Kalviexpress - 12Th Physics Problem and Solution All Unit EM

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com/
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UNIT – 1 – ELECTROSTATICS
1. When two objects are rubbed

www.kalviexpress.in with each other,
www.kalviexpress.in approximately a www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in charge of 50 nC can be produced
in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be transferred to produce this
charge.
GIVEN
50 nC = 50 x 10-9 C, www.kalviexpress.in
q =www.kalviexpress.in n = ?, www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
-19
e = 1.6 x 10 C
SOLUTION
s
q = ne
es
𝑞 −9
50 x 10 50
n = 𝑒 = 1.6 x 10−19 = x 10−9 x 1019 = 31.25 × 1010 electrons
1.6

The total number of electrons in the human body is typically in the order of 10 28. Suppose, due
pr
2.
to www.kalviexpress.in
some reason, you and your friend lost
www.kalviexpress.in 1% of this number
www.kalviexpress.in of electrons. Calculate the
www.kalviexpress.in
electrostatic force between you and your friend separated at a distance of 1m. Compare this with
ex
www.kalviexpress.in
your www.kalviexpress.in
weight. Assume mass of each person iswww.kalviexpress.in
60 kg and use pointwww.kalviexpress.in
charge approximation.
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

GIVEN www.kalviexpress.in
Number of electrons in human body = 1028, r = 1 m
vi
SOLUTION
a) after 1 % of loss of electron = 1/100 x 1028 = 1026
al

q1 = 1026 x 1.6 x 10-19, q2 = 1026 x 1.6 x 10-19
.k
1 2 𝑞 𝑞 1026 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 9 x 109

Fe = 4𝜋𝜀 =
www.kalviexpress.in
0𝑟 12
w
= 1.6 x 1.6 x 9 x 1023 =www.kalviexpress.in

Fe www.kalviexpress.in 23.04 x 1023 N www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
b) W =? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
W www.kalviexpress.in
= mg = 60 x 9.8 = 588www.kalviexpress.in
NS www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
www.kalviexpress.in
c) to compare Fe with W www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Fe www.kalviexpress.in
= 23 x 1023 N www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
W www.kalviexpress.in
= 588 N www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Fe 23 x 1023 W x 2300 x 1021

W
= 588
= 588
= W x 3.91 x 1021
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID -kalviexpress@gmail.com

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3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant on a semicircle as shown in the figure. Another
point charge q is kept at the center of the circle of radius R. Calculate the electrostatic force
experienced by the charge
www.kalviexpress.in q.
.in
GIVEN
s
es
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex

vi

SOLUTION
al
F1 and F2 are equal and opposite. so they cancel each other. F3 sin θ and F4 sin θ cancel each other
0 0
Fr = F + F3 cos 45 + F4 cos 45
.k
F3 cos θ = F4 cos θ = F cos 450

F4 = F + 2F cos 450
w

𝑘𝑄𝑞 2𝑘𝑄𝑞
+ 𝑅2 cos 450 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Fr =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅2
w
𝑘𝑄𝑞 2
Fr =www.kalviexpress.in
[1 + ] www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅2 √2
w
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑘𝑄𝑞
Fr = [1 + √2]
𝑅2
1 𝑄𝑞
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑟 = 4𝜋𝜀 2
[1 + √2]𝑖̂ N
www.kalviexpress.in
0 𝑅 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
4. Suppose a charge +q on Earth’s surface and another +q charge is placed on the surface of the
Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required to balance the gravitational attraction between
Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance between the Moon and Earth is halved, would the
charge q change? (Take mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg, mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg)

SOLUTION
𝑞 𝑞 9 x 109 x q2
= 9 x 109 x 1 2 2 =
Fe www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑟 r
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑚1 𝑚2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
FG = 6.67 x 10-11 x 𝑟2
6.67 x 10−11 x 5.9 x 1024 x 7.9 x 1032
= 2
r
Fe = FG
.in
9 x 109 x q2 6.67 x 10−11 x 5.9 x 1024 x 7.9 x 1032
=
r2 r2
www.kalviexpress.in
6.67 x 5.9 x 7.9 x 1035 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
q2 =
s
9 x 109
es
310.88
q2 = x 1035 x 10−9
9
q2 =34.54 x 1026
√34.54 x 1013 = 5.9 www.kalviexpress.in

q =www.kalviexpress.in
b) suppose
x 1013 C
the distance between

pr
www.kalviexpress.in
the moon andwww.kalviexpress.in

earth is halved, the charge
www.kalviexpress.in
have no change. [since q

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does not depend on r]
5. Draw the free body diagram for the following charges as shown in the figure (a), (b) and (c).
vi

al

.k
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SOLUTION www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w

w

w
6. Consider an electron travelling

www.kalviexpress.in with a speedwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in a uniform electric field ⃗𝑬
vo and entering intowww.kalviexpress.in ⃗,
𝒗𝟎 as shown in the Figure. Ignoring gravity, obtain the electron’s
which is perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗⃗
www.kalviexpress.in
acceleration, www.kalviexpress.in
velocity and www.kalviexpress.in
position as functions of time. www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
v = u + at
ut + ½ at2
s =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
v2 = u2 + 2as
F =www.kalviexpress.in
ma www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
a = F/m
www.kalviexpress.in
− 𝑒𝐸 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
a= 𝑚
− 𝑒𝐸
𝑎= 𝑗̂
𝑚
E =www.kalviexpress.in
F/q www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
𝐹
E = 𝑛𝑒 = E x (ne) = E x (1)-e
F = - eE
− 𝑒𝐸
𝑣 =www.kalviexpress.in
𝑣0 𝑖̂ + 𝑚 t 𝑗̂ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
2
s = ut + ½ at
www.kalviexpress.in
1 − 𝑒𝐸 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
𝑟 = 𝑣0 𝑡 𝑖̂ +2 [ t 2 𝑗̂]
𝑚
www.kalviexpress.in
1 𝑒𝐸 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑟 = 𝑣0 𝑡 𝑖̂ - [ t 𝑗̂]
2 𝑚
pr
7. A closed triangular box is kept in an electric field of magnitude
2 × 103 N C-1 as shown
E =www.kalviexpress.in in the figure.
ex

vi
Calculate the electric flux through the (a) vertical rectangular surface (b) slanted surface and (c)
www.kalviexpress.in
entire surface. www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al

SOLUTION
2 x 103
E =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
ϕ = E A cos θ
a) flux at vertical rectangular surface
w
ϕ =www.kalviexpress.in
E A cos 1800 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ϕ = E.l.b x cos 180 0
ϕ =www.kalviexpress.in
2 x 103 x 5 x 15 x 10www.kalviexpress.in
-2
x 10-2 (-1) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
ϕ = -150 x 10-1 = - 15 Nm2C-1

w
b) Flux at slanted surface

ϕ = E A cos θ
Towww.kalviexpress.in
find x www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0 5 x 10−2
cos 60 = 𝑥
www.kalviexpress.in
−2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
5 x 10
x= = 10 x 10-2
1/2
ϕ = E.l.b x cos 600 = 2 x 103 x 10 x 10-2 x 15 x 10-2 x ½ = 15 x 10-1 = 15 Nm2C-1
c) flux at entire surface
ϕT = -15 + 15 = 0

8. The electrostatic potential is given as a function of x in figure (a) and (b). Calculate the
corresponding electric fields in regions A, B, C and D. Plot the electric field as a function of x for
thewww.kalviexpress.in
figure (b). www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
SOLUTION
a) region A
dVwww.kalviexpress.in
= - 3V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
dx = 0.2 m
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑉 −3 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
EA = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 0.2 = 15 Vm-1
es
region B
Viswww.kalviexpress.in
constant www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
EB = 0
www.kalviexpress.in
region C pr
ex
= 2V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
dx www.kalviexpress.in
= 0.2 m www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
−3 -1
EC = 0.2 = - 10 Vm
vi
region D
= - 6V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
dx = 0.2 m
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑉 −6 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ED = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 0.2 = 30 Vm-1
.k
b) region A
= - 30 V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
dx = 1 cm
w
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑉 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
EA = - 𝑑𝑥 = - 30 Vm-1
w
region B
−30
EB www.kalviexpress.in
= - 1 = 30 Vm-1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
www.kalviexpress.in
region C www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
V=0
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑉 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
E = - 𝑑𝑥
=0
EC www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
region D
ED = + 30 Vm-1
region E
EE = - 30 Vm-1

9. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. It consists of
two electrodes separated by a gap of around 0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure.
Towww.kalviexpress.in
create the spark, an www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
electric field of magnitude www.kalviexpress.in
3 × 106 Vm-1 is required.
(a) What potential difference must be applied to produce the spark?
.in
(b) If the gap is increased, does the potential difference increase, decrease or remains the same?
(c)www.kalviexpress.in
find the potential difference if the gap is www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in 1 mm. www.kalviexpress.in

s
E = 3 x 106 Vm-1, d = 0.6 mm = 6 x 10-4 m
es
V=?
SOLUTION
V = E x d = 3 x 106 xwww.kalviexpress.in
a) www.kalviexpress.in 6 x 10-4 = 18 x 102 =www.kalviexpress.in
1800 V www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
b) E = constant
pr
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
V α d, so increases www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in
ex
d = 1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m
c) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
V = 3 x 10 x 1 x 10 = 3 x 103
6 -3
vi
= 3000 V
10. A point charge of +10 μC is placed at a distance of 20 cm from another identical point charge of
al
+10www.kalviexpress.in
μC. A point chargewww.kalviexpress.in
of -2 μC is moved from point a to b as shown
www.kalviexpress.in in the figure. Calculate the
www.kalviexpress.in
change in potential energy of the system? Interpret your result.
.k

w

w

SOLUTION
w
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞1 𝑞3
Ui www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟2 + 4𝜋𝜀2 𝑟3 + 4𝜋𝜀 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0 12 0 23 𝑟 0 13
1 10 𝑥 10−6 𝑥−2 𝑥 10−6www.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in −2 𝑥 10−6 𝑥10 𝑥 10−6 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑞1 𝑞3 www.kalviexpress.in
= 4𝜋𝜀 [ + ]+ 4𝜋𝜀
0 5 𝑥 10−2 15 𝑥 10−2 0 𝑟13
www.kalviexpress.in
1 −20 𝑥 10−12 −20 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑥 10−12 𝑞 𝑞 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= 4𝜋𝜀 [ + ]+ 4𝜋𝜀1 3
0 5𝑥 10−2 15 𝑥 10−2 0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
= 9 x 109 x - 5.33 x 10-10 + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13
𝑞 𝑞3
Ui = - 4.79 J + 4𝜋𝜀1
0 𝑟13

𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 1 −20 𝑥 10−12 −20 𝑥 10−12 𝑞 𝑞
= 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟4 + 4𝜋𝜀3 𝑟4 + 4𝜋𝜀
Uf www.kalviexpress.in 1 3
= 4𝜋𝜀 [ 5√2 𝑥 10−2
www.kalviexpress.in + 5√10 𝑥 10−2 ]+ 4𝜋𝜀1www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
3
0 14 𝑟 0 34 0 13 0 𝑟 0 13
𝑞 𝑞
= 9www.kalviexpress.in + 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟3
x 109 x – 4.08 x 10-8 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0 13
𝑞 𝑞
= - 3.67 J + 4𝜋𝜀1 𝑟3
Uf www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0 13
∆Uwww.kalviexpress.in
= Uf – Ui = - 3.67 + 4.79 = 1.12 J

11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each of the following combinations of capacitors.
.in
s
es
SOLUTION
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a) C2 and C3 are parallel www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex

vi
CP www.kalviexpress.in
= C2 + C3 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
CP = 2C0
al
Cp www.kalviexpress.in
and C1 are in series www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1 1 1 1 1 1+2 3
= 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 2𝐶 + 𝐶 = =
𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in 0 www.kalviexpress.in
2𝐶0 2𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
𝑝 0 0
2
Cs = 3 𝐶0
w
www.kalviexpress.in
b) C 1 and C2 are in serieswww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

w

w

1 1 1 2
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠1 0 0 𝐶0
𝐶0
Cs1 = 2

C3 and C4 are in series
1 1 1 2
= + =
𝐶𝑠2 www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶0 𝐶0 𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1 2
=
𝐶𝑠2 𝐶0
𝐶
= 20
𝐶𝑠2www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallelwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

Cs1www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶 𝐶
= Cs1 + Cs2 = 20 + 20 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Cp www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
Cp = C0
c) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
es
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex
C1,www.kalviexpress.in
C2 and C3 are in parallel
CP = C1 + C2 + C3
CP = 3C0
vi
d) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

al

.k

w
C1 www.kalviexpress.in
w
1 1 1 𝐶2 +𝐶1
= + =
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶 𝐶
w
= 𝐶1 +𝐶
2
𝐶𝑠1www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2 1
C3 www.kalviexpress.in
1 1 1 𝐶3 +𝐶4
= + =
𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶3 𝐶4 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶𝑠2 = 𝐶3 +𝐶4
Cs1 and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallel

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶4 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4
Cp = Cs1 + Cs2 = (𝐶1 +𝐶2 )(𝐶3 +𝐶4 )

e)
.in
C1 , C2 are in series
1 www.kalviexpress.in
1 1 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
=𝐶 +𝐶 =
𝐶𝑠1 0 0 𝐶0
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
𝐶𝑠1 = 2
es
1 1 1 2
= + =
𝐶𝑠2 𝐶0 𝐶0 𝐶0
2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
=𝐶
pr
𝐶𝑠2 0
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶𝑠2 = 2
ex
Cs1www.kalviexpress.in
and 𝐶𝑠2 are in parallelwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐶 𝐶0
= Cs1 + Cs2 + C3 = 20 +www.kalviexpress.in
Cp www.kalviexpress.in + 𝐶0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
4𝐶
= 20 = 2C0
Cp www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi

al
12. An electron and a proton are allowed to fall through the separation between the plates of a
www.kalviexpress.in
parallel plate capacitor www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
of voltage 5 V and separation distance hwww.kalviexpress.in
= 1 mm as shown in the figure.
.k

w

w
(a)www.kalviexpress.in
Calculate the time ofwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
flight for both electron www.kalviexpress.in
and proton (b) Suppose if a neutron is allowed
w
to fall, what is the time of flight? (c) Among the three, which one will reach the bottom first?
(Take mp = 1.6 x 10-27 kg, me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg and g = 10 m s-2)
GIVEN
V =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
5V, h = 1mm = 1 x 10 -3
m www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
mp = mn = 1.6 x 10-27 kg
e = 1.6 x 10-19

SOLUTION
a) s = ut + ½ at2
s =www.kalviexpress.in
h, u = 0, t = te www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
h = ½ ate2
te2 = 2h/a ……………… (2)
From Newton’s second law
F =www.kalviexpress.in
ma www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Electrical force,
.in
E = F/q
F = Eq
Ee www.kalviexpress.in
= ma www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
a =www.kalviexpress.in
eE / me www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
substitute a in (2) equation
2ℎ𝑚𝑒 2ℎ𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥10−3 18.2
te2 = = 𝑉 = −19 = x 10 -18
𝐸𝑒 𝑒 5 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10 8
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
te2 = 2.276 x 10-18
www.kalviexpress.in
te = √2.275 𝑥 10−18 = 1.50 x 10 s -9 pr
ex
= 1.50 ns
b) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
time of flight for proton www.kalviexpress.in
2ℎ𝑚𝑝 2ℎ𝑚𝑝 2 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−27 𝑥10−3
2
te2 www.kalviexpress.in
= 𝐸𝑒 = 𝑉 = www.kalviexpress.in x 10-4
= www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
−19
5 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10 5
𝑒
𝑑
te2 www.kalviexpress.in
= 0.4 x 10-14 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
63 x 10-9 s = 63 ns www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

te =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
c) Time of flight for neutron
.k
neutron → chargeless particle

www.kalviexpress.in
−3
2ℎ 2 𝑥 10
te = √ 𝑔 = √ = √2 𝑥 10−4 -2
= 1.414 x 10 s = 14.14 ms
w
𝑔
therefore, electron will reach the point first
w
13. During a thunder storm,

www.kalviexpress.in the movement of water
www.kalviexpress.in molecules within
www.kalviexpress.in the clouds creates friction,
www.kalviexpress.in
partially causing the bottom part of the clouds to become negatively charged. This implies that
w
bottom of the cloud www.kalviexpress.in
and the ground act www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
as a parallel plate capacitor. If the electric field
between the cloud and ground exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the air (3 × 106 Vm-1 ),
lightning will occur.

(a) If the bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine the electric potential
difference that exists between the cloud and ground.
(b)www.kalviexpress.in
In a typical lightning phenomenon, around
www.kalviexpress.in 25C of electrons
www.kalviexpress.in are transferred from cloud to
www.kalviexpress.in
ground. How much electrostatic potential energy is transferred to the ground?
GIVEN
E =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
3 x 106 Vm-1, d = 1000 m, V = ? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
a) V = Ed = 3 x 106 x 103www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in = 3 x 109 V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
b) q = 25 C
qV 25 x 3 x 109 75 9
U= = = x 10 J
2 2
www.kalviexpress.in 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
14. Forwww.kalviexpress.in
the given capacitorwww.kalviexpress.in
configuration www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
(a) Find the charges on each capacitor
(b) potential difference across them
(c)www.kalviexpress.in
energy stored in each capacitor
www.kalviexpress.in
SOLUTION
a) Total charge qtot = Cs V = 3 x 9 x 10-6
8 pr
ex
= 24 x 10 C = 24 μC
-6
qa and qd are in series
vi
qa = qd = 24 μC
Therefore Ca, Cb, Cd are in
www.kalviexpress.in series. In series q iswww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in constant. But voltagewww.kalviexpress.in
varies
al
V = Va + Vb + Vc
b) Potential at a
.k
𝑞𝑎 24 𝑥 10−6
Va = =
𝑐 8 𝑥 10−6
Va = Vd = 3V
w
qb www.kalviexpress.in
= Cb x V = 6 x 10-6 x 3www.kalviexpress.in
= 18 μC www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
qc = CC x v = 2 x 10-6 x 3www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in = 6 x 10-6 C www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
c) Energy in each capacitor

𝑞2 24 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 24 𝑥 10−6 -6
U1 = 2𝐶 = = 36 x 10 J
w
2 𝑥 8 𝑥 10 −6
Ca = Cd
Therefore, Ua = Ud = 36 x 10-6 J
Cb www.kalviexpress.in
and CC are in parallel www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Ub = ½ CV2 = ½ x 6 x 10-6 x 3 x 3
= 27 x 10-6 J
UC = ½ CV2 = ½ x 2 x 10-6 x 9 = 9 x 10-6

15. Capacitors P and Q have identical cross sectional areas A and separation d. The space between
the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant εr as shown in the figure. Calculate
capacitance of capacitors P and Q.
.in
s
es
SOLUTION
C1 and C2 are in parallel. capacitance of air filled container
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜀0 𝐴 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
pr
C= 𝑑
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜀0 𝐴/2 𝜀0 𝐴 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
C1 = =
𝑑 2𝑑
ex
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴/2 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
C2 = =
𝑑 2𝑑
C1 and C2 are in parallel
𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀 𝜀 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
Cp =www.kalviexpress.in
+ 𝑟2𝑑0www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
C1 + C2 = 2𝑑 = 2𝑑 [1 + 𝜀𝑟 ]

al

.k

w

w
0 𝜀 𝐴 2𝜀 𝐴
= 0
C1 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑/2 𝑑
w
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴 2𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐴 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
C2 = =
𝑑/2 𝑑
1 1 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 2𝜀 + = [1+ ]
𝐶𝑠 1 2 0𝐴 2𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐴 2𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟
𝑑 𝜀𝑟 + 1
= 2𝜀 [ ]
0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟
2𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀𝑟
𝐶𝑠 = [𝜀 ]
𝑑 𝑟+ 1

UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Thewww.kalviexpress.in
following graphs represent the current versus
www.kalviexpress.in voltage and voltage
www.kalviexpress.in versus current for the six
www.kalviexpress.in
conductors A,B,C,D,E and F. Which conductor has least resistance and which has maximum
resistance?
.in
s
SOLUTION
V =www.kalviexpress.in
IR www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
R = V/I
For A, R = 2/4 = 0.5 Ω
B, R = 4/3 = 1.3 Ω
Forwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
pr
For C, R = 5/2 = 2.5 Ω
D, R = 4/2 = 2 Ω
Forwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
For E, R = 3/4 = 0.75 Ω
ex
Forwww.kalviexpress.in
F, R = 2/5 = 0.4 Ω www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Least RF = 0.4 Ω
Maximum RC = 2.5 Ω
vi
2. Lightning is very good example of natural current. In typical lightning, there is 109 J energy
www.kalviexpress.in
transfer www.kalviexpress.in
across the potential difference of 5 ×www.kalviexpress.in
107 V during a timewww.kalviexpress.in
interval of 0.2 s.
al

.k

w

w
Using this information, estimate the following quantities (a) total amount of charge transferred
www.kalviexpress.in
between www.kalviexpress.in
cloud and ground (b) the current inwww.kalviexpress.in
the lightning bolt (c)www.kalviexpress.in
the power delivered in 0.2 s.
w

E= 109 J, V = -5 x 107 V, t = 0.2 s
SOLUTION
E=Pxt
109 = p x t
109 = P x 0.2
a) q = ? b) I = ? c) P = ?
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 2 – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

From given,
109 1 10 10
P= = x 10 = 0.5 x 10 W = 5 GW
0.2 2
P = VI
www.kalviexpress.in
5 𝑥 109
I = P/V = 5 𝑥 107 = 100 A
I = q/t
q = www.kalviexpress.in
100 x 0.2 = 20 C www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
3. A copper wire of 10-6 m2
area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the number of electrons
per cubic meter is 8 × 10 , calculate the current www.kalviexpress.in
density and average drift velocity.
s
SOLUTION
I = www.kalviexpress.in
nAevd www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
2
I/A = 10−6 = 2 x 106 Am
J = www.kalviexpress.in -2
J = www.kalviexpress.in
nevd www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
vd = 15.6 x 10 ms -5
2 𝑥 106
-1
1
pr 1 1
vd = J/ne = 8 𝑥 1028 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 = 4 𝑥 1.6 x 10−3 = 6.4 𝑥 103 = 1600 𝑥 4 = 0.0156 x 10-2
ex
4. Thewww.kalviexpress.in
resistance of a nichrome wire at 0 0C is
www.kalviexpress.in 10 Ω. If its temperature
www.kalviexpress.in coefficient of resistance is
www.kalviexpress.in
0
0.004/ C, find its resistance at boiling point of water. Comment on the result.
vi
GIVEN
t0 = 00c, r0 = 10 Ω, α = 0.004/0C, T = 100 0C, RT = ?
al

SOLUTION
.k
RT = r0[1 + α(T – T0) = 10 [1 + 0.004 (100 – 0)] = 10 [1 + 0.4]

RT = 14 Ω
w
Therefore, In a conductorwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in temperature increaseswww.kalviexpress.in
resistance also increases.
www.kalviexpress.in
Thewww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
is made up of twowww.kalviexpress.in
different materials.www.kalviexpress.in
w
5. rod given in the figure

w
Both have square cross sections

www.kalviexpress.in of 3 mm side.
www.kalviexpress.in The resistivity of the
www.kalviexpress.in first material is
www.kalviexpress.in
4 x 10 Ωm and it is 25 cm long while second material has resistivity of 5 x 10-3 Ωm
-3
and is of 70 cm long. What is the resistivity of rod between its ends?

GIVEN
ρ1 = 4 x 10-3 Ωm, ρ2 = 5 x 10-3 Ωm, l1 = 25 x 10-2 m, l2 = 70 x 10-2 m
A1 = 3 x 10-3 m, A2 = 9 x www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in 10-6 m2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
SOLUTION
ρ1𝑙1 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2
R1 = =
𝐴 9 𝑥 10−6
ρ2𝑙
2 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2
R1 =www.kalviexpress.in
= www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐴 9 𝑥 10−6
4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 25 𝑥 10−2 100 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 350 𝑥 10−5 450 𝑥 10−5
Rs =www.kalviexpress.in
R1 + R2 = +
www.kalviexpress.in =
www.kalviexpress.in = 9 𝑥 10−6
www.kalviexpress.in
.in
9 𝑥 10−6 9 𝑥 10−6 9 𝑥 10−6
x 102
= 5 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Rs = 500 Ω
s
6. Three identical lamps each
www.kalviexpress.in having a resistance
www.kalviexpress.in R are connected to
www.kalviexpress.in the battery of emf as shown in
www.kalviexpress.in
es
the figure.
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex
Suddenly the switch S iswww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in closed. (a) Calculatewww.kalviexpress.in
the current in the circuit when S is open and closed
www.kalviexpress.in
(b) What happens to the intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. (c) Calculate the voltage across the
www.kalviexpress.in
three www.kalviexpress.in
bulbs when S is open www.kalviexpress.in
and closed (d) Calculate www.kalviexpress.in
the power delivered to the circuit when S is
vi
opened and closed (e) Does the power delivered to the circuit decreases, increases or remain
same?
al

.k

w

w

w

7. The current through an element is shown in the figure. Determine the total charge that pass
through the element at a) t = 0 s, b) t = 2 s, c) t = 5s
.in
SOLUTION
At twww.kalviexpress.in
= 0 s, dq = 0 C, www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
At twww.kalviexpress.in
=2 s, dq = 10 C; www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
At t = 5 s, dq = 0 C
es
8. An www.kalviexpress.in
electronics hobbyist www.kalviexpress.in
is building a radio which requires 150 Ω
www.kalviexpress.in in her circuit, but she has only
www.kalviexpress.in
220 Ω, 79 Ω and 92 Ω resistors available. How can she connect the available resistors to get
www.kalviexpress.in
desired www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
value of resistance?
GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
220 Ω, R2 = 79 Ω, Rwww.kalviexpress.in
pr
3 = 92 Ω, Required resistance = 150 Ω

www.kalviexpress.in
ex
R1 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
R1 and R2 are in parallel
SOLUTION
vi
1 1 1 1 1 220+79 299
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 220 + = 220 𝑥 79 = 17380
𝑅𝑝 1 2 79
17380
𝑅𝑝 = = 58 Ω
al
299
since RP and R3 are in series
.k
Rrequired = RP + R3 = 58 + 92 = 150 Ω
9. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 Ω resistor and a current of 0.3 A through a 7 Ω
w
www.kalviexpress.in
resistor. www.kalviexpress.in
Calculate the internal resistance of www.kalviexpress.in
the cell. www.kalviexpress.in

w

w

SOLUTION
V = IR
ξ = I(R + r)
ξ1 = I1(R1 + r)
ξ2 = I2(R2 + r)

I1 (R1 + r) = I2 (R2 + r)
0.9 (2 + r) = 0.3 (7 + r)
1.8 www.kalviexpress.in
+ 0.9 r = 2.1 + 0.3r www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0.9 r – 0.3 r = 2.1 – 1.8
0.6 www.kalviexpress.in
r = 0.3 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0.3
r = 0.6 = 0.5 Ω
10. Calculate the currents inwww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in the following circuit.
.in
s
es

SOLUTION
According to Kirchoff’s first
www.kalviexpress.in
I1 –www.kalviexpress.in
I2 – I3 = 0
rule, in B
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex
I1 – I2 = I3
In closed path ABEFA
100www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
I3 + 100 I1 = 15
(I1 – I2) + 100 I1 = 15www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
100www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
100 I1 – 100 I2 + 100 I1 = 15

200 I1 – 100 I2 = 15 …………………. (1)
.k
In closed path BCDEB

100 I2 – 100 I3 = -9
w

100 I2 – 100 (I1 – I2) = -9
w
100 I2 – 100 (I1 – I2) = -9

I2 – 100 I1 + 100 I2 = www.kalviexpress.in
100www.kalviexpress.in -9 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
I2 – 100 I1 = -9
100 I1 – 200 I2 = 9 ……………………(2)
(2) www.kalviexpress.in
x 2 = 200 I1 – 400 Iwww.kalviexpress.in
2 = 18 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
(1) = 200 I1 – 100 I2 = 15

-----------------------------
- 300 I2 = 3

−3
I2 = 300 = - 0.01 A
substitute I2 = - 0.01 A in (2)
200 I1 – 100(-0.01) = 15
200www.kalviexpress.in
I1 + 1 = 15 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I1 = 14 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I1 = 14 / 200 = 0.07 A
I3 = I1 – I2 = 0.07 – (-0.01) = 0.08 A
.in
Therefore I1 = 0.07 A
I2 =www.kalviexpress.in
- 0.01 A www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I3 =www.kalviexpress.in
0.08 A www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
www.kalviexpress.in
11. A potentiometer www.kalviexpress.in
wire has www.kalviexpress.in
a length of 4 m and resistance of 20 www.kalviexpress.in
Ω. It is connected in series with
es
resistance of 2980 Ω and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculate the potential along the wire.

