 3d orbitals,
the added 3d electrons only partially shield the increased nuclear charge and hence the
effective nuclear charge increases slightly.
✓ However, the extra electrons added to the 3d sub shell strongly repel the 4s electrons
and these two forces are operated in opposite direction and as they tend to balance
each other, it leads to constancy in atomic radii.
✓ At the end of the series, d – orbitals of Zinc contain 10 electrons in which the
repulsive interaction between the electrons is more than the effective nuclear charge
and hence, the orbitals slightly expand and atomic radius slightly increases.
✓ Generally as we move down a group atomic radius increases, the same trend is
expected in d block elements also.
✓ As the electrons are added to the 4d sub shell, the atomic radii of the 4d elements are
higher than the corresponding elements of the 3d series.
✓ However there is an unexpected observation in the atomic radius of 5d elements which
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have nearly same atomic radius as that of corresponding 4d elements.
s.
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3.Write about examples of transition metals which acts as catalyst
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UNIT – 5 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
1. Primary and secondary valencies of Cu in [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 is
a) 4,4 b) 2,4 c) 4,1 d) 4,2
2.Structural formula of tetra aquadichlorideo chromium (III) Chloride.
a) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2 b) [Cr(H2O)4Cl3]
c) [(H2O)4Cl2Cr]Cl2 d) [Cl2(H2O)4Cr]Cl3
3. Which of the following is an example of anionic complex ?
a) [Ag (NH3)2]Cl b) [ CO ((NH3)6]Cl3 c) [Fe ( Co)5] d) K4 [Fe (CN)6]
4.The spin only magnetic moment of [MnBr4]2- is 5.9 BM. Geometry of the complex ion is
a)Tetrahedral b)Octahedral c)Square planar d)Pentagonal pyramidal
5. Which one of the following is called as Zeises salt ?
a) [Pt (NH3)4] [Pt Cl4] b) K[Pt Cl3 (C2H4)]
c) K4 [Fe (CN)6] d) [Fe (CO)5]
6.IUPAC name of H2[PtCl6] is
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a)Hexa chloridoplatinum (IV)acid b)Hexa chloridoplatinum (IV)acid
c)Hexa chloridoplatinic(IV)acid d)Di hydrogen hexachloro pletinate (IV)
s.
7. Which one of the following is a heteroleptic complex?
a) [Pt (NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2 Br es
b) [Ni (CO)4]
c) [Co (NH3)6] Cl3 d) K4 [Fe (CN)6]
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8.The name of the complex ion, [Fe(CN)6]3- is
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a)Tricyanoferrate(III)ion b)Hexacyano iron (III)ion

c)Hexacyanitoferrate(III)ion d)Hexacyanido ferrate (III)ion
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9. What is the coordination number of Pt in [Pt(NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2] Br ?
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 5
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10. Which one of the following is a homoleptic complex ?
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a) [Co (NH3)3] (Cl3)] b) [Pt (NH3)2 Cl2]

c) [Pt (NO2) (H2O) (NH3)2 Br d) [Co (NH3)6]Cl3
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11.Which is a double salt?

a) K2SO4Al2(SO4)324H2O b) NaCl
c) K4[Fe(CN)6] d) KCl
12.An example of complex compound having coordination number 4
a)K4[Fe(CN)6] b)[Co(en)3]Cl c)[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3 d)[Cu(NH3)4]Cl2
13.The oxidation number of nickel in the complex ion,[NiCl4]2+ is
a)+1 b)-1 c)+2 d)-2
14.Which is not an anionic complex?
a) [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 b) K4[Fe(CN)6] c) K3[Fe(CN)6] d) [NiCl4]2-
15.[FeF6]4- is paramagnetic because
a)F- is a weaker ligand b)F- is a strong ligand
c)F- is a ambidentate ligand d)F- is a chelating ligand
16.In [Fe11(CN)6]4- ,the central metal ion is
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a)Fe b)Fe+2 c)Fe+3 d)CN-
17. [Pt (NH3)4] [Pt Cl4] is called as ______ .
a) Zeigler Natta Catalyst b) Zeises’ salt
c) Magnus’s green salt d) Mohr’s salt
18.Which of the following is wrong about double salts?
a)Retain their properties only in solid state
b)Contains two or more salt in stoichiometric proportions
c)They don’t dissociate into its constituent ions
d)None of the above
19.Werners’s theory was not able to explain ___ of coordination compounds.
a) Colour b) magnetic properties
c) both (a) and (b) d) neither (a) nor (b)
20.[Ni(Co)4] belongs to which types of complex.
a) anionic b) cationic c) neutral d) ambidentate
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24.Magnetic moment is given by the formula _________
2
𝑎)√𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝒃)√𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝑐)√𝑛 + 2 𝑑)√𝑛 + (𝑛 + 2)
s.
25.The geometry and hybridization of [Fe(CO)5]
a)Trigonal planar , dsp3 esb)octahedral , dsp2
c)Trigonal Bipyramidal , dsp3 d)Octahedral , dsp2
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26. Which one of the following is called as Zeises salt ?
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a) [Pt (NH3)4] [Pt Cl4] b) K[Pt Cl3 (C2H4)]

c) K4 [Fe (CN)6] d) [Fe (CO)5]
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Book back
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1. Write the IUPAC names for the following complex

i)Na2[ Ni(EDTA) ] – Sodium 2 , 2’ , 2’’ , 2’’’ – (ethane diyldinitrilo)tetraacetatonickelate(II)
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ii)[Ag(CN)2 ]- - Dicyanidoargentate(I)ion
iii)[Co(en)3 ]2(SO4)3 - Tris(ethane 1, 2 – diamine)cobalt(III)sulphate
iv)[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]2+ - Pentaamminenitrito-κOcobalt(III)ion
v)[Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO)2] – Diamminechloridonitro-κN platinum(II)
2. Write the formula for the following coordination compounds.
a) potassiumhexacyanidoferrate(II) - K4[Fe(CN)6]
b) pentacarbonyliron(0) - [Fe(CO)5]
c) pentaamminenitrito −_ −N-cobalt(III)ion - [CO(NH3)5(ONO)]2+
d) hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate – [CO(NH3)6](SO4)3
e) sodiumtetrafluoridodihydroxidochromate(III) - Na3[CrF4(OH)2]
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3. Arrange the following in order of increasing molar conductivity
[Cr(NH3)5Cl][CoF6]2 < [Cr(NH3)3Cl3] < Mg [Cr(NH3)(Cl)5]
5. Based on VB theory explain why [Cr(NH3)6] is paramagnetic, while [Ni (CN)4] is
diamagnetic.
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7.[Ti (H2O)6]3+ is coloured, while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless- explain.
1) For Ti Atomic number - 22 - Outermost electronic configuration : 3d2 4s2
2)
Ti3+ - Outermost electronic configuration : 3d1 4s0
3) [Ti (H2O)6]3+ is coloured because it contains one unpaired electron in d orbital so d-d
transition is possible
1) For Sc Atomic number - 21 - Outermost electronic configuration : 3d1 4s2
2) Sc3+ - Outermost electronic configuration : 3d0 4s0
3) [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless because it does not contain any unpaired electron in d
orbital.
9.Give one test to differentiate [Co (NH3)5 Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH)3 SO4]Cl
✓ Given two compounds are ionisation isomers.
✓ When these isomers dissolved in water , they ionise to give different ions in solution
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which react with differently with different reagents
✓ Given two compounds can be differentiated by silver nitrate test
s.
Silver nitrate test
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By adding silver nitrate to the solution of two compounds , [Co (NH3)5 Cl]SO4 will not give
AgCl precipitate as there is no Cl- ion but the [Co(NH)3 SO4]Cl will give one mole of AgCl
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precipitate as it has one Cl- ion.
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12.Classify the following ligand based on the number of donor atoms.

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a) NH3 - Monodentate
b) en – bidentate
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c) ox2- - Bidenatte
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d) triaminotriethylamine - Polydentate
e) pyridine – monodentate
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13.Give the difference between double salts and coordination compounds.
S.no Double salts Coordination compounds
i These are molecular compounds It is a compounds formed by Lewis base
formed by evaporation of solution and Lewis acid
containing two or more salts in
equimolar proportions
ii They lose their identity and complex ion in coordination compound,
dissociates into their constituent does not lose its identity and never
simple ions in solutions dissociate to give simple ions.
iii Can easily be analysed by determining Cannot easily be analysed by determining
the ions present in the aqueous the ions present in the aqueous solution
solution
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iv In double salt metal metal atom or ion In this metal metal atom or ion exhibit two
exhibit normal valency types of valencies – primary and
secondary valency
vMohr's salt (Ferrous ammonium potassium ferrithiocynate K3[Fe(SCN)6].
sulphate, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O)
14.Write the postulates of Werner’s theory.
1) Most of the elements exhibit, two types of valence namely primary valence and
secondary valence and each element tend to satisfy both the valences .
2) Primary valence is referred as the oxidation state of the metal atom .The primary
valence of a metal ion is positive in most of the cases and zero in certain cases. They
are always satisfied by negative ions.
3) Secondary valence is referred as the coordination number.The secondary valence
is satisfied by negative ions, neutral molecules, positive ions or the combination of
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these.
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4) The primary valences are non-directional while the secondary valences are directional.
5) According to Werner, there are two spheres of attraction around a metal atom/ion in a
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complex. The inner sphere is known as coordination sphere and the groups present in
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this sphere are firmly attached to the metal. The outer sphere is called ionisation
sphere. The groups present in this sphere are loosely bound to the central metal ion
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and hence can be separated into ions upon dissolving the complex in a suitable
solvent.
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20. A solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green , whereas a solution of [Ni(CN)4]2- is colourless.
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Explain
[Ni(H2O)6]2+
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Since d orbital contains two unpaired electron so d-d transition is possible which leads to
coloured.
[Ni(CN)4]2-
Since d orbital does not contains any unpaired electron , so it is colourless
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22. What is the coordination entity formed when excess of liquid ammonia is added to
an aqueous solution copper sulphate?
The coordination entity formed when excess of liquid ammonia is added to an
aqueous solution copper sulphate is [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 - Tetraamminecopper(II)Sulphate
23. On the basis of VB theory explain the nature of bonding in [Co(C2O4)3]3-
[Co(C2O4)3]3-
✓ Outer electronic configuration : 3d74s2
✓ Oxidation state of Co in given complex is +3
+3
Co
Oxalate is weak field ligand .Therefore no pairing of orbitals occurs.
Co3+ in [Co(C2O4)3]3-
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sp3d2 Hybridization (Six electron pair from the 3 oxalate ions which is
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bidentate ligand)
Geometry is Octahedral
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24.What are the limitations of VB theory?