Length of perpendicular wire l = 4 m
www.kalviexpress.in
Resistance
R1 is
R1 = 20 Ω
in series with R2 = 2980 Ω
pr
ex
Potential along the wire (or) potential gradient (V/l) = ?
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
R1 and R2 are in series, www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
Rs = R1 + R2 = 20 + 2980 = 3000 Ω
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑉 ξ
I = 𝑅 = 3000
al
𝑠
www.kalviexpress.in
I = 3000 A
.k
4 8
V = IR1 = 3000 x 20 = 300 V
8 2
Potential gradient (V/l) = 300 𝑥 4 = 300
w

V/l = 0.66 x 10-2 Vm-1
w
www.kalviexpress.in
12. Determine www.kalviexpress.in
the current flowing www.kalviexpress.in
through the galvanometer www.kalviexpress.in
(G) as shown in the figure.
w

GIVEN
current through G, Ig = ?
SOLUTION
closed path PQSP
5I1 + 10 Ig – 15 I2 = 0
5 I1 + 10 Ig – 15(I – I1) = 0
5I1 + 10 Ig – 15 I – 15 I1 = 0
20 Iwww.kalviexpress.in
1 + 10 Ig = 15 I www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
1 + 10 Ig = 15 x 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
20 I1 + 10 Ig = 30
s
2I1 + Ig = 3 …………………(1)
www.kalviexpress.in
closed path QRSQ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
10 (I1 – Ig) – 20(I2+Ig) – 10
www.kalviexpress.in Ig = 0
10 I1 – 10Ig – 20 I2 – 20 Ig – 10 Ig = 0
pr
10 I1 – 40 Ig – 20(I – I1) = 0
10 Iwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1 – 40 Ig – 20 I + 20 I1 = 0
www.kalviexpress.in
1 – 40 Ig = 20 I
ex
30 I1 – 40 Ig = 40
3 I1 – 4 Ig = 4 ………………(2)
vi
(1) x 3 = 6I1 + 3Ig = 9

x 2 = 6I1 – 8Ig = 8
(2) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
----------------- www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

11Ig = 1
.k
1
Ig = 11 A
w
13. Twowww.kalviexpress.in
cells each of 5V arewww.kalviexpress.in
connected in series across a 8 Ω resistor and
www.kalviexpress.in three parallel resistors of 4 Ω, 6
www.kalviexpress.in
Ω and 12 Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above arrangement. Calculate i) the current drawn from the
cellwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
(ii) current through each resistor www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w

w

SOLUTION
1 1 1 1 4+6+2 12 V = 10 – 8www.kalviexpress.in
=2V
+ 4 + 12 = 24 =www.kalviexpress.in
=www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅𝑝 6 24
At 6 Ω
2Ω
Rp =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I1 = V/R1 = 2/6 = 0.33 A
Rs = 8 + 2 = 10 Ω
At 4 Ω www.kalviexpress.in
V = IR
I2 = V/R2 =www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in 2/4 = 0.5 A
I = V/R = 10/10 = 1 A
At 12 Ω
V =www.kalviexpress.in
IR = 1 x 8 = 8 V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
I3 = V/R3 = 2/12 = 0.166 A
14. Four light bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When each bulb
s
is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is observed.
es
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex

Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.
www.kalviexpress.in
vi

al

.k

w

15. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35 cm length of the wire.
www.kalviexpress.in
If the cell is replaced bywww.kalviexpress.in
another cell and thewww.kalviexpress.in
balance point shifts www.kalviexpress.in
to 63 cm, what is the emf of the
w
second cell?
GIVEN SOLUTION
w
ξ1 =www.kalviexpress.in
1.25 V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ξ1 =Irl1 ξwww.kalviexpress.in
2 =Irl2
l1 =www.kalviexpress.in
35 cm ξ1 𝐼𝑟𝑙
= 1 www.kalviexpress.in
ξ1 𝐼𝑟𝑙2
l2 = 63 cm 𝑙 63
ξ2 = 2 x ξ1www.kalviexpress.in
= 𝑥 1.25
ξ1 = ? 𝑙1 35
ξ2 = 2.25 V

UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment ⃗𝑴 ⃗⃗ is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut in two pieces
www.kalviexpress.in
along www.kalviexpress.in
the axis of the magnet and each piece iswww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
further cut into two pieces. Compute the magnetic
moment of each piece.
GIVEN
Magnet cut into two pieces
q
= 2𝑚
q’mwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
SOLUTION
q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 = 𝑚 x 2l
′ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
𝑚 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝′ 𝑚www.kalviexpress.in
= ½ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
From given
q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝′ 𝑚 = 4𝑚 x 2l = ¼ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝
www.kalviexpress.in 𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2.
www.kalviexpress.in
Suppose the tension in the
pr
supporting wires www.kalviexpress.in
is zero when it is kept
www.kalviexpress.in
A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m-1 suspended by two flexible wire as shown in figure.
inside the magnetic field of 1 T
ex
whose direction is into the page. Compute the current inside the conductor and also the direction
of the current.
Assume g = 10 m s -2
vi

al

.k

w

w
SOLUTION
Downward gravitational force
www.kalviexpress.in = mg = Fg
w
Upward Lorrentz force = BIL sin θ = FL

Fg = FL
𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
x l x g = BIL
𝑙
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑥𝑔 0.2 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 10
I= 𝑙
= = 2 x 10-3 A
𝐵 1
I = 2 mA
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 3 – MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

3. A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic field of strength
0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the loop is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field.
www.kalviexpress.in Calculate
(a) total torque on the coil
(b) www.kalviexpress.in
total force on the coilwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field of the free electron density
for www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
the material of the wire is 1028 m-3. www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
a) τwww.kalviexpress.in
= NAB sin θ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
θ=0
τ=0
s
= BIL sin θ
b) Fwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
θ=0
F=0
c) Fwww.kalviexpress.in
𝐼
vd =www.kalviexpress.in
pr
= Bqvd , I = nAevd www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ex
𝑛𝐴𝑒
3 𝑥 0.2
F =www.kalviexpress.in 𝑥 𝑞 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1028 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 10−4 𝑥𝑞
0.6 x 10-23 N
F =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi

4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T. Suppose the bar
al
magnet orient at an angle

www.kalviexpress.in 30o with the external
www.kalviexpress.in field experiences www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in a torque of 0.2 N m. Calculate:
(i) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(ii) www.kalviexpress.in
the work done by an www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
applied force in moving it from most www.kalviexpress.in
stable configuration to the most
.k
unstable configuration and also compute the work done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
w
SOLUTION
a) τ = MB sin θ
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜏 0.2 2 𝑥 2 www.kalviexpress.in
w
2
M = 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 1 = = 2 = 0.5 Am
0.8 𝑥 8
2
w
b) Uwww.kalviexpress.in
i = - MBcos θ = - 0.5 www.kalviexpress.in
x 0.8 x cos 0 = - 0.4 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

Uf = - MBcos θ = - 0.5 x 0.8 x cos 180 = 0.4 0
∆U = Uf – Ui = 0.4 –(-0.4) = 0.8 J

5. A non - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with
turns 5 is wrapped tightly around it with each turns concentric with the sphere. This sphere is
placed on an inclined plane
www.kalviexpress.in such that plane www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in of coil is parallel to the inclined plane. A uniform
www.kalviexpress.in
magnetic field of 0.5 T exists in the region in vertically upward direction. Compute the current I
required to rest the sphere
www.kalviexpress.in in equilibrium. www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
.in

GIVEN
s
m= 100 g = 100 x 10-3 kg,
www.kalviexpress.in R = 20 cm = 20 x 10-2
www.kalviexpress.in m, n = 5 turns, B www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in = 0.5 T, I = ?
es
SOLUTION
Sphere is in tangential motion
pr
fs = mg sin θ
www.kalviexpress.in
Sphere www.kalviexpress.in
is in rotational motion and experienceswww.kalviexpress.in
a torque www.kalviexpress.in
τ =www.kalviexpress.in
μB sin θ [μ = NIA]
ex
Frictional force
fsR = mg sin θ – R
vi
Then,
μBwww.kalviexpress.in
sin θ = mg sin θ. R www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
NBIA = mgR
𝑚𝑔𝑅 𝑚𝑔 100 𝑥 10−3 𝑥9.8
I = 𝑁𝐵𝜋𝑅2 = 𝑁𝐵𝜋𝑅 = 22
www.kalviexpress.in 𝑥 𝑥 20 𝑥 10−2
5 𝑥 0.5www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
2
I=𝜋A
w

6. Calculate the magnetic field at the center of a square loop which carries a current of 1.5 A,
length of each loop is 50www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in cm. www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w

w
I = 1.5 A, L = 50 cm = 0.5 m

SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
B = 4𝜋𝑎 [sin θ1 + sin θ2] 𝑛̂
a =www.kalviexpress.in
l/2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
B1 www.kalviexpress.in
+ B2 + B3 + B4 = B www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0𝜇 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 1 1 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 10−2 2
[sin 450 + sin www.kalviexpress.in
B1 www.kalviexpress.in
= 4𝜋 𝑙/2 450] = 50 𝑥 10−2
x [www.kalviexpress.in
+ ]= x
www.kalviexpress.in
4𝜋 𝑥 √2 50
√2 √2
2
www.kalviexpress.in
4 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 2 www.kalviexpress.in
8 𝑥 10−5 𝑥
√2𝑥 √2 www.kalviexpress.in
8 𝑥 1.414 𝑥 10−5 www.kalviexpress.in
B = 4B1 = = =
50√2 50√2 50
B =www.kalviexpress.in
3.4 x 10-6 T www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
7. Show that the magnetic field at any point on the axis of the solenoid having n turns per unit
www.kalviexpress.in
𝟏 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
length B = 𝟐 𝝁𝟎 𝒏 𝑰(cos 𝜽𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 )
s
es
GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
n turns per unit length www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
pr
SOLUTION
√𝑅 2 + (𝑥0 − 𝑥)2
r = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0 𝜇 𝐼𝑟 2
ex
dB www.kalviexpress.in
= 2𝑟 3 N
∵www.kalviexpress.in
N = ndx www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇 𝑛𝐼𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥
dB www.kalviexpress.in
= 0 2𝑟 3 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
sin www.kalviexpress.in
θ = R/r www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
r = R cosec θ
𝑅
al
tan θ = 𝑥
0 −𝑥
𝑥0 − 𝑥 = R cot θ
.k
𝑑𝑥
= R cosec θ.dθ 2
𝑑𝜃
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝑅 2 R cosec2 θ.dθ
dB =
w
3
2𝑅 cosec θ 3
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
B = 2𝑅3 cosec3θ
w
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝜃2
B= 2
∫𝜃 sin 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝜃2
[−cosθ]
w
B= 𝜃1
2
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
B= [cos 𝜃1 - cos 𝜃2 ]
2
8. Letwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I1 and I2 be the steady www.kalviexpress.in
currents passing through www.kalviexpress.in
a long horizontal wire XY and PQ
respectively. The wire PQ is fixed in horizontal plane and the wire XY be is allowed to move
freely in a vertical plane. Let the wire XY is in equilibrium at a height d over the parallel wire
PQ as shown in figure.