1.It does not explain the colour of the complex
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2. It considers only the spin only magnetic moments and does not consider the other
components of magnetic moments.
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3. It does not provide a quantitative explanation as to why certain complexes are inner orbital
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complexes and the others are outer orbital complexes for the same metal. For example,
[Fe(CN)6]4- is diamagnetic (low spin) whereas [FeF6]4- is paramagnetic (high spin).
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25.Write the oxidation state, coordination number , nature of ligand, magnetic
property and electronic configuration in octahedral crystal field for the complex
K4[Mn(CN)6]
4 + x + 6 (-1) = 0
i. oxidation state x = +2
ii coordination number , 6
iii nature of ligand, Negative ligand (strong ligand )
iv. magnetic property Paramagnetic
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Book inside
Short Answers
1.What are the Limitations of Werner’s theory:
Even though, Werner’s theory was able to explain a number of properties of
coordination compounds, it does not explain their colour and the magnetic properties.
2.Define Coordination entity
Coordination entity is an ion or a neutral molecule, composed of a central atom,
usually a metal and the array of other atoms or groups of atoms (ligands) that are attached to
it. In the formula, the coordination entity is enclosed in square brackets.
For example : In nickel tetracarbonyl, the coordination entity is [Ni(CO)4]
3.Define central metal atom/ ion
The central atom/ion is the one that occupies the central position in a coordination
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entity and binds other atoms or groups of atoms (ligands) to itself, through a coordinate
covalent bond.
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In [Ni(CO)4] central metal atom is Nickel
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4.Define Ligands
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The ligands are the atoms or groups of atoms bound to the central atom/ion. The
ex
atom in a ligand that is bound directly to the central metal atom is known as a donor atom.
In K4[Fe(CN)6] the ligand is CN- ion
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5. Define Coordination sphere
ka
The complex ion of the coordination compound containing the central metal
w.
atom/ion and the ligands attached to it, is collectively called coordination sphere and are
usually enclosed in square brackets with the net charge. The other ionisable ions, are written
ww
outside the bracket are called counter ions.

For example [Ni(CO)4]
6. Define Coordination polyhedron
The three dimensional spacial arrangement of ligand atoms/ions that are directly
attached to the central atom is known as the coordination polyhedron (or polygon). For
example, in K4[Fe(CN)6], the coordination polyhedron is octahedral.
7.Define Coordination number:
The number of ligand donor atoms bonded to a central metal ion in a complex is
called the coordination number of the metal. In other words, the coordination number is
equal to the number of σ-bonds between ligands and the central atom.
For example : In K4[Fe(CN)6] the coordination number of Fe2+ is 6.
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8. Evaluate yourself 2: In the complex, [Pt(NO2)(H2O)(NH3)2]Br , identify the following
i. Central metal atom/ion - Pt
ii. Ligand(s) and their types - NO2 – Negative ligand H2O- Neutral ligand NH3 – Neutral
ligand
iii. Coordination entity - [Pt(NO2)(H2O)(NH3)2]Br
iv. Oxidation number of the central metal ion - +2
v. Coordination number - 6
Long answers
1.Explain about Types of complexes:
The coordination compounds can be classified into the following types based on
(i) the net charge of the complex ion, (ii) kinds of ligands present in the coordination entity.
Classification based on the net charge on the complex:
in
A coordination compound in which the complex ion
s.
i. carries a net positive charge is called a cationic complex. Examples: [Ag(NH3)2]+
es
ii. carries a net negative charge is called an anionic complex. Examples: [Ag(CN)2]-
iii. bears no net charge, is called a neutral complex. Examples: [Ni(CO)4]
pr
ex
Classification based on kinds of ligands present in the coordination entity

A coordination compound in which
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i. the central metal ion/atom is coordinated to only one kind of ligands is called a
homoleptic complex. Examples: [Co(NH3)6]3+
ka
ii. the central metal ion/atom is coordinated to more than one kind of ligands is called a
w.
heteroleptic complex. Example, [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+

ww
2.What are the Main assumptions of Valence bond theory (VBT)

1. The ligand → metal bond in a coordination complex is covalent in nature. It is formed by
sharing of electrons (provided by the ligands) between the central metal atom and the ligand.
2. Each ligand should have at least one filled orbital containing a lone pair of electrons.
3. In order to accommodate the electron pairs donated by the ligands, the central metal ion
present in a complex provides required number (coordination number) of vacant
orbitals.
4. These vacant orbitals of central metal atom undergo hybridisation, the process of
mixing of atomic orbitals of comparable energy to form equal number of new orbitals called
hybridised orbitals with same energy.
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5. The vacant hybridised orbitals of the central metal ion, linearly overlap with filled orbitals
of the ligands to form coordinate covalent sigma bonds between the metal and the ligand.
6. The hybridised orbitals are directional and their orientation in space gives a definite
geometry to the complex ion.
7. In the octahedral complexes, if the (n-1) d orbitals are involved in hybridisation, then they
are called inner orbital complexes or low spin complexes or spin paired complexes. If the nd
orbitals are involved in hybridisation, then such complexes are called outer orbital or high
spin or spin free complexes. Here n represents the principle quantum number of the
outermost shell.
8. The complexes containing a central meal atom with unpaired electron(s) are paramagnetic.
If all the electrons are paired, then the complexes will be diamagnetic.
in
9. Ligands such as CO, CN-, en, and NH3 present in the complexes cause pairing of electrons
s.
present in the central metal atom. Such ligands are called strong field ligands.
es
10. Greater the overlapping between the ligand orbitals and the hybridised metal orbital,
greater is the bond strength.
pr
ex
.
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ka
w.
ww
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UNIT - 6 SOLID STATE
1.An example for metal deficiency defect is
a) NaCl b) AgCl c) FeO d) CsCl
Ans : c) FeO
2. An ion leaves its regular site and occupies a position in the space between the lattice sites.
This defect is called as
a) Schottky defect b) Frenkel defect c) impurity defect d) vacancy defect
Ans : b) Frenkel defect
3. In a simple cubic cell, each point on a corner is shared by
a) one unit cell b) two unit cells c) eight unit cells d) four unit cells
Ans : c) eight unit cells
4.In Bragg's equation ‘n’ represent
a) number of moles b) Avogadro number
in
c) quantum number d) order of reflection
Ans : d) order of reflection
s.
5.The Bragg's equation is
a) λ = 2d sinθ b) nd = 2 λ sinθ es
c) 2 λ = nd sinθ
d) n λ = 2d sin θ
d) n λ = 2d sin θ
pr
6.The co-ordination number of ZnS is
ex
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : b) 4
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7. The co-ordination number of B2O3 is
ka
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : a) 3
w.
8. The co-ordination number of NaCl is

a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
ww
Ans : c) 6
9. The co-ordination number of CsCl is
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : d) 8
10.The crystal structure of CsCl is
a) simple cube b) face-centred cube
c) body-centred cube d) edge-centred cube
Ans : c) body-centred cube
11.A regular three dimensional arrangement of identical points in space is called
a) Unit cell b) Space lattice c) Primitive d) Crystallography
Ans : a) Unit cell
12. An example for Frenkel defect is
a) NaCl b) AgBr c) CsCl d) FeS
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Ans : b) AgBr
13.The solids which are good conductors of electricity and heat are
a) Ionic solids b) Molecular solids c) Metallic solids d) Covalent solids
Ans : c) Metallic solids
14.The solid in which its constituents have an orderly arrangement extending over a long
range
a) Ionic solid b) Molecular solids c) Crystalline solids d) Amorpous solids
Ans : c) Crystalline solids
15. The Coordination number of each atom in Simple Cubic , Face centered cubic , Body
centered cubic are
a) 6 , 2 , 8 b)2 , 6 , 8 c)2 , 6 , 2 d)6 , 2 , 6
Ans : a) 6 , 2 , 8
16. Percentage of Schottky defect in VO( Vanadium Mono oxide ) crystal :
a)14 % b)15% c)16% d)18%
in
Ans : a)14 %
17. Which one is Non Stoichiometric defect ;
s.
a) Metal excess effect b) Frenkel defect
c) Metal deficiency defect es
d)Both a and c
Ans : d)Both a and c
pr
18. Percentage of free space ( vacant ) in Simple cubic , Body centered , Face centered
ex
cubic unit cell ( Cubic close packing ) are

a) 47.69 % , 32 % , 26 % b) 47.69 % , 30 % , 26 %
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c) 48.69 % , 32 % , 26 % d) 47.69 % , 32 % , 28 %
Ans : a) 47.69 % , 32 % , 26 %
ka
19. In AAA type each sphere is arranged in contact with ----------- of its neighbours
w.
a) six b) four c) two d) none of these

Ans : b)four
ww
20.In ABAB… type each sphere is arranged in contact with ----------- of its neighbours
a)six b)four c) two d)none of these
Ans : a)six
21.Three atoms P , Q , R crystallize in a cubic solid lattice having P atoms at corners , Q
atom at body centre , R atom at face centre .Identify the formula of the compound
a) PQR b) PQR2 c) PQ2R d) PQR3
Ans : d)PQR3
22.The general formula of an ionic compound which crystallines in body-centred cubic
structure is
a) AB b) AB2 c) A2B d) AB3
Ans : a) AB
23.What is the arrangements of layers in a cubic close packing of spheres?
a) AB AB AB… b) ABC ABC ABC…
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c) AAAAA… d) None of these
Ans : a) AB AB AB…
24. What is the arrangements of layers in a hexagonal close packing of atom?
a) AB AB AB… b) ABC ABC ABC… c) AAAAA… d) None of these
Ans : b) ABC ABC ABC…
𝑟+
24. If ( 𝐶−) is 0.225 – 0.414, the coordination number is
𝐴 𝑟
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : b) 4
25. In which crystal system a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90˚
a) tetragonal b) orthorhombic c) rhombohedral d) hexagonal
Ans : b) orthorhombic
26. In both hcp and ccp arrangements, the coordination number of each sphere is
a) 8 b) 4 c) 12 d) 6
Ans : c) 12
in
27. The coordination number of an octahedral void is
s.
a) 4 b) 6 c) 2 d) 8
Ans : b) 6 es
28. The coordination number of an tetrahedral void is
pr
a) 4 b) 6 c) 2 d) 8
Ans : a) 4
ex
29. Naphthalene and Anthracene are

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a) Non polar molecular crystals b) Polar molecular crystals
c) Metallic crystals d) Ionic crystals
ka
Ans : a) Non polar molecular crystals
30. Glucose is an example for
w.
a) ionic crystals b) hydrogen bonded molecular crystal
ww
c) polar molecular crystals d) non – polar molecular crystals

b) hydrogen bonded molecular crystals
31.The crystal with metal excess defect is
a) ZnO b) FeO c) AgBr d) FeS
a) ZnO
32. A unit cell that contains only one lattice point is called
a) Non – primitive unit cell b) Primitive unit cell
c) Face centred cubic unit cell d) Body centred cubic unit cell
Ans : c) Face centred cubic unit cell
33. In which crystal system a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90˚
a) hexagonal b) tetragonal c) rhombohedral d) orthorhombic
Ans : b) tetragonal
34.Which one of the following is an amorphous solid?
a) glass b) SiO2 c) NaCl d) Na
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Ans : a) glass
35. Which one of the following is an example for atomic solids?
a) Frozen elements of group 18 b) Group 17 elements
c) Inner-transition elements d) Chalcogens
Ans : a) Frozen elements of group 18
36. Which one of the following is a covalent crystal?
a) Glass b) Diamond c) Anthracene d) Glucose
Ans : b) Diamond
37. Molecular solids contains neutral molecules held together by
a) strong cohesive forces b) weak vanderwals forces
c) weak ionic forces d) strong electrostatic forces
Ans : b) weak vanderwals forces
35. Silicon carbide is an example of
a) ionic solid b) covalent solid
d) non – polar molecular solid
in
c) polar molecular solid
Ans : b) covalent solid
s.
36. Solid NH3 solid CO2 are examples of
a) covalent solids es
b) polar molecular solids
c) molecular solids d) ionic solids
pr
Ans : c) molecular solids
ex
37. Each atom in the corner of the cubic unit cell is shared by how many unit cell?
a) 8 b) 6 c) 1 d) 12
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Ans : a) 8
38.Which one of the following metal shows non – stoichiometric defect?
ka
a) FeO b) AgBr c) ZnO d) Both a and c
w.
Ans : d) Both a and c

39. Which is the coordination number of each atom in a simple cubic unit cell?
ww
a) 8 b) 6 c) 12 d) 4
Ans : b) 6
40. The number of atoms belongs to bcc unit cell is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 12
Ans : a) 2
41. The number of atoms belongs to fcc unit cell is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : b) 4
42. The atoms the face centre is being shared by ______ unit cells.
a) 4 b) 8 c) 2 d) 6
Ans : c) 2
43. The coordination number of zinc sulphide is
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
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Ans : b) 4
44. The coordination number of CsCl is
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : d) 8
45. Metal excess defect is possible in
a)AgCl b) AgBr c) KCl d)FeS
Ans : c) KCl
Book Back
1.Define unit cell.
✓ A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid in a three dimensional pattern is
called a unit cell.
✓ A unit cell is characterised by the three edge lengths or lattice constants a ,b and c and
the angle between the edges α, β and γ
in
s.
2. Give any three characteristics of ionic crystals
1) Ionic solids have high melting points. es
2) These solids do not conduct electricity, because the ions are fixed in their lattice
pr
positions.
ex
3) They do conduct electricity in molten state (or) when dissolved in water because, the
ions are free to move in the molten state or solution.
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4) They are hard as only strong external force can change the relative positions of ions.
ka
3. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solids
w.
Crystalline Solids Amorphous solids

Long range orderly arrangement of Short range, random arrangement of
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constituents. constituents.
Definite shape Irregular shape
Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
They are true solids They are considered as pseudo solids (or)
super cooled liquids
Definite Heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite
They have sharp melting points. Gradually soften over a range of
temperature and so can be moulded
Examples: NaCl , diamond, Examples: Plastics, glass
4. Classify the following solids
(a) P4 (b) Brass (c) Diamond (d) NaCl (e) Iodine
(a) P4 - Molecular solid (b) Brass – Metallic solid
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(c) Diamond – Covalent solid (d) NaCl – Ionic solid
(e) Iodine – Molecular solid
5. Explain briefly seven types of unit cell.
There are seven primitive crystal systems
1) Cubic - NaCl
2) Tetragonal - TiO2
3) Orthorhombic - BaSO4
4) Hexagonal - ZnO
5) Monoclinic - PbCrO4
6) Triclinic - H3BO3
7) Rhombohedral - HgS
They differ in the arrangement of their
crystallographic axes and angles
in
8. What are point defects?
s.
✓ If the deviation in the perfect crystal occurs due to missing atoms , displaced atoms or
es
extra atoms the imperfection is called as point defect.
✓ It occurs due to imperfect packing during the original crystallisation or they may arise
pr
from thermal vibrations of atoms at elevated temperature.
ex
Types : Stoichiometric , Non stoichiometric , Impurity defect

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9. Explain Schottky defect
✓ Schottky defect arises due to the missing of equal number of cations and anions
ka
from the crystal lattice.
w.
✓ This effect does not change the stoichiometry of

the crystal.
ww
✓ Ionic solids in which the cation and anion are of

almost of similar size show schottky defect.
Example: NaCl.
✓ Presence of large number of schottky defects in a
crystal, lowers its density.
✓ Example: vanadium monoxide (VO).Theoretical density is 6.5 g cm-3, but the actual
Experimental density is 5.6 g cm-3.
✓ Approximately 14% Schottky defect in VO crystal.
10. Write short note on metal excess and metal deficiency defect with an example
Metal excess defect
✓ It arises due to the presence of more number of metal ions as compared to anions.
✓ Alkali metal halides NaCl, KCl show this type of defect.
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✓ The electrical neutrality of the crystal can be maintained by the presence of anionic
vacancies equal to the excess metal ions (or) by the presence of extra cation and
electron present in interstitial position.
Example : ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When it is heated, it becomes yellow in
colour. On heating, it loses oxygen and thereby forming free Zn2+ ions. The excess Zn2+ ions
move to interstitial sites and the electrons also occupy the interstitial positions.
Metal deficiency defect
✓ It arises arises due to the presence of less number of cations than the anions.
✓ This defect is observed in a crystal in which, the
cations have variable oxidation states.
Example : In FeO crystal, some of the Fe2+ ions are
missing from the crystal lattice. To maintain the
electrical neutrality, twice the number of other Fe2+
ions in the crystal is oxidized to Fe3+ ions. In such
in
cases, overall number of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions is less than
s.
the O2- ions.
es
11.Calculate the number of atoms in a fcc unit cell.
pr
In a face centered cubic unit cell, identical atoms lie at each corner as well as in the centre of
ex
each face.
𝑁𝑐 = 8 (Number of atoms in corners ) 𝑁𝑓 = 6 ( Number of atoms in face )
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𝑁
Number of unit cell in fcc = 𝑐 +
𝑁𝑓
8 2
ka
8 6
= +
8 2
w.
= 1 + 3=4
ww
12.Explain AAAA and ABABA and ABCABC type of three dimensional packing with
the help of neat diagram.
(i) AAAA type
✓ It can be obtained by repeating the AAAA type two dimensional
arrangements in three dimensions.
✓ Spheres in one layer sitting directly on the top of those in the
previous layer so that all layers are identical.
✓ All spheres of different layers of crystal are perfectly aligned horizontally and also
vertically, so that any unit cell of such arrangement as simple cubic structure .
✓ In simple cubic packing, each sphere is in contact with 6 neighbouring spheres - Four
in its own layer, one above and one below and hence the coordination number of the
sphere in simple cubic arrangement is 6.
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(ii) ABAB.. Type
✓ In this arrangement, the spheres in the first layer ( A type ) are slightly separated and
the second layer is formed by arranging the spheres in the depressions between the
spheres in layer A .
✓ The third layer is a repeat of the first.
✓ This pattern ABABAB is repeated throughout the crystal.
✓ In this arrangement, each sphere has a coordination
number of 8, four neighbors in the layer above and four in
the layer below.
(iii) ABCABC type arrangement
✓ In this arrangement, the first layer is formed by arranging the spheres as in the case of
two dimensional ABAB arrangements.
✓ The spheres of second row fit into the depression of first row. This is layer ‘a’.
✓ The second layer is formed by placing the spheres in the depressions of the first layer.
in
This is layer ‘b’.
s.
✓ There are two types of voids x and y.
es
✓ Wherever a sphere of second layer (b) is above the void (x) of the first layer (a), a
tetrahedral void is formed. This constitutes four spheres – three in the lower (a) and
pr
one in the upper layer (b). When the centers of these four spheres are joined, a
ex
tetrahedron is formed.
✓ At the same time, the voids (y) in the
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first layer (a) are partially covered by
the spheres of layer (b), now such a
ka
void in (a) is called a octahedral void.
w.
✓ The third layer may be placed over the

second layer in such a way that all the
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spheres of the third layer fit in

octahedral voids. This arrangement of
the third layer is different from other
two layers (a) and (b), and hence, the
third layer is designated (c). If the stacking of layers is continued in abcabcabc…
pattern, then the arrangement is called cubic close packed (ccp) structure.
✓ In ccp arrangements, the coordination number of each sphere is 12 – six neighbouring
spheres in its own layer, three spheres in the layer above and three sphere in the layer
below.
13.Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?
✓ Only strong forces can change the relative position of its constituent ions , so they are
hard
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✓ In ionic compounds the ions are rigidly held in a lattice because the positive and
negative ions are strongly attracted to each other and difficult to separate.
✓ But the brittleness of a compound is how easy it is to shift the position of atoms or
ions in a lattice
14.Calculate the percentage efficiency of packing in case of body centered cubic crystal
The spheres are touching along the leading diagonal of the cube
In ∆ABC
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
√
AC = AB + BC2 2
𝐴𝐶 = √a + a = √2a = √2a
2 2 2
In ∆ABC
AG 2 = AC 2 + CG2
AC = √AC 2 + CG 2
in
2
s.
AC = √(√2a) + a2 = √3a2 = √3a
√3a = 4r es
4
Volume of the sphere with radius ‘r’= πr 3
pr
3
3
4
√3𝑎
ex
= π( )
3 4
√3 3
= πa
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16
Number of spheres belong to a unit cell in bcc arrangement is equal to two and hence the
ka
total volume of all spheres
√3 √3πa3
w.
=2× πa3 =
16 8
ww
Total volume occupied by sphere in a unit cell

Packing fraction = × 100
volume of unit cell
√3πa3
( )
8
= × 100
(𝑎)3
= √3 × 3.14 × 12.5 = 1.732 × 3.14 × 12.5 = 68%
68 % of the available volume is occupied. The available space is used more efficiently than
in simple cubic packing.
15.What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close
packed layer?
The two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close packed layer is 4
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16. Experiment shows that Nickel oxide has the formula Ni 0.96 O 1.00 . What fraction of
Nickel exists as of Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?
Given Ni 0.96 O 1.00
Ratio of Ni : O = 96:100
So, if there are 100 atoms of oxygen then 98 atoms of Ni
Let number of atoms of Ni2+ = 𝑥
Then number of atoms of Ni3+ = 0.96– 𝑥
Total number of cation = 2𝑥 + 3(0.96 − 𝑥)
= 2𝑥 + 2.88 − 3𝑥
= (−𝑥) + 2.88
2−
Number of anions O = (−2) × 1 = −2
Number of cations = Number of anions
(−𝑥) + 2.88 = 2
x= 0.88
in
Fraction of Ni = (atom of Ni2+ / total number of atoms of Ni)
2+
0.88
s.
) =(
0.96
% of Ni in Ni 2+
= 0.9166
= 91.66%
es
pr
Fraction of Ni = (atom of Ni3+ / total number of atoms of Ni)
3+
8
ex
= (( ))
96
= 0.083
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% of Ni in Ni3+ = 8.33%
ka
17. What is meant by the term “coordination number”? What is the coordination
w.
number of atoms in a bcc structure?