Show that if the wire XYwww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in is slightly displacedwww.kalviexpress.in
and released, it executes Simple Harmonic Motion
www.kalviexpress.in
(SHM). Also, compute the time period of oscillations.
.in
SOLUTION
F = - ky
𝑑www.kalviexpress.in
2𝑦 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= - ky ……………..(1)
s
m 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑘 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
=-𝑚y
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑙 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
=
𝑘 𝑔
pr
l=d
𝑚 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
=
𝑘 𝑔
ex
From (1)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑔
=- y
𝑑𝑡 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
𝑑
𝑔
- 𝑑 y ……………….www.kalviexpress.in
ay =www.kalviexpress.in (2) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al
- ω2y …………………
ay =www.kalviexpress.in (3)

.k
From (2) and (3)

ω2 =www.kalviexpress.in
g/d www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
𝑔
ω =www.kalviexpress.in
√𝑑 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
2𝜋 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
T= 𝜔
𝑑
T = 2𝜋 √𝑔
w

UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The plane
of the coil is inclined at an
www.kalviexpress.in angle of 30o to thewww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in field. Calculate thewww.kalviexpress.in
magnetic flux through the coil.

side = 30 cm, N = 500 turns, B = 0.4 T, θ = 900 – 300, φB = ?
SOLUTION
.in
A = side x side = 30 x 30 x 10-4 m2
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in 1
φB = NBA cos θ = 500 x 0.4 x 9 x 102 x 10-4 x cos 600 = 5 x 102 x 4 x 10-1 x 9 x 102 x 10-4 x 2
φB = 9 Wb
s
es
2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. Find the magnitude
of the emf induced in the wire.
pr
GIVEN
φB =www.kalviexpress.in
4 mWb, t = 0.4 s, e =www.kalviexpress.in
?b www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ex
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝜑 −4 𝑥 10−3
− 𝑑𝑡𝐵 = 0.4 = - 10
ε = www.kalviexpress.in mV

vi
3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function of time and is
given + 8t + 8) Wb . If thewww.kalviexpress.in
by 𝚽𝑩 = (2t3 + 4t2www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in resistance of the coilwww.kalviexpress.in
is 5 Ω, determine the induced
current through the coil at a time t = 3 second.
al

GIVEN
Φ𝐵 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
= (2t3 + 4t2 + 8t + 8) Wb
s, R = 5 Ω
t = 3www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w

SOLUTION
𝑑𝜑 𝐵
= 6t2 + 8t + 8
ε = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
𝑑𝑡
t = 3s
ε = 6(3)2 + 8(3) + 8 = 54 + 24 + 8
w

ε = 86 V
www.kalviexpress.in
ε 86 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
I=R= = 17.2 A
5
4. A closely wound coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field. When the
magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in 6 s, an emf of 44 V is induced. Calculate the
number of turns in the coil.
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 4 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

GIVEN
r = 0.02 m, B = 8000 T – 2000 T
B =www.kalviexpress.in = emf = 44 V, θ = 00,www.kalviexpress.in
6000 T, t = 6 s, e = ε www.kalviexpress.in N=? www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
e = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑡
𝑒𝑥𝑡
N =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
π r2
A =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
22
x 2 x 10-2 x 2 x 10-2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= 7www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
44 𝑥 7 𝑥 6 7 70
N =www.kalviexpress.in = 2www.kalviexpress.in
= 2 = 35 turnswww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
6 𝑥 103 𝑥 22 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 10−1
s
es
5. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T.
www.kalviexpress.in
Initially, the plane of thewww.kalviexpress.in
coil is perpendicularwww.kalviexpress.in
to the field and is www.kalviexpress.in
then rotated through an angle of
180 . If the resistance of the coil is 35 Ω, find the amount of charge flowing through the coil.
o
GIVEN
pr
A = 6 cm2 = 6 x 10-4 m2, N = 2500 turns, B = 0.4 T, R =35 Ω, q = ?
ex
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑞
i= 𝑑𝑡
vi
𝑑𝜑
𝜀 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜑 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 1800 −cos 00
dq = idt = 𝑅dt = − dt = − =− =−
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅 𝑅 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅 www.kalviexpress.in
3500 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−1 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−4 (−1−1) 1680 𝑥 10−3
al
-2
= - www.kalviexpress.in =
www.kalviexpress.in = www.kalviexpress.in
4.8 x 10 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅 35
-3
q = 48 x 10 C
.k
6. An www.kalviexpress.in
induced current of 2.5 mA flows throughwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in a single conductor www.kalviexpress.in
of resistance 100 Ω. Find out the
rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
w
GIVEN
w
𝑑𝜑
i = 25 mA, R = 100 Ω, =?
www.kalviexpress.in 𝑑𝑡www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
SOLUTION
𝑑𝜑
=ε
𝑑𝑡 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ε = i x R = 2.5 x 10 x 100 = 250 x 10
-3 -3
𝑑𝜑
= 250 mWbs-1
𝑑𝑡
7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of 4 x 10-3 T. If the
induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is 0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of
the blade.

GIVEN
l = 0.4 m, B = 4 x 10-3 T, www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in e = 0.02 V, f = ? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
SOLUTION
e = ε = ½ Bωl2
www.kalviexpress.in −2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2e 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 10
ω = 𝐵𝑙2 = 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−2
1
2πf = 16 𝑥 103
.in
1 3
f = 32𝜋 x 10
103
f = 100.48
s
3
f = 0.0099522 x 10
es
f = 9.9 revolutions /s
8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1 m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic field. The plane of the
wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Earth’s field of 4 x 10-5 T.If the emf
induced across the spokes
pr
is 31.4 mV, calculate the rate of revolution
www.kalviexpress.in of the wheel.
www.kalviexpress.in
ex
l = 1 m, B = 4 x 10-5 T, e = 31.4 mV, f = ?
SOLUTION
vi
e = ½ Bωl2
www.kalviexpress.in
2e 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 10−3 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ω = 𝐵𝑙2 =
al
4 𝑥 10 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
www.kalviexpress.in
3.14
2πf = 𝑥 102
2
.k
31.4
f = 4 𝑥 3.14 x 102
f = 2.5 x 102
w
f = www.kalviexpress.in
250 revolutions /s www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

w
9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and diameter
0.04www.kalviexpress.in
m. www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
GIVEN
w

N = 4000, l = 2 m, d = 0.04 m, L = ?
SOLUTION
𝜇0 n2Al
L =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
N = nl
n = N/l
A = πr2
r = d/2 = 0.04/2 = 0.02 m

www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇 𝑁2 www.kalviexpress.in
4000 x 4000 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0
L= 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑙 = 4π x 10-7 x x 12.56 x 10-4
𝑙2 2
www.kalviexpress.in
−7 6 www.kalviexpress.in
−4 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
4π x 10 𝑥 16 𝑥 10 𝑥 4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 10 -5 -3
= = 128 x 9.86 x 10 = 12.62 x 10 = 12.62 mH
2
10. A coil of 200 turns carries

www.kalviexpress.in a current of 4 A. Ifwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in the magnetic flux through the coil is 6 x 10-5 Wb,
www.kalviexpress.in
find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the coil.
GIVEN
.in
N = 200, I = 4 A, 𝜑𝐵 = 6 x 10-5 Wb, UB = ?
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
200 𝑥 6 𝑥 10−5 www.kalviexpress.in
-5 www.kalviexpress.in
-3 www.kalviexpress.in
s
L1 = N𝜑𝐵 = = 300 x 10 = 3 x 10 H
4
es
2 -3 -3
UB = ½ Li = ½ x 3 x 10 x 16 = 24 x 10 = 0.024 J
11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is 0.04 m. Find the
pr
magnetic flux of a turn when it carries a current of 1 A.
GIVEN
ex
www.kalviexpress.in
length www.kalviexpress.in
of solenoid = 50 cm, www.kalviexpress.in
N = 400/cm, d = 0.04 m, I = 1 A www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
400
www.kalviexpress.in
Number = 400 x 102 m-1 www.kalviexpress.in
of turns in coil =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
10−2
Number
www.kalviexpress.in = 400 x 102 x 50 x 10
of turns in 50 cmwww.kalviexpress.in -2
= 20000 turns
al
𝑑 0.04
r = www.kalviexpress.in 10-2 m
= 2 = 0.02 m = 2 xwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
A = πr = 3.14 x 4 x 10 = 12.56 x 10 m
2 -4 -4 2
.k
N𝜑𝐵 = LI
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇 𝑁 2 𝐴𝑖 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0
𝜑𝐵 / turn = = 12.56 x 10-7 x 4 x 108 x 12.56 x 10-4
w
𝑙
𝜑𝐵 = 1.26 Wb
w
12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is linked with the
coil, find the inductance of the coil.
w

GIVEN
n = www.kalviexpress.in
200, I = 0.4 A, 𝜑𝐵 = 4www.kalviexpress.in
mWb, L = ? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
LI = N 𝜑𝐵
N 𝜑𝐵 200 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−3
L= = = 2H
𝐼 4 𝑥 10−1

13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross–sectional area 5 cm2. Find
mutual inductance between them if the number
www.kalviexpress.in of turns in the
www.kalviexpress.in first coil is 1200 turns and that
www.kalviexpress.in
in the second coil is 400 turns.
GIVEN
l1 =lwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2 = l = 80 cm, A1 = A2 = A = 5 cm , N1 = 1200, N2 = 400, M = ?

SOLUTION
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 A2l
M =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
1𝑁 𝑁
n2 = 𝑙2
n1 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑙
𝑁 𝑁 1200
𝜇0 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝐴2 x l = 4π www.kalviexpress.in
M =www.kalviexpress.in x 10-7 x 80 𝑥 10−2 x 400 x 5 x 10-2 m
s
= 12.56 x 10-5 x 25 x 12
es
M = 0.38 mH
14. A long solenoid having 400

www.kalviexpress.in turns per cm carries
www.kalviexpress.in a current 2A. Awww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in 100 turn coil of cross -sectional
pr
2
area 4 cm is placed co-axially inside the solenoid so that the coil is in the field produced by the
www.kalviexpress.in
solenoid. Find the emfwww.kalviexpress.in
induced in the coilwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
if the current through the solenoid reverses its
direction in 0.04 sec.
ex
GIVEN
i = 2A, 𝑁1 = 400/cm, I = 2A, I – removed, N2 = 100, e = ?, A2 = 4 cm2, t = 0.04 s
vi
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑖 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
e = - M 𝑑𝑡
al
www.kalviexpress.in𝑁 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

1
M = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 A2l = 𝜇0 𝑁2 𝐴2 = 4π x 10-7 x 400 x 102 x 100 x 4 x 10-4
𝑙
.k
-5
= 200.96 x 10 H
=www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

𝑑𝑖
102
𝑑𝑡
w
www.kalviexpress.in
e = - M 𝑑𝑡 = 200.96 x 10-5 x 102 = 200.96 x 10-3 = 0.02 V
w
15. A 200 turn coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long solenoid of 3 cm radius. If the
turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, then calculate mutual inductance of the coil.
w

GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
N2 = 200 turns, r2 = 2 cm,www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
r1 = 3 cm, N1/l1 = 90/cm www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
A = πr2 = 3.14 x 4 x 10-4 = 12.50 x 10-4
M = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑛2 A2l

𝑁1 𝑁2
n1 = n2 =
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑙 𝑙 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁1 𝑁2
M = 𝜇0 2 𝐴 l = 4π x 10-7 x 90 x 102 x 200 x 12.56 x 10-4 = 2839.68 x 10-3 x 10-3
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑙 𝑙 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
M = 2.84 mH
16. Thewww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

solenoids S1 and S2 are www.kalviexpress.in
wound on an iron-core www.kalviexpress.in
of relative permeability 900. The area of their
cross-section and their length are the same and are 4 cm2 and 0.04 m respectively. If the number
of turns in S1 is 200 and that in S2 is 800, calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. The
current in solenoid 1 is increased
www.kalviexpress.in form 2A towww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in 8A in 0.04 second. Calculate the induced emf in
www.kalviexpress.in
.in
solenoid 2.
GIVEN
𝜇𝑅 = 900, A = 4 cm2 = 4 x 10-4 m2, l = 0.04 m = 4 x 10-2 m, n1 = 200, n2 = 800, I1 = 2 A, I2 = 8 A
s
ε = www.kalviexpress.in
es
M 𝑑𝑡
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁1 𝑁2 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
900 x 200 x 800 x 4 x 10−4
M = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴2 l = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁2 A = 4π x 10 x
-7
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 4 𝑥 10−2
= 4 www.kalviexpress.in
x 3.14 x 18 x 8 x 10-5 www.kalviexpress.in
x 102 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
= 32 x 18 x 3.14 x 10-3 = 1808.64 x 10-3 pr
ex
M = 1.81 H
1.81 (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) 1.81 (8 − 2) 5.43 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ε= = = x 102 = 2.715 x 102 = 271.5 V
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑥 10−2 2
vi
17. A step-down transformer

www.kalviexpress.in connected to mainwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in supply of 220 V is www.kalviexpress.in
made to operate 11V,88W lamp.
Calculate (i) Transformation ratio and (ii) Current in the primary.
al

GIVEN
.k
VP = 220 V, VS = 11 V, PS (or) VSIS = 88 W

SOLUTION
w
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑉 11 1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
i) k = 𝑉𝑠 = 220 =
𝑝 20
𝑉www.kalviexpress.in
𝐼𝑝 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
ii) 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑝 𝐼𝑠
11 𝐼𝑝
=
w
220 8
2
𝐼𝑝 = 5 = 0.4 A
www.kalviexpress.in
18. A 200 www.kalviexpress.in
V/ 120 V step-down www.kalviexpress.in
transformer of 90 www.kalviexpress.in
% efficiency is connected to an induction stove of
resistance 40 Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of the transformer.
GIVEN
V1 = 200 V, V2 = 120 V, η = 90 %, R = 40 Ω, IP = ?

SOLUTION
𝑉𝑠 𝑉2 120 𝑥 120 η = outputwww.kalviexpress.in
power / input power
www.kalviexpress.in
output S = 𝑠 =
power = VSIS = Vwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅 𝑅 40
90 360
=
= 360 W
www.kalviexpress.in 100 200𝐼
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in 𝑝www.kalviexpress.in
η = output power / input power 360 𝑥 100

𝐼𝑝 = 90 𝑥 200
I = output power / Vs = 360 / 120 = 3 A
𝐼 =2A
𝑝
I = www.kalviexpress.in
3A www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 Ω and the resistance of its secondary
www.kalviexpress.in
of 1200 turns is 6.2 Ω.www.kalviexpress.in
Find the voltage www.kalviexpress.in
across the primarywww.kalviexpress.in
if the power output from the
secondary at 1600 V is 32 kW. Calculate the power losses in both coils when the transformer
s
efficiency is 80 %.
es
GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
300, RP = 0.82 Ω, Nwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Np = S = 1200, RS = 6.2 Ω, VP = ?, VS = 1600 V, o/p = 32 kW, η = 80 %
Power loss in coil 1 = ?, power loss in coil 2 = ?
SOLUTION
pr
η = output power / input power o/p = Vsis
ex
www.kalviexpress.in
32 𝑥 10 𝑥 100 𝑜/𝑝 32 𝑥 103
i/p = 𝑖𝑠 = = = 20 A
80 𝑉𝑠 1600
i/p = 40 kW power loss in coil 1 = ip2Rp = 100 x 100 x
vi
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
= 0.82 = 8200
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑠 300 𝑥 600 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
P1 = 8.2 kW
𝑉𝑝 = = = 400 V
al
𝑁𝑠 1200 power loss in coil 2 = is2Rs = 20 x 20 x 6.2 =

i/p = VpiP 400 x 6.2
www.kalviexpress.in
40 𝑥 103 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
𝑖/𝑃
iP = = P1 = 2.48 kW
𝑉𝑝 400
iP = 100 A
w
20. Calculate the instantaneous

www.kalviexpress.in value at 60o, average
www.kalviexpress.in value and RMSwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in value of an alternating current
w
whose peak value is 20 A.

GIVEN
w

θ = 600, Im = 20 A, I = ?, Iavg = ?, Irms = ?
SOLUTION
i) I www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
√3
= Im sin θ = 20 x sin 60 0
= 20 x 2 = 17.32 A
2𝐼𝑚
ii) Iavg = = 0.637 x Im = 0.637 x 20 = 12.74 A
𝜋
𝐼𝑚
iii) Irms = = 0.707 x 20 = 14.14 A
√2

UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. Consider a parallel plate
www.kalviexpress.in capacitor whose plates
www.kalviexpress.in are closely spaced.
www.kalviexpress.in Let R be the radius of the
www.kalviexpress.in
plates and the current in the wire connected to the plates is 5 A, calculate the displacement
current through the surface
www.kalviexpress.in passing betweenwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in the plates by directly calculating the rate of change
www.kalviexpress.in
of flux of electric field through the surface.
GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝜑𝐸 )
.in
𝑑
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝐸𝐴)
by cos rule,
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑄 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
EA = 𝜀
0
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑 𝑄 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
Id = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡 (𝜀 )
0
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑𝑄
Id = = Ic
𝑑𝑡
pr
Id = Ic = 5 A
2. A transmitter consists ofwww.kalviexpress.in

LC circuit with an www.kalviexpress.in
inductance of 1 μH and a capacitance of 1 μF. What
ex
is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it emits?
GIVEN
vi
f = ?, L = 1 μH, C = 1 μF
SOLUTION
al
1
f = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
www.kalviexpress.in
3 𝑥 108 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
𝐶
𝜆= = 1
𝑓
www.kalviexpress.in
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
3 x 108 x 2π x √𝐿𝐶 = www.kalviexpress.in

𝜆 =www.kalviexpress.in 3 x 108 x 2(3.14) x √10−6 𝑥10−6
2
𝜆 = 18.84 x 10 m
w
3. A pulse of light of duration 10−6 s is absorbed completely by a small object initially at rest. If the
power of the pulse is 60 × 10−3 W, calculate the final momentum of the object.
w

GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
t = 10 -6
s, P = 60 x 10-3 Wwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

SOLUTION
𝑈 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
p= =
𝐶 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑥𝑡 60 𝑥 10−3 𝑥10−6

p= = = 20 × 10−17 kg m s−1
𝐶 3 𝑥 108
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

4. Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a
frequency of 1010 Hz and
www.kalviexpress.in has an amplitude
www.kalviexpress.in of 10−5 T, actingwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in along the y - direction. Then,
compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write down the expression for electric field in this case.
GIVEN
f = 1010 Hz, B = 10-5 T
SOLUTION
𝐸
c = www.kalviexpress.in
.in
𝐵 0
𝐸0 =www.kalviexpress.in
c x 𝐵0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
3 x 108 x 10-5
𝐸0 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
8 -1
𝐸0 = 3 x 10 NC
es
𝐶 3 𝑥 108
𝜆= = = 3 x 10-2 m
𝑓 1010
𝜔
k = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
pr
𝑐
2𝜋𝑓 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 1010 www.kalviexpress.in
k = www.kalviexpress.in
= 8
2
= 2.09 x 10 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑐 3 𝑥 10
ex
𝜔 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2𝜋𝑓 = 2 x 3.14 x 1010 www.kalviexpress.in
= 6.28 x 1010
Ey =www.kalviexpress.in
E0 sin (kz – 𝜔t) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
Ey =www.kalviexpress.in 2
z – 6.28 x 1010 t)𝑖̂ www.kalviexpress.in
3 x 108 sin (2.09 x 10www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
al

5. If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of the medium is 1.0 and 2.25, respectively.
Findwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
the speed of the electromagnetic www.kalviexpress.in
wave in this medium. www.kalviexpress.in
.k

GIVEN
w
𝜀𝑟 =www.kalviexpress.in
2.25, 𝜇𝑟 = 1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in
w
𝐶 𝐶
=
𝑣 =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝜇 √ 𝜇 𝑟 𝜀𝑟
w
3 𝑥 108
=
√1 𝑥 2.25
3 𝑥 108
=
1.5
= 2 x 108 ms-1
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 5 – ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

UNIT – 6 - OPTICS
1. An object is placed at a certain distance from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the
distance of the object if www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in the image obtained www.kalviexpress.in
is magnified 4 times.www.kalviexpress.in

Focal length = 20 cm, magnification = 4
SOLUTION
.in
𝑣
m=
𝑢
4u = v
s
1 1 1
=www.kalviexpress.in
- www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
es
1 1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= -
𝑓 4𝑢 𝑢
pr
1 𝑢−4𝑢
=
4𝑢2
𝑓 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1 −3𝑢
ex
2
𝑓 4𝑢
4u = - 3 x 20
u =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
-15 cm
al
2. A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. The focal length of eye piece is 5 cm.
Assuming the final image to be at least distance of distinct vision, find the magnification
produced by the objective.
.k
GIVEN
magnification = 30, focal length = 5 cm, image distance = 25 cm for distinct vision
w

SOLUTION
w
m = m0 me
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐷 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
m = m0 (1 + )
w
𝑓 𝑒
25
= m0 (1 + )
5
= m0 (1 + 5)
30 = m0 x 6
m0 = 5
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 6 – OPTICS

3. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image formed is three
times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of the object from the mirror.
GIVEN
focal length = 20 cm, magnification
www.kalviexpress.in =3
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑣
m www.kalviexpress.in
=- www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑢
- 3www.kalviexpress.in
u=v www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
1 1 1
+ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
− www.kalviexpress.in
= − - www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
20 3𝑢 𝑢
www.kalviexpress.in
1 −𝑢 + 3𝑢 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
− =
20 3𝑢2
1 2
− =
20 3𝑢
pr
40
u=− cm
3
u = - 13.33 cm
ex
4. A small bulb is placed at

www.kalviexpress.in the bottom of a tank
www.kalviexpress.in containing water to
www.kalviexpress.in a depth of 80 cm.What is the
www.kalviexpress.in
area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index
vi
of water is 1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source.)