✓ The number of nearest neighbour that surrounding a particle in a crystal is called
ww
coordination number.
✓ The coordination number of atoms in a bcc structure is 8.
18. An element has bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. the density of the element
is 7.2 gcm-3. How many atoms are present in 208g of the element?
Given : a = 288 pm ρ = 7.2 gcm-3
Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (288 pm)3
= (288×10-10 cm)3
= 2.39×10-23 cm3
𝑛𝑀
ρ=
𝑎3 𝑁𝐴
2𝑀
7.2gcm−3 =
(2.39 × 10−23 cm3 ) × (6.023 × 1023 mol−1 )
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7.2g × 14.33cm3 mol−1 −1
𝑀= = 51.42 gmol
2
51.42 g of the element contains 6.023 × 1023 atom
6.023×1023 ×208
208 g of the element will contain = atoms
51.42
23
= 24.17 × 10 atoms
19. Aluminium crystallizes in a cubic close packed structure. Its metallic radius is
125pm. Calculate the edge length of unit cell.
let ‘a’ is the edge of the cube and ‘r’ is the radius of atom.
Given : r = 125 pm
a = 2√2 𝑟
Sub the value of ‘r’ we get,
a = 2 x 1.414 x125 pm
= 354 pm (approximately
in
s.
20.If NaCl is doped with 10-2 mol percentage of strontium chloride, what is the
concentration of cation vacancy?
Given : Concentration of SrCl2 = 10−2 mole%
es
pr
Concentration is in percentage so that take total 100 mole of solution
Number of moles of NaCl =100 – moles of SrCl2
ex
Moles of SrCl2 is very negligible as compare to total moles.

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Number of moles of NaCl = 100
10−2
1 mole of NaCl is dopped with SrCl2 = moles
ka
100
= 10 mole of SrCl −4
2
w.
−4
cation vacancies per mole of NaCl = 10 mole
1 mole = 6.023 × 1023 particles
ww
So, cation vacancies per mole of NaCl = 10−4 × 6.023 × 1023

= 6.023 × 1019 vacancies
21.KF crystallizes in fcc structure like sodium chloride. Calculate the distance between
K+ and F− in KF. (Given: density of KF is 2.48 g cm-3)
Given : ρ = 2.48 g cm-3
Since it is face centered number of unit cell = 4 , Molar mass of KF = 58.8 g mol-1
3 𝑛𝑀
𝑎 =
𝜌𝑁𝐴
=
4×58.8
2.48 ×6.023×1023
3 -22 3
𝑎 = 1.57 × 10 cm
3 3
V = (Edge length) = 𝑎
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Edge length = √V = √1.57 × 10−22 = 538 pm
𝑎
𝑑 =
√2
538
𝑑 =
1.414
𝑑 = 380.12 pm
22.An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10 gcm−3 with unit cell
edge length of 100pm. calculate the number of atoms present in 1 g of crystal.
Given : ρ = 10 gcm-3 a = 100 pm Mass = 1 g
No of atoms in fcc unit cell = 4
Volume of unit cell 𝑎3 = (100 × 10−10 cm)3 = 10−24 cm3
𝑍×𝑀 4×1
Number of atoms in 1g of crystal = 3 = −24 = 4 × 1023 atoms
𝜌𝑎 10
in
23. Atoms X and Y form bcc crystalline structure. Atom X is present at the corners of
s.
the cube and Y
is at the center of the cube. What is the formula of the compound?
1 es
The atom at the corner makes a contribution of to the unit cell (X)
8
pr
The atom at the center makes a contribution of 1 to the unit cell (Y)
ex
Thus, number of atoms X per unit cell = Number of atoms × Contribution per unit cell
1
= 8 (at the corners) × atoms per unit cell
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8
=1
ka
Thus, number of atoms X per unit cell = Number of atoms × contribution per unit cell
= 1 (at the body centre) × 1
w.
=1
Thus, the formula of the given compound is XY.
ww
24. Sodium metal crystallizes in bcc structure with the edge length of the unit cell
4.3 ×10−8 cm. calculate the radius of sodium atom.
Given : a = 4.3 ×10−8 cm.
√3
For bcc r =
4
a
√3 −8
=
× 4.3 × 10 cm.
4
−8
= 1. 786× 10 cm
25. Write a note on Frenkel defect.
✓ Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions from its crystal lattice.
✓ The ion which is missing from the lattice point occupies an interstitial position. This
defect is shown by ionic solids in which cation and anion differ in size.
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✓ Unlike Schottky defect, this defect does not affect the
density of the crystal.
✓ For example AgBr, in this case, small Ag+ ion leaves its
normal site and occupies an interstitial position as shown
in the figure.
Evaluate yourself
1. An element has a face centered cubic unit cell with a length of 352.4 pm along an
edge. The density of the element is 8.9 𝐠𝐜𝐦−𝟑 . How many atoms are present in 100 g of
an element?
Given : a = 352.4 pm , n = 4 ( face centered cubic) , 𝜌 = 8.9gcm−3 , NA = 6.023 × 1023
ρa3 NA
M=
n
8.9 × (352.4 × 10−12 )3 × 6.023 × 1023
=
in
4
−1
= 586.47 × 10 = 58.65g
s.
58.65 g of the element contains 6.023 × 1023 atom
100g of the element will contain =
6.023×1023 ×100
atoms es
58.65
pr
22
= 1.026 × 10 atoms
ex
2.Determine the density of CsCl which crystallizes in a bcc type structure with an edge
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length 412.1 pm.
Given : M = 168.5 , n = 2 , a = 412.1 × 10−12 , NA = 6.023 × 1023
ka
𝑛𝑀
ρ= 3
𝑎 𝑁𝐴
w.
2×168.5
ρ = (412.1×10−12)3
×6.023×1023
ww
= 0.779 × 10
= 7.99 = 8gcm−3
3.A face centered cubic solid of an element (atomic mass 60) has a cube edge of 4Ẵ .
Calculate its density.
Given : 𝒂 = 𝟒Ẵ = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 , M = 60 , n = 4 ( face centered cubic)
𝑛𝑀
ρ=
𝑎3 𝑁𝐴
4×60
= (4×10−10)3
×6.023×1023
= 0.6626 × 10 = 6.626 gcm−3
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Book Inside
Short Answers
1.What are General characteristics of solids
✓ Solids have definite volume and shape.
✓ Solids are rigid and incompressible
✓ Solids have strong cohesive forces.
✓ Solids have short inter atomic, ionic or molecular distances.
✓ Their constituents ( atoms , ions or molecules) have fixed positions and can only
oscillate about their mean positions
2.What are two types of solids based on the arrangement of their constituents.
(i) Crystalline solids
(ii) Amorphous solids.
in
3.Define isotropy and anisotropy
Isotropy means uniformity in all directions. In solid state isotropy means having identical
s.
values of physical properties such as refractive index, electrical conductance etc., in all
directions, es
Anisotropy means having different values of physical properties when measured along
pr
different directions.
ex
4.Define Crystal lattice

lvi
The regular arrangement of these species throughout the crystal is called a crystal
lattice.
ka
5.What are two types of unit cells?
w.
✓ A unit cell that contains only one lattice point is called a primitive unit cell, which is
ww
made up from the lattice points at each of the corners.

✓ In non-primitive unit cells, there are additional lattice points, either on a face of the
unit cell or with in the unit cell.
6.Calculate the Number of atoms in a simple and body centered cubic unit cell
Simple cubic unit cell
In the simple cubic unit cell, each corner is occupied by an identical atoms or ions or
molecules. The coordination number of each atom is 6.
Each atom in the corner of the cubic unit cell is shared by 8 neighbouring unit cells
Nc – Number of atoms in corners = 8
Number of atoms in a simple cubic unit cell = Nc /8
= 8/8
=1
Body centered cubic unit cell. (BCC)
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In a body centered cubic unit cell, each corner is occupied by an identical particle and in
addition to that one atom occupies the body centre.
Those atoms which occupy the corners is surrounded by eight nearest neighbours and
coordination number is 8. An atom present at the body centre belongs to only to a particular
unit cell i.e unshared by other unit cell.
Nc – Number of atoms in corners = 8 Nb = 1
Number of atoms in a body centered cubic unit cell = Nc /8 + Nb / 1
= 8/8 + 1/1
= 1+1 = 2
7.What is Stoichiometric defects in ionic solid:
This defect is also called intrinsic (or) thermodynamic defect. In stoichiometric ionic
crystals, a vacancy of one ion must always be associated with either by the absence of
another oppositely charged ion (or) the presence of same charged ion in the interstitial
position so as to maintain the electrical neutrality
in
8.Explain about impurity defect
s.
✓ A general method of introducing defects in ionic solids is by adding impurity ions.
es
✓ If the impurity ions are in different valance state from that of host, vacancies are
created in the crystal lattice of the host.
pr
✓ For example, addition of CdCl2 to silver chloride yields solid solutions where the
ex
divalent cation Cd2+ occupies the position of Ag+.

✓ This will disturb the electrical neutrality of the crystal.
lvi
✓ In order to maintain the same, proportional number of Ag+ ions leaves the lattice.
✓ This produces a cation vacancy in the lattice, such kind of crystal defects are called
ka
impurity defects.
w.
9.What is Bragg’s equation?
ww
The inter planar distance (d) between two successive planes of atoms can be calculated using
the following equation form the X-Ray diffraction data
𝐧𝛌 = 𝟐𝐝𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
λ − the wavelength of X-ray used for diffraction.
θ − The angle of diffraction
n − Order of reflection
10.What are characteristic parameters of a unit cell?
A unit cell is characterised by the three edge lengths or lattice
constants a ,b and c and the angle between the edges α, β and γ
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11.What is meant by packing efficiency ? How it is measured?
✓ There is some free space between the spheres of a single layer and the spheres of
successive layers.
✓ The percentage of total volume occupied by these constituent spheres gives the
packing efficiency of an arrangement. For example in simple cubic arrangement
✓ Packing fraction = × 100
volume of unit cell
12.Sketch the a) Simple cubic b) Body-centered cubic c) Face centered cubic lattices
Simple cubic Body centered cubic Face centered cubic
in
13.What is Piezoelectric crystals ?
s.
✓ Piezoelectricity is the appearance of an electrical potential across the sides of a crystal
when you subject it to mechanical stress.
es
✓ The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat.
✓ Even the inverse is possible which is known as inverse piezoelectric effect.
pr
ex
Long Answers
1.Calculate packing efficiency of simple cubic unit cell
lvi
Packing fraction = × 100……..(1)
ka
volume of unit cell

Consider a cube with an edge length ‘a’
Volume of the cube with edge length a = 𝑎3 ………..(2)
w.
r- radius of the sphere
ww
𝑎
From the figure 𝑎 = 2𝑟 which implies 𝑟 =
2
4 3
Volume of the sphere with radius ‘r’= πr
3
𝑎 3
4
= π( )
3 2
πa3
……..(3)
=
6
In a simple cubic arrangement, number of spheres belongs to a unit cell is equal to one
Total volume occupied by sphere in a sc unit cell = 1 ×
πa3
=
πa3
……(4)
6 6
Dividing (4) by (2)
πa3
6
Packing fraction = × 100 = 52.13%
𝑎3
only 52.31% of the available volume is occupied by the spheres in simple cubic packing,
making inefficient use of available space and hence minimizing the attractive forces.
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2..How is radius ration is useful in determination of structure of an ionic compound?
✓ The structure of an ionic compound depends upon the stoichiometry and the size of
the ions.
✓ Generally in ionic crystals the bigger anions are present in the close packed
arrangements and the cations occupy the voids.
𝑟𝐶+
✓ The ratio of radius of cation and anion
plays an important role in determining the
𝑟𝐴−
structure.
𝑟𝐶+ Coordination Structure Example
( −)
𝑟𝐴 number
0.155– 0.225 3 Trigonal planar B2O3
0.225 – 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS
0.414 – 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl
in
0.732 – 1.0 8 Cubic CsCl
s.
3.How will you derive the formula of density of a unit cell es
By Using the edge length of a unit cell, we can calculate the density _() of the crystal by
pr
considering a cubic unit cell as follows.
ex
Mass of the unit cell

Density of the cell ρ =
volume of unit cell
lvi
total number of atoms belongs
Mass of the unit cell = { } × mass of one atom…….(1)
ka
to that unit cell

molar mass ( gmol−1 )
Mass of one atom =
w.
Avagardo number ( mol−1 )

m = ………(2)
M
ww
NA
Sub (2) in (1)
M
Mass of the unit cell= 𝑛 ×
NA
For a cubic unit cell, all the edge lengths are equal i.e , a=b=c
Volume of the unit cell = 𝑎3
𝒏×𝐌
𝛒=
𝒂𝟑 𝐍𝐀
4.Explain about classification of solids
Ionic Solids
✓ The structural units of an ionic crystal are cations and anions.
✓ They are bound together by strong electrostatic attractive forces.
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✓ To maximize the attractive force, cations are surrounded by as many anions as
possible and vice versa.
✓ Ionic crystals possess definite crystal structure
Example : NaCl
Covalent solids:
✓ In covalent solids, the constituents (atoms) are bound together in a three dimensional
network entirely by covalent bonds.
✓ Such covalent network crystals are very hard, and have high melting point. They are
usually poor thermal and electrical conductors.
Examples: Diamond, silicon carbide
Molecular solids
✓ In molecular solids, the constituents are neutral molecules.
✓ They are held together by weak van der Waals forces. Generally molecular solids are
in
soft and they do not conduct electricity.
✓ These molecular solids are further classified into three types.
s.
(i) Non-polar molecular solids es
In non polar molecular solids constituent molecules are held together by weak dispersion
pr
forces or London forces
ex
Examples: Naphthalene, anthracene etc.,

lvi
(ii) Polar molecular solids
Thee constituents are molecules formed by polar covalent bonds. They are held together
ka
by relatively strong dipole-dipole interactions. They have higher melting points than the
w.
non-polar molecular solids.

Examples : Solid CO2 , solid NH3 etc.
ww
(iii) Hydrogen bonded molecular solids
The constituents are held together by hydrogen bonds. They are generally soft solids under
room temperature.
Examples: Solid ice (H2O), glucose, urea etc.,
iv)Metallic solids
In metallic solids, the lattice points are occupied by positive metal ions and a cloud of
electrons pervades the space. They are hard, and have high melting point. Metallic solids
possess excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. They possess bright lustre. Examples:
Metals and metal alloys belong to this type of solids,
Example : Cu,Fe,Zn, Ag ,Au, Cu-Zn etc.
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in
s.
es
pr
ex
lvi
ka
w.
ww
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UNIT – 7 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Book Inside one marks
𝑑[𝑁2 𝑂5 ] 𝑑[𝑁𝑂2 ] 𝑑[𝑂2 ]
1.2N2O5 → NO2+O2, =k1[N2O5], =k2[N2O5]and =k3[N2O5] , the
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
relation between k1,k2,and k3 is
a)2k1 = 4k2 = k3 b) k1 = k2=k3 c)2k1=k2=4k3 d)2k1=k2=k3
Ans : c)2k1=k2=4k3
2.What would be the rate of disappearance of oxygen, if the rate of formation of nitric oxide
(NO)is 3.6×10-3 mol L-1s-1 ?
a) 4 ×10-3mol L-1s-1 b) 4× 10-3 mol L-1s-1
c) 4.5 ×10-3mol L-1s-1 d) 4.5×10-3mol L-1s-1.
−1 ∆[𝑂2 ] 1 ∆[𝑁𝑂]
Formula: =
5 ∆𝑡 4 ∆𝑡
Ans : c) 4.5 ×10 mol L-1s-1
-3
3.For a reaction ,2A+B→ 3𝐶,the rate of appearance of C at time ‘t’ is 1.2×10-4

in
mol L1s1. Identify the rate of reaction.
a) 4×10-5mol L-1s-1 b) 4.5×10-1mol L-1s-1
s.
c) 3.6×10-4 mol L-1s-1 d )None of these.
Formula:
1 𝑑[𝐶]
= × 1.2 × 10
1 −4
3 𝑑𝑡 3
es
pr
Ans : a) 4×10-5mol L-1s-1
4,For the reaction ,2N2O5 → 4NO2+O2, select the correct statement.
ex
a)Rate of the formation of O2 is same as rate of formation of NO2

lvi
b)Rate of disapperance of N2O5is two times the rate of formation of NO2.
c)Rate of formation of O2 is 0.5 times rate of disappearance of N2O5.
ka
d)Rate of formation of NO2 is equal to rate of disappearance of N2O5.
Ans : c)Rate of formation of O2 is 0.5 times rate of disappearance of N2O5.
w.
5.What would be the activation energy of the reaction when the temperature is increased
ww
from 27℃ 𝑡𝑜 37℃?

a)534 kJ mol-1 b)53.4 kJ mol-1
c)5.34 kJ mol-1 d) none of these.
Formula : rate of reaction is doubled
𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 𝑇2 −𝑇1
In = [ ]
𝑘1 𝑅 𝑇1 −𝑇2
Ans : d) none of these.
6.The unit of rate constant and rate of reaction are the same for
a)First order b) Second order c)Third order d) Zero order
Ans : d) Zero order
7.Which of the following state is not correct ?
a) Molecularity of a reaction cannot be fractional
b) Molecularity of a reaction cannot be more than three
c) Molecularity of a reaction can be zero
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d) Molecularity is assigned for each elementary step of mechanicsm.
Ans : c) Molecularity of a reaction can be zero
8.The addition of a catalyst during a chemical reaction alters which of the following
quantities?
a) Activation energy b) Entropy c)Internal energy d)Enthalpy .
Ans : a) Activation energy
9.What will be the rate constant of a I order reaction ,if its half life is given to be 20 min?
a)13.86 min-1 b)28.86 min-1 c) 3.47×10-2 min-1 d)none of these
Formula :
0.693
𝑡1
2
Ans : c) 3.47×10-2 min-1
10.How much time will be taken for 20 gm to reduce 5 g?[R=2×10-3s-1(I order reaction)].
a) 693.1 s b) 693.1 s-1 c) 6.931 s d )6.931 s-1
2.303 [𝐴0 ]
Formula: t = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑅 [𝐴𝑡 ]
in
Ans : a) 693.1 s
s.
11.A first order reaction is 50% completed in 1.26×1014.how much time would is take for
100%completion?
a)1.26×1015s b)2.52×1014s
es
c)2.52×1028 s
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www d)Infinite
pr
Ans : d)Infinite
12.For the second order reaction 𝑡1 ∝
ex
2
1 1
𝑎) b) c)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 d) 𝑎
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𝑎2
1
𝑎
Ans : b)
ka
𝑎
13.The unit of zero order rate constant is
a)litre mol-1 sec-1 b)mol litre-1 sec-1 c) sec-1 d) litre2 sec-1.
w.
Ans : b)mol litre-1 sec-1
ww
14.The excess energy which a molecule must posses to become active is known as
a)Kinetic energy b)Threshold energy c)Potential energy d)Activation energy
Ans : d)Activation energy
15.Arrhenius equation is
−1⁄ 𝑅𝑇⁄ −𝐸𝑎⁄ 𝐸𝑎⁄
a)k = A𝑒 𝑅𝑇 b)k = A𝑒 𝐸𝑎 c) k = A𝑒 𝑅𝑇 d) k = A𝑒 𝑅𝑇
−𝐸𝑎⁄
Ans : c) k = A𝑒 𝑅𝑇
16.The term A in Arrhenius equation is called as

a)Probability factor b)Activation energy c)Collision factor d)Frequency factor
Ans : d)Frequency factor
17.The half life period of a first order reaction is 10 minute. then its rate constant is
a) 6.93×102min-1 b) 0.693×10-2 min-1
c) 6.932×10-2 min-1 d) 69.3×10-1 min-1
Ans : c) 6.932×10-2 min-1
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18.If the initial concentration of the reactants is doubled, then rate
a) remains constant b) doubled
c) is reduced to half of its value d) is increased by four times of initial rate
Ans : d) is increased by four times of initial rate
19.Which one of the following is an example of pseudo first order reaction?
a) acid hydrolysis of ester b) decomposition of HI
c) Synthesis of NH3 d) All radioactive transformations.
Ans : a) acid hydrolysis of ester
20.When the Ea of the reaction zero then the rate constant of the reaction is equal to
𝑘
a)2.303 K b) c) 𝑡1 d) A
2.303 2
Ans : d) A
21.Activation energy is equal to
a) Threshold energy + energy of colloiding molecules
b) Threshold energy
in
c) Threshold energy×energy of colloiding molecules
s.
d) Threshold energy− energy of colloiding molecules
es
Ans : d)Threshold energy + energy of colloiding molecules
22.In a second order reaction, if one of the concentration is excess, the order of the reaction
pr
is _________ order reaction.
a)First b)Pseudo first c)Third d) zero
ex
Ans : b)Pseudo first

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23.If the activation energy is high , then the rate of reaction is
a)High b)low c) cannot be predicted d) none of these
ka
24.All radioactive transformation follows
a) zero order kinetics b) first order kinetics
w.
c) second order kinetics d) third order kinetics
ww
Ans : b) first order kinetics