GIVEN
al
Depth d = 80 cm, refractive

www.kalviexpress.in index = 1.33,
www.kalviexpress.in
.k
A = πR2
𝑑
w
R=
√𝑛2 −1
𝑑2 −4 6400 𝑥 10−4 www.kalviexpress.in

6400 𝑥 10www.kalviexpress.in
R2 www.kalviexpress.in
= = www.kalviexpress.in
w
= 2 = 0.8324
𝑛 −1 1.7689 − 1 0.7689
A = πR2 = 0.8324 x 3.14 = 2.6 m2
w

5. A thin converging glass lens made of glass with refractive index 1.5 has a power of + 5.0 D.
www.kalviexpress.in
When www.kalviexpress.in
this lens is immersed www.kalviexpress.in
in a liquid of refractive www.kalviexpress.in
index n, it acts as a divergent lens of focal
length 100 cm. What must be the value of n?
GIVEN
1
refractive index n2 = 1.5, P = 𝑓 = 5.0 D,
divergent lens f = 100 cm = 1m, sign convention f = - 1 m (diverging lens), n1 = n = ?

SOLUTION
1 𝑛 1 1
𝑓
( 2 − 1) ( − www.kalviexpress.in
𝑛1
) 𝑅1 𝑅2
www.kalviexpress.in
converging www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1 1www.kalviexpress.in
5 =www.kalviexpress.in
(1.5 – 1) ( − ) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
5 = (0.5) (
𝑅1 𝑅2
− ) ………………(1)
.in
diverging
1 1.5 1 1
− = ( − 1) ( − )
1 n 𝑅
www.kalviexpress.in 1 𝑅2
s
1.5−n 1 1
−1www.kalviexpress.in
= ( ) ………….(2)www.kalviexpress.in
) ( − www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
n 𝑅1 𝑅2
1.5−n
(2) n
= −1 =
(1) 0.5
1−
0.5
0.1 =
5
1.5
= −1
n
1.5 pr
ex
n
1.5
0.9www.kalviexpress.in
n
n =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

vi
15/9 = 5/3
al
6. If the distance D between an object and screen is greater than 4 times the focal length of a
convex lens, then there are two positions of the lens for which images are formed on the screen.
This method is called conjugate foci method. If d is the distance between the two positions of the
.k
lens, obtain the equation for focal length of the convex lens.
SOLUTION
w
D www.kalviexpress.in
=v+u www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
D–u
v =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
w
= -
𝑓 𝐷−𝑣 𝑢
1 𝑢+𝐷−𝑢
=
𝑓 www.kalviexpress.in
𝑢(𝐷 − 𝑣) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
u2 – Du + Df = 0
− 𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
u=
2𝑎

𝐷 ± √𝐷2 − 4𝐷𝑓
u =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
u=
2
𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
u1 =
2
𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
u2 www.kalviexpress.in
2
u2 – u1
d =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
𝐷 ± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓) 𝐷± √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
d =www.kalviexpress.inwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2 2
d = √𝐷(𝐷 − 4𝑓)
s
d2 = D2 – 4Df
es
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑2− 𝐷2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
=f
−4𝐷
pr
𝐷2 − 𝑑 2
f=
4𝐷
ex
7. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant source falls on a single slit 1 mm wide and
resulting diffractionwww.kalviexpress.in
pattern is observedwww.kalviexpress.in
on a screen 2 m away. What is the distance between
www.kalviexpress.in
the first dark fringe on either side of the central bright fringe?
vi
GIVEN
www.kalviexpress.in
wavelength www.kalviexpress.in
λ = 600 x 10-9 www.kalviexpress.in
m = 6 x 10-7 m, D = 2 m, slit d = 1 x 10-3www.kalviexpress.in
m
al

SOLUTION
𝐷λ 2 𝑥 6 𝑥 10 −7
β1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
β1 = β2www.kalviexpress.in
.k
= = −2
= 12 x 10-4
𝑑 1 𝑥 10
β1 + β2 = 12 x 10 + 12 x 10 = 24 x 10 = 2.4 x 10 = 2.4 mm
-4 -4 -4 -3
w
8. In www.kalviexpress.in
Young’s double slit experiment, the slits www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in are 2 mm apart and www.kalviexpress.in
are illuminated with a mixture
w
of two wavelength λ0 = 750 nm and λ = 900 nm. What is the minimum distance from the common
central bright fringe on a screen 2 m from the slits where a bright fringe from one interference
w
pattern coincides with awww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in bright fringe from www.kalviexpress.in
the other? www.kalviexpress.in

9. In Young’s double slit experiment, 62 fringes are seen in visible region for sodium light of
www.kalviexpress.in
wavelength www.kalviexpress.in
5893 Å. If violet www.kalviexpress.in
light of wavelength 4359 Å is used inwww.kalviexpress.in
place of sodium light, then
what is the number of fringes seen?
GIVEN
nv = 62, nNa = ?, λNa = 5893 Å, λv = 4359 Å

SOLUTION
𝐷𝑛𝜆
β =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑑
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐷 𝑛 5893 Å www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
βNa =
𝑑
𝐷 4359 Å
βv = x 62
𝑑
(1) = (2)
.in
𝐷 𝑛 5893 Å 𝐷 4359 Å
www.kalviexpress.in
= x 62
𝑑 𝑑
4359 Å 𝑥 62
s
5893 Å
n =www.kalviexpress.in
83.8 = 84 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
10. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is formed at infinity.
Thewww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
objective has a focal www.kalviexpress.in
length of 0.5 cm and the tube length iswww.kalviexpress.in
6.5 cm. What is the focal length
of the eyepiece.
www.kalviexpress.in
GIVEN
pr
ex
m = 100, v = ∞, f0 = 0.5 cm, tube length L = 6.5 cm, D = 25 cm (visible range), fe = ?
SOLUTION
vi
𝐿 𝐷 Tube length
m0 = me =
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
L=v +www.kalviexpress.in
f0
0
m = m0 me
al
www.kalviexpress.in
𝐿 𝐷
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in + fe ……………….(2)
6.5 = v0 www.kalviexpress.in
m= x
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
.k
final is inverted so m = - 100 (2) x 4 →www.kalviexpress.in

4 fe + 4v0 = 26.0
→ - 4 𝑓𝑒 + 2𝑣0 = 1
w
www.kalviexpress.in
(1)
𝑣0 𝑓0 − 𝑣0 𝑓− 𝑣
m0 =
𝑢0
=
𝑓0
[m =
𝑓
] …………….……
w
2𝑣0 = 27
𝑣 𝐷 v0 = 4.5
w
= (1 − 0 ) ( )
m www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑓 𝑓 0 𝑒
6.5 = v0 + fe
𝑣0 25
www.kalviexpress.in
- 100 = (1 − ) ( www.kalviexpress.in
) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0.5 𝑓 𝑒
6.5 = 4.5 + fe
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑣0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
f = 2 cmwww.kalviexpress.in
- 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1 − e
0.5
- 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1 − 2𝑣0
- 4 𝑓𝑒 + 2𝑣0 = 1…………. (1)

UNIT – 7 – DUAL RADIATION OF RADIATION AND MATTER
1. How many photons per second emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm?
www.kalviexpress.in
GIVEN www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
50 x 10-3 W
P =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝛌 = 640 x 10-9 m
SOLUTION
.in
P = NE
hc
P=N
λ
s
6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
x 10-3 = N
es
640 𝑥 10−9
50 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 640 x 10−9 16000 x 10−12 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
N= = = 161 x 10 = 1.61 x 1017
15
66 x 10−34 x 3 x 107 99 x 10−27
2. www.kalviexpress.in
Calculate the maximumwww.kalviexpress.in
pr
kinetic energy and www.kalviexpress.in
maximum velocity ofwww.kalviexpress.in
the photoelectrons emitted
when the stopping potential is 81 V for the photoelectric emission experiment.
ex
GIVEN
V0 = 81 V,
vi
SOLUTION
Kmax = eV0 = 1.6 x 10-19 x 81 = 129.6 x 10-19 = 1.296 x 10-17 = 1.3 x 10-17 J
al
www.kalviexpress.in
vmax = 5.93 x 105 √𝑣0 = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
5.93 x 105 √81 = 5.93 x 105 x 9 = 5.337 x www.kalviexpress.in
106 V

.k
3. Calculate the energies of the photons associated with the following radiation: (i) violet light of
nm (ii) X-rays of 0.1www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
nm (iii) radio waves of 10 m. www.kalviexpress.in
w

SOLUTION
hc
E =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
i) violet light
ℎ𝑐 6.6 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 107 198 𝑥 10−18
w
= =
E1 www.kalviexpress.in =
𝜆 413 𝑥 10−9 413 𝑥 10−9 413
0.47 𝑥 10 −18
= www.kalviexpress.in
−19
eV = 2.9 www.kalviexpress.in
eV = 3 eV www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1.6 𝑥 10
ii) www.kalviexpress.in
x - ray www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
hc 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 198 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 107

E2 = = =
λ 0.1 𝑥 10−9 10−10
198 𝑥 10−17
= eV = 1.236 x 103 eV = 1236 eV = 1240 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 7 – DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

hc 66 𝑥 10−34 𝑥3𝑥 108 198 𝑥 10−17
E3 = =
iii)www.kalviexpress.in =
www.kalviexpress.in eV = 1.24 x 10-7 eV
λ 10 1.6 𝑥 10−19

4. A 150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å. If the efficiency is 12 %, find out the
www.kalviexpress.in
number www.kalviexpress.in
of photons emitted www.kalviexpress.in
by the lamp in one second. www.kalviexpress.in

GIVEN
P =www.kalviexpress.in
150 W, λ = 5500 Å, Efficiency η = 12 %, N
www.kalviexpress.in =?