25. Which one of the following is called pseudo first order reaction?
a) decomposition of acetaldehyde b) acid hydrolysis of an ester
c) isomerisation of cyclopropane to propene d)decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Ans : b) acid hydrolysis of an ester
26. The half life period of first order reaction in 10 seconds. What is the time required for
completion of that time?
a) 20 seconds b) 1000 seconds c) 100 seconds d) 999 seconds
Ans : c) 100 seconds
H+
27. The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate : CH3COOC2H3 + H2O → CH3COOH + C2H5OH
belongs to this reaction
a) zero order b) pseudo first order c) second order d) third order
Ans : b) pseudo first order
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28. The half life of paracetamol with in the body is
a) 2 hours b) 2.5 hours c) 6 hours d) 10 hours
Ans : b) 2.5 hours
29. t1/2 of the reaction increases with increase initial concentration of the reaction means the
order of the reaction will be
a) first order b)zero order c) second order d) third order
Ans : b)zero order
30. The overall order of the reaction 5Br − + BrO− 3 + 6H is
+
a) 4 b) 3/2 c) 12 d) 1
Ans : a) 4
31.What is the order of a reaction which has a rate expression rate = K[A]3/2[B]-1
a) 3/2 b) 1/2 c) 0 d) None
Ans : b) 1/2
32. The no of molecules of the reactants taking part in a single step of the reaction is
in
indicative of
a) order of a reaction b) molecularity of a reaction
s.
c) fast step of the mech of a reaction d) half life of the reaction
Ans : b) molecularity of a reaction es
33. For an elementary reaction 2A + B → C + D the molecularity is
pr
a) Zero b) one c) two d) three
ex
34. If the unit rate and rate constant are same , then the order of the reaction is
a) zero b) first c) second d) third
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Ans : a) zero
35. For any reaction if we plot a graph between time ‘t’ and log ( a – x ), a straight line is
ka
obtained. The order of the reaction is
w.
a) zero b) first c) second d) third

Ans : b) first
ww
Book Back
1. Define average rate and instantaneous rate.
Average rate : It is defined as change in concentration of a reaction or product of a chemical
in a given interval of time
Change in concentration of reactants or products
Average rate =
time intrerval
Instantaneous rate : The rate of the reaction, at a particular instant during the reaction is
called the instantaneous rate
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2. Define rate law and rate constant.
Rate law : The rate law is the expression in which reaction rate is given in terms of molar
concentration of reactants with each terms raised to some power which may or may not be
the same as stoichiometric coefficient of the reacting species in a balanced chemical
equations
aA + bB → Products
rate = K[A]a [B]b
K = rate constant of reaction
a , b = Exponents
Rate constant :It is equal to the rate of the reaction , when the concentration of reactant is
unity It is proportionality constant .
3.Derive integrated rate law for a zero order reaction A product
in
A reaction in which the rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant over a wide
range of concentrations is called as zero order reactions
s.
A product
Rate law
es
rate = k[A]o
pr
−𝑑[𝐴]
= k (1) where [A]o = 1
ex
𝑑𝑡
-d[A] = k dt ………. (1)
lvi
Integrate the equation (1) between the limits of [Ao ] at t = 0 and [A] at t = t ,
[𝐴] 𝑡
− ∫[𝐴 ] 𝑑 [𝐴] = 𝑘 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
ka
0
[Ao ] - [A] = 𝑘𝑡
w.
[𝑨𝟎 ] − [𝐀 ]
𝐤 =
𝒕
ww
4.Define half life of a reaction. Show that for a first order reaction half life is
independent of initial concentration.
The half life of a reaction is defined as the time required for the reactant concentration to
reach one half its initial value.
For first order reaction rate constant
2.303 [Ao ]
k= log [A]
……….(1)
𝑡
[Ao ]
when t = t½ ; [A] =
2
2.303
k =
𝑡1
log 2
⁄2
0.6932
t1/2 =
secs………(2)
𝑘
From (2) half life of the first order reaction does not contain any initial concentration term
Hence proved.
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5. What is an elementary reaction? Give the differences between order and
molecularity of a reaction.
Elementary reaction : Each and every single step in a reaction mechanism is called an
elementary reaction.
Order of reaction Molecularity of reaction
It is sum of the power of concentration It is total number of reactant species
terms involved in experimentally involved in an elementary step
determined rate law
It can be zero or fractional or integer It is always whole number, cannot be zero
or fractional number
It is assigned for a overall reaction It is assigned for each elementary step of
mechanism
in
6. Explain the rate determining step with an example.
s.
The slowest step during a chemical reaction determines the overall speed of a reaction
towards completion is rate determining step. es
Consider the following reaction,
pr
NO2(g) + CO
(g) NO
(g) + CO
2(g)
ex
The elementary steps of the reaction are as follows:

Step 1 : NO2 + NO2 → NO + NO3 (Rate constant = k , slow)
lvi
Step 2 : NO3 +CO → NO2 + CO3 (Rate constant = k fast)
ka
As the first step is the slowest step in the reaction it will determine the rate of the overall
reaction.
w.
Therefore the rate determining step of the given reaction and hence the rate expression for
the given reaction is the product of rate constant and the reactants of this step.
ww
Rate = k1 [NO2 ][NO2 ] = k1 [NO2 ]2

7. Describe the graphical representation of first order reaction.
Reaction in which rate of the reaction depends on the
concentrations of one of the reactant only is called first order
reaction
A Products
Rate = k [A]
−𝑑[𝐴]
𝑑𝑡
= k [A]
−𝑑[𝐴]
= k dt
[𝐴]
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Integrate the above equation between the limits of [Ao] at t = 0 and [A] at t = t ,
[𝐴] 𝑑[𝐴] 𝑡
− ∫[𝐴 = 𝑘 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
[A ]
𝑜 ] [𝐴]
ln [A]o = kt …………..(1)
This equation is in natural logarithm. To convert it into usual logarithm with base 10, we
have to multiply the term by 2.303
k=
𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑 [A ]
log o ……….(2)
𝒕 [A]
Equation (1) can be rewritten as
ln[Ao ] −ln[ A] = kt
y = mx + c
✓ If we follow the reaction by measuring the concentration of the reactants at regular
time interval ‘t’, a plot of ln[A] against ‘t’ yields a straight line with a negative slope
which passes through origin for first order reaction .
✓ By taking slope k can be found out
in
✓ For first order reaction k is constant
s.
8. Write the rate law for the following reactions.
3
es
(a) A reaction that is order in x and zero order in y.
pr
2
3
Rate = k [x]2 [y]o
ex
(b) A reaction that is second order in NO and first order in Br2.

2NO + Br2 → 2NOBr
lvi
Rate = k [NO]2 [Br2]
ka
10. The rate law for a reaction of A, B and C has been found to be 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 =
w.
𝐤[𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁][𝐋]𝟑/𝟐 How would the rate of reaction change when

ww
(i) Concentration of [L] is quadrupled

(ii) Concentration of both [A] and [B] are doubled
(iii) Concentration of [A] is halved
𝟏
(iv) Concentration of [A] is reduced to ( ) and concentration of [L] is quadrupled.
𝟑
rate = k[A]2 [B][L]3/2
(i) [L] = [4L]
rate = k[A]2 [B][4L]3/2
rate = 8 (k[A]2 [B][L]3/2 )
Rate is increased by 8 times
(ii) [A] = [2A] &[B] = [2B]
2 3/2
rate = k[2A] [2B][4L]
rate = k[A]2 [B][4L]3/2
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rate = 8 (k[A]2 [B][L]3/2 )
Rate is increased by 8 times
A
(iii) [A] = [ ]
2
A2
rate = k [ ] [B][4L]3/2
2
1
rate = (k[A]2 [B][L]3/2 )
4
1
Rate in reduced to times
4
A
(iv) [A] = [ ] & [L] = [4L]
3
2
A
rate = k [ ] [B][4L]3/2
3
in
8
rate = (k[A]2 [B][L]3/2 )
s.
9
es −𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟏
11.The rate of formation of a dimer in a second order reaction 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐋 𝐬
−𝟏
pr
at 0.05 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐋 monomer concentration. Calculate the rate constant.
Consider the dimerisation of monomer M
ex
2M → (M)2
rate = k[M]n
lvi
n = 2 , [M] = 0.05mol L−1 Rate = 7.5 × 10−3 mol L−1 s −1
ka
rate 7.5 × 10−3

k= = = 3mol−1 Ls −1
[M]n (0.05)2
w.
12.For a reaction 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 →
ww
products the rate law is given by

𝟑/𝟐 [𝐲]𝟏/𝟐
𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤[𝐱]
what is the overall order of the reaction and what is the order of
the reaction with respect to z.
rate = k[x]3/2 [y]1/2
3 1
Overall order = + = 2
2 2
Since the rate expression does not contain the concentration of Z , the reaction is zero with
respect to Z
14. Write Arrhenius equation and explains the terms involved.
−𝑬𝒂
k = A𝒆 𝑹𝑻
A = Frequency factor or Arrhenius factor
Ea = Activation energy
R = gas constant T = temperature
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15. The decomposition of 𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝐎𝟕 at 500K in the gas phase to 𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝟐 is a first order
reaction. After 1 minute at 500K, the pressure of 𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝐎𝟕 falls from 0.08 to 0.04 atm.
Calculate the rate constant in 𝐬 −𝟏 .
Given : [A0 ] = 0.08 , [A] = 0.04 , t = 1 min
2.303 [A0 ] 2.303 [0.08]
k= log => k = log
t [A] 1 min [0.04]
k = 2.303 log 2 => k = 2.303 × 0.3010
−1
k = 0.6932 min
0.6932 −1 −𝟐 −𝟏
k=( )s => 𝐤 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐬
60
16. Give two examples for zero order rection
1.Photochemical reaction between H & I
2 2
in
hv
H2 + I2 → 2HCl
s.
2. Decomposition of N2 O on hot platinum surface
1
N2 O(g) ⇌ N2 (g) + O2 (g)
2
es
pr
3. Iodination of acetone in acid medium is zero order with respect to iodine.
H+
CH3 COCH3 + I2 → ICH2 COCH3 + HI
ex
lvi
17. Explain pseudo first order reaction with an example.
Second order reaction can be altered to a first order reaction by taking one of the reactant in
ka
large excess, such reaction is called pseudo first order reaction
w.
Acid hydrolysis of an ester,

CH COOCH
H+
+ H O → CH COOH + CH OH
ww
3 3 (aq) 2 3 (aq) 3
If the reaction is carried out with the large excess of water, there is no significant change in
the concentration of water during hydrolysis. i.e.,concentration of water remains almost a
constant.
k [H O] = k'
2
rate = k [CH3COOCH3]
Thus it follows first order kinetics
18.Identify the order for the following
(i) Rusting of Iron
(ii) Radioactive disintegration of U238
92
(iii) 2A + 3B → Products ; rate = k [A]1/2 [B]2
(i)First order reaction
(ii) Radioactive disintegration Follows first prder reaction
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(iii) 2A + 3B → Products ; rate = k [A]1/2 [B]2
1
Order = + 2 = 2.5
2
19. A gas phase reaction has energy of activation 200 kJ mol-1 . If the frequency factor
of the reaction is 1.6 × 1013 s-1. Calculate the rate constant at 600 K.
Given : Ea = 200 kJ mol-1 , A= 1.6 × 1013 𝑠 −1 ,T = 200 K , R = 8.314 JK −1 mol−1
−Ea
k = Ae RT
= 1.6 × 1013 × e-(40.1)
= 1.6 × 1013 × 3.8 × 10-18
= 6.21 × 10-5 s −1
20. For the reaction 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 → 𝐋 find the rate law from the following data.
[X] (min) [Y] (min) Rate (M s-1)
0.2 0.02 0.15
in
0.4 0.02 0.30
s.
0.4 0.08 1.20
Rate =𝑘 [𝑥]𝑛 [𝑦]𝑚 es
0.15 = 𝑘 [0.2]𝑛 [0.02]𝑚 ………….(1)
pr
0.30 = 𝑘 [0.4]𝑛 [0.02]𝑚 ………,….(2)
ex
1.20 = 𝑘 [0.4]𝑛 [0.08]𝑚 ) ………....(3)

Dividing Eq(3) by Eq(2) we get,
lvi
1.2 𝑘 [0.4]𝑛 [0.08]𝑚
=
0.3 𝑘 [0.4]𝑛 [0.02]𝑚
ka
[0.08]
𝑚
4=( )
w.
[0.02]
4 = (4)𝑚
ww
𝒎=𝟏
Dividing Eq(2) by Eq(1) we get,
0.30 𝑘 [0.4]𝑛 [0.02]𝑚
=
0.15 𝑘 [0.2]𝑛 [0.02]𝑚
𝑛
[0.4]
2=( )
[0.2]
2 = (2)𝑛
𝒏=𝟏
Rate =𝑘 [𝑥]1 [𝑦]1
0.15 = 𝑘 [0.2]1 [0.02]1
0.15
=𝑘
[0.2]1 [0.02]1
𝒌 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 𝑳 𝒔−𝟏
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23. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐬 −𝟏 . Calculate its half life
time.
Given : 𝑘 = 1.54 × 10−3 s −1
0.693
For first order 𝑡1⁄ =
2 k
0.693
𝑡1⁄ = = = 450 s
2 1.54×10−3 s−1
24.The half life of the homogeneous gaseous reaction 𝐒𝐎𝟐 𝐂𝐥𝟐 → 𝐒𝐎𝟐 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 which obeys
first order kinetics is 8.0 minutes. How long will it take for the concentration of 𝐒𝐎𝟐 𝐂𝐥𝟐
to be reduced to 1% of the initial value?
Given : t 1⁄ = 8 min [A] = 1%
2
in
0.693
𝑘=
s.
t1⁄
2
𝑘=
0.693
8
= 0.087min−1
es
pr
For a first order reaction,
ex
2.303 [𝐴0 ]
𝑡= log
𝑘 [𝐴]
lvi
2.303 100
𝑡= log ( )
ka
0.087 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1 1
𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏
w.
25.The time for half change in a first order decomposition of a substance A is 60
ww
seconds. Calculate the rate constant. How much of A will be left after 180 seconds?
Given : (i) Order of a reaction =1; 𝒕𝟏 = 60 seconds, k =?
𝟐
2.303
𝑘=
⁄2 t1
(ii) [𝑨𝟎 ] =100%, t =180 s, k=0.01155 seconds-1 ,[A]=?
2.303 [𝐴0 ]
𝑡= log
𝑘 [𝐴]
2.303 100 0.01155 × 180 100
0.01155 = log ( ) => = log ( )
180 [𝐴] 2.303 [𝐴]
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0.9207 = log 100 − log[𝐴]
log[𝐴] = log 100 − 0.9207
log[𝐴] = 2 − 0.9207
log[𝐴] = 1.0973
[𝐴] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑜𝑓 (1.0973)
[𝐴] = 12.5 %
26.A zero order reaction is 20 % complete in 20 minutes. Calculate the value of the rate
constant. In what time will the reaction be 80 % complete?
Given : (i) 𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%, 𝐱 = 𝟐𝟎 %, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝐚 − 𝐱 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎
𝑥 20
For the zero order reaction 𝑘 = ( ) => 𝑘 = ( ) = 1
𝑡 20
Rate constant for a reaction =1
in
(ii) To calculate the time for 80 % of completion , 𝐤 = 𝟏, 𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝐱 = 𝟖𝟎 % , 𝐭 =?
s.
𝑥 80
Therefore, 𝑡 = ( ) = ( ) = 80 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 1
es
pr
-1
27.The activation energy of a reaction is 225 kcal mol and the value of rate constant at
𝟒𝟎℃ is 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒔−𝟏 . Calculate the frequency factor, A.
ex
Given : 𝐸𝑎 = 22.5 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 = 22500 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , 𝑇 = 40℃ = 40 + 273 = 313𝐾
𝑘 = 1.8 × 10−5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
lvi
Substituting the values in the equation
ka
Ea
log A = log k + ( )
2.303 RT
w.
22500
log A = log( 1.8 × 10−5 ) + ( )
2.303 × 1.987 × 313
ww
log A = log(1.8) − 5 + (15.7089)

log A = 10.9642
A = antilog(10.9642)
𝐀 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐬 −𝟏
28. Benzene diazonium chloride in aqueous solution decomposes according to the
equation 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟓 𝐍𝟐 𝐂𝐥 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟓 𝐂𝐥 + 𝐍𝟐 . Starting with an initial concentration of 10 g L-1,
the volume of 𝐍𝟐 gas obtained at 𝟓𝟎℃ at different intervals of time was found to be as
under
T (min) 6 12 18 24 30 ∞
Vol. of 𝑵𝟐 (ml) 19.3 32.6 41.3 46.5 50.4 58.3
Show that the above reaction follows the first order kinetics. What is the value of the rate
constant?
Solution:
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2.303 a
k = log
t (a − x)
2.303 V∞
k = log
t V∞ − Vt
In this case, 𝑉∞ = 58.3 𝑚𝑙
The value of k at different time can be calculated as follows:
S.No. t 𝑽𝒕 𝑽∞ − 𝑽𝒕 (ml) 𝒌=
𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝑽
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ∞ (𝒎𝒊𝒏−𝟏 )
𝒕 𝑽∞ −𝑽𝒕
(min) (ml)
1 6 19.3 2.303 58.3
58.3 − 19.3 = 39.0
log ( ) 𝑘=
6 39
= 0.0670 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
2 12 32.6 58.3 − 32.6 = 25.7 2.303 58.3
𝑘= log ( )
in
12 25.7
= 0.0683 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
s.
3 18 41.3 58.3 − 41.3 = 17.0 2.303 58.3
𝑘=
18
log (
17
) es
= 0.0685 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
pr
4 24 46.5 58.3 − 46.5 = 11.8 2.303 58.3
ex
𝑘= log ( )
24 11.8
= 0.0666 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
lvi
5 30 50.4 58.3 − 50.4 = 7.9 2.303 58.3
𝑘= log ( )
ka
30 7.9
= 0.0666 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
w.
Mean value of k = 0.0674 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1

ww
Value of k comes out to be nearly constant, the given constant, the given reaction is of the
first order.
−𝟏
The mean value of k = 0.0674 𝐦𝐢𝐧
29. From the following data, show that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a
reaction of first order:
t (min) 0 10 20
V (ml) 46.1 28 19.3
Where t is the time in minutes and V is the volume of standard 𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒 solution
required for titrating the same volume of the reaction mixture.
Solution:
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Volume of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 solution used ∝ Amount of 𝐻2 𝑂2 present. Hence if the given reaction is
of the first order
2.303 a
k= log
t (a − x)
2.303 Vo
k= log
t Vt
In this case, 𝑉𝑜 = 46.1 𝑚𝑙
The value of k at each instant can be calculated as follows:
S.No. t (min) 𝐕𝐭 (ml) 𝐤=
𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐕
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟎 (𝐦𝐢𝐧−𝟏 )
𝐭 𝐕𝐭
1 0 46.1 2.303 46.1
k=
log ( )=0
0 46.1
2 10 29.8 2.303 46.1
k= log ( ) = 0 . 0436 min−1
10 29.8
in
3 20 19.3 2.303 46.1
k= log ( ) = 0 . 0435 min−1
s.
20 19.3
Thus, the value of k comes out to be nearly constant. Hence it is a reaction of first order.
es
30. A first order reaction is 40 % complete in 50 minutes. Calculate the value of the
rate constant. In what time will the reaction be 80 % complete?
pr
Given :
ex
2.303 𝑎
(i) For the zero order reaction 𝑘 = log (𝑎−𝑥)
𝑡
lvi
Assume, 𝑎 = 100%, 𝑥 = 40%, 𝑡 = 50 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Therefore , 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 100 − 40 = 60
ka
𝑘=(
2.303
) log (
100
)
50 60
w.
𝐤 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐢𝐧−𝟏
ww
(ii) 𝒕 =? , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟎%

Therefore, 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 100 − 80 = 20
From above, 𝑘 = 0.010216 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
𝑡=(
2.303
) log (
100
)
0.010216 20
𝑡 = 157.58 𝑚𝑖𝑛
The time at which the reaction will be 80% complete is 157.58 min.
Evaluate Yourself
1. Write the rate expression for the following reaction, assuming them as elementary
reactions. (𝐢)𝟑𝐀 + 𝟓𝐁𝟐 → 𝟒𝐂𝐃 (𝐢𝐢)𝐗 𝟐 + 𝐘𝟐 → 𝟐𝐗𝐘
(𝐢)𝟑𝐀 + 𝟓𝐁𝟐 → 𝟒𝐂𝐃
1 ∆[A] 1 ∆[B2 ] 1 ∆[CD]
Rate = − =− =+
3 dt 5 dt 4 dt
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(𝐢𝐢)𝐗 𝟐 + 𝐘𝟐 → 𝟐𝐗𝐘
∆[X2 ] ∆[Y2 ] 1 ∆[XY]
Rate = − =− =+
dt 2 dt dt
2. Consider the decomposition of 𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 (𝐠) 𝐭𝐨 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐍𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) . At a particular
instant 𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 disappears at a rate of 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐝𝐦−𝟑 𝐬 −𝟏 .At what rates are
𝐍𝐎𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝟐 formed? What is the rate of the reaction?
Solution:
2𝐍𝟐 𝐎𝟓 (𝐠) → 𝟒𝐍𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
From the stoichiometry of the reaction.
−
1 d[N2 O5 ] 1 d[NO2 ]
= =−
d[NO2 ]
=2
−d[N2 O5 ]
2 dt 4 dt dt dt
Rate of disappearance of N2 O5 (g) is 2.5 × 10 mol dm−3 s −1
−2
Therefore, the rate of formation of 𝑁𝑂2 at this temperature is
2 × 2.5 × 10−2 = 5 × 10−2 mol dm−3 s −1
in
1 𝑑[𝑁2 𝑂5 ] 𝑑[𝑂2 ]
s.
− = −
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∴
d[O2 ] 1 es
= × 2.5 × 10−2 mol dm−3 s −1 = 1.25 × 10−2 mol dm−3 s −1
dt 2
pr
3. In a first order reaction A → products, 60% of the given sample of A decomposes in
ex
40 min. what is the half life of the reaction?

lvi
Solution:
2.303 𝑎
ka
𝑘= log
𝑡 𝑎−𝑥
2.303 100 2.303 100
w.
𝑘= log => 𝑘 = log ( )

40 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (100 − 60) 40
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www 40
𝑘 = 0.0575 (0.3979) => 𝑘 = 0.02287 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
ww
0.6932 0.6932
𝑡1 = =
2 𝑘 0.02287
𝑡1/2 = 30.31 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
4. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝐬 −𝟏 . If the initial
concentration of the reactant is 0.01 M. what concentration will remain after 1 hour?
Solution:
Rate constant of a first order reaction 𝑘 = 2.3 × 10−4 𝑠 −1 .
The initial concentration of the reactant [𝐴0 ]= 0.01 M
Concentration will remain after 1 hour [𝐴] =?
𝑘=
2.303
log
[𝐴0 ]
𝑡 [𝐴]
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−4
2.303 [0.01]
2.3 × 10 = log
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 [𝐴]
−4
2.3 × 10 × 1
= log[0.01] − log[𝐴]
2.303
9.986 × 10−5 = −2 − log[𝐴]
11.986 × 10−5 = − log[𝐴]
[𝐴] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(−11.986 × 10−5 )
[𝐴] = 0.9997 𝑀
5. Hydrolysis of an ester is an aqueous solution was studied by titrating the liberated
carboxylic acid against sodium hydroxide solution. The concentrations of the ester at
different time intervals are given below.
Time (min) 0 30 60 90
-1
Ester concentration (mol L ) 0.85 0.80 0.754 0.71
in
Show that, the reaction follows first order kinetics.
s.
Solution:
es
The value of k at different time can be calculated as follows
2.303 [A0 ]
S.No. t [A0 ] [A] -1
pr
k= log [A]
(min )
t
(min) (mol/L) (mol/L)
ex
1 0 0.85 0.85
lvi
-----
2 30 0.85 2.303
0.80 0.85
) = 2.0211 × 10−3
ka
log ( k=
30 0.80
2.303 0.85
w.
3 60 0.85 0.754
k = log ( ) = 1.997 × 10−3
60 0.754
ww
4 90 0.85 0.71 2.303 0.85

k=
90
log (
0.71
) = 2.000 × 10−3
𝑘 = 2.006 × 10−3 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
This value shows that reaction follows first order kinetics.
−𝟒 −𝟏
6. For a first order reaction the rate constant at 500K is 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒔 . Calculate the
frequency factor, if the energy of activation for the reaction is 190 kJ mol -1.
Given : k = 8 × 10−4 s −1 , T = 500K, Ea = 190 kJ mol−1 , A = ?
According to Arrhenius equation,
k = Ae−Ea /RT
ln k = ln A − Ea /RT
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Ea
log k = log A −
2.303 RT
log A = log k +
Ea
2.303 RT
190
= log( 8 × 10−4 ) + −3 −1
2.303×8.314×10 k J/K ×500
190
log A = −3.096 +
9573.57 × 10−3
log A = 16.744
A = Antilog(16.744)
𝐀 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝐬 −𝟏
7. For a reaction, 𝐗 + 𝐘 → 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 ; quadrupling [x],increases the rate by a factor of 8.
Quadrupling both [x] and [y], increases the rate by a factor of 16. Find the order of the
reaction with respect to x and y. what is the overall order of the reaction?
in
Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 (𝑧)
s.
𝑥+𝑦 →𝑧
Condition -1 => 4𝑥 + 𝑦 → 8 es
Condition -2 => 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 → 16
pr
𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑘[𝑥] -----------------(1)
ex
𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
8𝑧 = 𝑘[4𝑥] -----------------(2)
16𝑧 = 𝑘[4𝑥]𝑚 [4𝑦]𝑛 ----------------- (3)
lvi
Dividing Eq (2) by Eq (1) we get,
8𝑧 𝑘[4𝑥]𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
ka
𝑧
=
𝑘[𝑥]𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
w.
8 = 4𝑚 => 23 = (22 )𝑚 => 23 = 22𝑚 ; 2𝑚 = 3; 𝑚 = 3/2

1.5 order with respect to x.
ww
Dividing Eq (3) by Eq (1) we get,

16𝑧 𝑘[4𝑥]𝑚 [4𝑦]𝑛
=
𝑧 𝑘[𝑥]𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
16 = 4𝑚 . 4𝑛
16 = 42 . 4𝑛
16
= 4𝑛
16
1 = 4𝑛
∴ n = 0 [zero order with respect to y]
Overall order of the reaction,
𝑘[𝑥]𝑚 [𝑦]𝑛
𝑘[𝑥]1.5 [𝑦]0
Order = (1.5 + 0) =1.5
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Book Inside
Short answers
1. Differences between rate and rate constant of a reaction:
Rate of a reaction Rate constant of a reaction
It represents the speed at which the reactants It is a proportionality constant
are converted into product at any instant
It is measured as decrease in the It is equal to the rate of reaction, when the
concentration of the reactants or concentration of each of the reactants in
increase in the concentration of unity
products.
It depends on the initial concentration of It does not depends on the initial
reactants. concentration of reactants.
2.Define molecularity of a reaction
in
✓ An elementary step is characterized by its molecularity.
s.
✓ The total number of reactant species that are involved in an elementary step is called
molecularity of that particular step
es
pr
th
3. Give the expression for Half life of an n order reaction involving reactant A and
n≠1
ex
2n−1 −1
t1/2 = (n−1)k[A n−1
0]
lvi
ka
4.Define activation energy

In order to react, the colliding molecules must possess a minimum energy called
w.
activation energy. The molecules that collide with less energy than activation energy will
remain intact and no reaction occurs.
ww
5. Paracetamol prescribed to take once in 6 hours.Justify this statement
✓ Paracetamol is a well known anti-pyretic and analgesic that is prescribed in cases of
fever and body pain. Paracetamol has a half-life of 2.5 hours within the body i.e.the
plasma concentration of a drug is halved after 2.5 hrs.
✓ After 10 hours (4 half-lives)only 6.25 % of drug remains. Based on such studies the
dosage and frequency will be decided.
✓ So it is usually prescribed to take once in 6 hours depending upon the conditions.
6. Give examples of first order reaction
(i) Decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide
(ii) Decomposition of thionylchloride
(iii) Decomposition of the H2O2 in aqueous solution
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(iv) Isomerisation of cyclopropane to propene.
7.Give two differences between zero order and first order reaction
Zero order First order
Its unit of rate constant is mol L-1 s-1 Its unit of rate constant is sec-1
Its 𝑡1⁄ is directly proportional to Its 𝑡1⁄ is independent of initial
2 2
initial concentration of reactant concentration of reactant
Long Answers
1.Explain the effect of temperature on reaction rate based on Arrhenius theory [OR]
Derive the expression to find activation energy when rate constant k1 & k2 at different
temperature t1 & t2 is given
Rate of a reaction increase with increasing temperature.
A large number of reactions are known which do not take place at room temperature but
in
occur readily at higher temperatures.
s.
Example: Reaction between H2 and O2 to form H2O takes place only when an electric spark
is passed. es
Arrhenius proposed a relation between the rate constant and temperature.
pr
−𝑬𝒂
k = A𝒆 𝑹𝑻 ………(1)
ex
A = Frequency factor or Arrhenius factor Ea = Activation energy

R = gas constant T = temperature
lvi
ka
The factor A does not vary significantly with temperature and hence it may be taken as a
constant.
w.
Taking logarithm on both side of the equation (1)

−Ea
ww
ln k = ln A + ln e RT
Ea
ln k = ln A −
RT
E 1
ln k = ln A − a ( )……..(2)
R 𝑇
y = c + mx
(2) Equation is of the form of a straight line y = mx + c.
𝟏 −Ea
A plot of ln k Vs gives a straight line with a negative slope . If the rate constant for a
𝑻 R
reaction at two different temperatures is known, we can calculate the activation energy
At temperature T = T1 ; the rate constant k = k1
Ea 1
ln k1 = ln A − (𝑇 )…….(3)
R 1
At temperature T = T2 ; the rate constant k = k2
Ea 1
ln k 2 = ln A − (𝑇 )…….(4)
2 R
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(4) – (3)
Ea 1 Ea 1
ln k 2 − ln k1 = − (𝑇 ) + (𝑇 )……..(5)
R 2 R 1
k2 Ea 𝑇2 −𝑇1
2.303 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = ( 𝑇 𝑇 )………(6)
k1 R
1 2
From (5) or (6) we can calculate activation energy from rate constant k1 & k2 at different
temperature t1 & t2
in
s.
es
pr
ex
lvi
ka
w.
ww

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Ans. c)Copper (I)sulphide (Cu2S)

a) Non –wettability of the mineral particles in froth

c) Non –wettability of the gangue particles in froth

18.Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by____________

c) Oxygen reduction process d) All of these.

28. Find the odd one out

a) Collector b) depressing agent c) frothing agent d) Flux

a) Zn > Cu < Ag b) Zn < Cu < Ag c) Cu > Zn < Ag d) Zn > Cu > Ag

3) Refining of the crude metal.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

E.x : SiO2 is the gangue present in the iron ore Fe2O3.

13. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.

2. Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) is calcined to obtain magnesia, which is used to

the reduction of other compounds of metal.

metal flows down and the impurities are left behind.

𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 2[𝐴𝑢(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) 2[𝑍𝑛(𝐶𝑁)2 ]− (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐴𝑢

✓ (PbS) by forming a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.

5.Explain about alkali leaching [OR]

✓ Bauxite, an important ore of aluminium is heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide

BaO2 + Mg BaO + MgO

a) increases b) decreases c) no change d) none of these

9. Which isotope is used as moderator in nuclear reactors?

a) Borax b) Boric acid c) Sodium borate d) Octahedral borax

a) 14,15 b) 13,14,15 c) 13,14,15,16 d) all of these

responsible for its electrical conductivity.

✓ The distance between successive sheet is 3.40 Å.

4.What is catenation ? describe the catenation property of carbon.

Conditions necessary for catenation

2) Element should have an ability to bond with itself

ii)Prictogen – Nitrogen , Antimony

iv) B2 H6 + 6CH3 OH 2B(OCH3 )3 + 6H2

1.What is burnt alum?

2. What do you meant by prismatic form?

10. Write the uses of boric acid.

1) Used in the manufacture of pottery glazes, glass, enamels and pigments.

3) Used as an eye lotion.

11.Give the difference between graphite and diamond

Selenium : Red selenium, Gray selenium, Black selenium, Monoclinic selenium,

✓ Boric acid has a two dimensional structure.

✓ These unit are linked to each other by hydrogen

a) Silicone rubbers: These are bridged together by methylene or similar groups.

3.Write a note on properties of silicones

c)S2- in vapour phase d)Not possible

a) NaNO2 b) NaOH c) NaNO3 d) NH4OH

18.Which reaction is not feasible ________

19.Oxidation states of P in H4P2O5 , H4P2O6 , H4P2O7 are respectively __________

20.The ionisation energy of Ga is higher than that of Al because of ___________

34. Chlorine is manufactured by

Answer the following questions.

1.What is inert pair effect?

inert and do not involve in chemical combination.

inter halogen compounds. E.g : IF7.

6. Why fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?

13.Write the reason for the anamolous behaviour of Nitrogen.

3) Non–availability of d–orbitals in valency shell

5) High ionization energy

16. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of group–15 elements.

8. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2↑

i.e. cancer growth

3. Give the uses of neon , argon , krypton

1. Sulphur dioxide is used in bleaching hair, silk, wool etc...

10. Give the uses of oxygen

2. It is used in welding (oxyacetylene welding)