SOLUTION www.kalviexpress.in
.in
If N photons are emitted, the total energy E = NE
we know that P = NE
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁𝐸 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑁 www.kalviexpress.in
Average power P = (n = 𝑡 )
s
𝑡
P =www.kalviexpress.in
nE www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
n =www.kalviexpress.in
P/E www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑃𝜆
ℎ𝑐
If all power is not emitted

www.kalviexpress.in
P = rated power x efficiency = Pη pr
ex
𝑃η𝜆 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Number of photons emitted is n = ℎ𝑐
150 𝑥 150 𝑥 12 𝑥 10−10 1800 𝑥 55 𝑥 10 𝑥 10−10 -19
n= −34 8
= −26
= 4.98 x 10
100 𝑥 6.6 𝑥 10 𝑥 3 𝑥www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in 10 198 𝑥 10www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi
How www.kalviexpress.in
many photons of frequency10 www.kalviexpress.in
14 Hz will make up 19.86 J ofwww.kalviexpress.in
energy?
al

GIVEN
ν =www.kalviexpress.in
1014 Hz, E = 19.86 J,www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
www.kalviexpress.in
E = NE = Nhν
w

19.86 = N x 6.6 x 10-34 x 1014
www.kalviexpress.in
19.86 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
N= = 2.99 x 1020 = 3 x 1020

6.6 𝑥 10−20
w
6. What should be the velocity

www.kalviexpress.in of the electron so
www.kalviexpress.in that its momentum
www.kalviexpress.in equals that of 4000 Å
www.kalviexpress.in
wavelength photon.
GIVEN
λ = 4000 Å
SOLUTION
p = mv

ℎ ℎ
=
λ =www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑚𝑣 𝑝
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34 www.kalviexpress.in

p =www.kalviexpress.in
= www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝜆 4000
www.kalviexpress.in
6.626 𝑥 10−34 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
mv =
4000
6.626 𝑥 10−34 6.626 𝑥 10−3
v= = 1.8181 m/s
4000 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31
www.kalviexpress.in 36.44 𝑥 103
.in
7. When a light of frequency 9 x 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface, photoelectrons are emitted
with
www.kalviexpress.in of 8 x 1051 ms-1. Determine
a maximum speed www.kalviexpress.in the thresholdwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in frequency of the surface.
www.kalviexpress.in
s
hν = ϕ + KE
es
hν = hν0 + ½ mv2
hν0www.kalviexpress.in
= hν - ½ mv2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑚𝑣 2
ν0 = ν-
ν0 = 9 x 10 -
2ℎ
www.kalviexpress.in −31www.kalviexpress.in
14 9.1 𝑥 10
𝑥 10−34
5 2 𝑥 (8 𝑥 10 )
2 𝑥 6.6www.kalviexpress.in
pr
www.kalviexpress.in
−31
= 9 x 10 - 14 9.1 𝑥 10
www.kalviexpress.in
𝑥 64 𝑥 1010
= 9 x 1014 – 4.422 x 1014
2 𝑥 6.6 𝑥 10−34www.kalviexpress.in
ex
= 4.58 x 1014 = 4.6 x 14 Hz
8. When a 6000 Å light falls

www.kalviexpress.in on the cathode of www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in a photo cell and produced photoemission. If a
www.kalviexpress.in
vi
stopping potential of 0.8 V is required to stop emission of electron, then determine the
www.kalviexpress.in
(i) frequency of the lightwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
(ii) energy of the incident www.kalviexpress.in
photon (iii) work function of the cathode
al
material (iv) threshold frequency and (v) net energy of the electron after it leaves the surface.
GIVEN
.k
λ = 6000 Å = 6 x 10-7 m, Vs = 0.8 V

SOLUTION
w

i) c = νλ
𝑐 3 𝑥 108
w
ν= = = 0.5 x 1015 = 5 x 1014 Hz

𝜆 6 𝑥 10−7
w
Energy E = hν = 6.6 xwww.kalviexpress.in

ii) www.kalviexpress.in 10-34 x 5 x 1014 J www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
33.0 𝑥 10 −20
= www.kalviexpress.in
−19
eV = 2.07 www.kalviexpress.in
eV www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1.6 𝑥 10
iii) ϕ0 = hν – eV0
1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 0.8 𝑉
ϕ0 = 6.6 x 10-34 x 5 x 1014 -
1.6 𝑥 10−19
ϕ0 = 2.07 - 0.8 = 1.27 eV

iv) ϕ0 = hν0
www.kalviexpress.in
1.27 = 6.6 x 10-34 ν0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1.27 𝑒𝑉
www.kalviexpress.in 12.7 𝑒𝑉www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ν0 = −34
= 34
x 10
6.6 𝑥 10 66
www.kalviexpress.in
127 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 10www.kalviexpress.in
ν0 = = 30.7 x 1013 J = 3.07 x 1014 Hz
66
www.kalviexpress.in
v) E = hν – hν0 = hν – ϕ =www.kalviexpress.in
2.07 - 1.27 = 0.8 eVwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
9. A 3310 Å photon liberates an electron from a material with energy 3 × 10-19 J while another 5000
www.kalviexpress.in
Å photon www.kalviexpress.in
ejects an electron www.kalviexpress.in
with energy 0.972 x 10-19 J from the www.kalviexpress.in
same material. Determine the
s
value of Planck’s constant and the threshold wavelength of the material.
es
10. At www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

the given point of time, the earth receiveswww.kalviexpress.in 4 cal cm-2 min-1. Determine the
energy from sun atwww.kalviexpress.in
pr
number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm2 per minute.
(Given : Mean wave length of sun light = 5500 Å)
ex
GIVEN
4 cal cm-2min-1, n = N/min
E =www.kalviexpress.in = ?, λ = 5000 Åwww.kalviexpress.in

vi
SOLUTION
Total energy = Number of photon x energy of each photon
ℎ𝑐
al
= n x hν = n x [1 J = 0.239 cal]
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜆 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝐸𝜆 𝐸𝜆 4 𝑥 5500 𝑥 10−10
=
n =www.kalviexpress.in =www.kalviexpress.in = 4.65 x 1019www.kalviexpress.in
.k
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 𝑥 0.239 −34 6.6 𝑥 10 𝑥 3 𝑥 10 𝑥 0.239

11. UV light of wavelength 1800 Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold wavelength
w
www.kalviexpress.in
Å. Determine the maximum energy of www.kalviexpress.in
the electron emitted.www.kalviexpress.in
w
SOLUTION
hν www.kalviexpress.in
- hν0 = ½ mv2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
1
www.kalviexpress.in 1
www.kalviexpress.in 1 1
KMAX = hc [ − ] = 6.626 x 10-34 x 3 x 108 www.kalviexpress.in
x[ −10
]
𝜆 𝜆0 1800 𝑥 10 4965 𝑥 10−10
−10 − 1800 𝑥 10−10
-26 4965 𝑥 10
= 19.678 x 10 [
www.kalviexpress.in1800
www.kalviexpress.in
]www.kalviexpress.in
= 7.03 x 10-19 J www.kalviexpress.in
𝑥 4965 𝑥 10−20
7.03 𝑥 10−19
KMAX = = 4.40 eV
1.6 𝑥 10−19

12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to 81.9 × 10–15 J.
(Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron).
GIVEN
λ = ?, Kmax = 81.9 x 10-15 J, mp = 1836 me
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
ℎ www.kalviexpress.in
6.626 𝑥 10−34 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
λ= = = 4.02 x 10-14 m
√2𝑚𝐸 √2 𝑥 1836 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 81.9 𝑥 10 −15
13. A deuteron and an alpha

www.kalviexpress.in particle are accelerated
www.kalviexpress.in with the same www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in potential. Which one of the two
.in
has i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it and ii) less kinetic energy?
Explain.

GIVEN
s
Deuteron = 1H2, mass of deutron md = 2mp, charge of deuteron = ep
es
alpha particle = 2He4, mass of alpha particle = 4mp, charge of alpha particle = 2ep
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
ℎ www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
ii) KE = eV
i) λ =
λd α
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
www.kalviexpress.in
√2𝑚𝑑 𝑒𝑑
1
pr KEd α epwww.kalviexpress.in
KEα α eαwww.kalviexpress.in
ex
1 𝐾𝑑 𝑒𝑝
λα www.kalviexpress.in
α =
√2𝑚𝛼 𝑒𝛼 𝐾 2𝑒 www.kalviexpress.in
𝛼 𝑝
λ𝑑 2www.kalviexpress.in 𝐾
𝑚𝛼 𝑒𝛼
𝐾 = 𝛼 www.kalviexpress.in
vi
2 = 𝑑 2
λ𝛼 𝑚 𝑑 𝑒𝑑
λ𝑑 2 4𝑚𝑝 2𝑒𝑝
al
=
λ𝛼 2www.kalviexpress.in
2𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑝 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
λd =www.kalviexpress.in
2 λα www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k

14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81 V. What is the de Broglie
w
wavelength associated with

www.kalviexpress.in it? To which part
www.kalviexpress.in of electromagneticwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in spectrum does this wavelength
correspond?
w
GIVEN
V = 81 V, λ = ?
w

SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
λ= = -10
= 1.3 x 10 m = 1.3 Å
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉 √2 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝑥 81
15. The ratio between the de Broglie wavelengths associated with protons, accelerated through a
potential of 512 V and that of alpha particles accelerated through a potential of X volts is found
to be one. Find the value of X.

GIVEN
λ𝑃 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
= 1, Vp = 512 V, Vα = xα = ?
λ𝛼
SOLUTION
ℎ
λ=
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
ℎ
λP www.kalviexpress.in
√2𝑚𝑃 𝑒𝑃 (512)
.in
ℎ
λα www.kalviexpress.in
√2(4𝑚𝑃 )(2𝑒𝑃 ) 𝑥𝛼
s
𝜆𝑝 √2(4𝑚𝑃 )(2𝑒𝑃 ) 𝑥𝛼 √8 𝑥𝛼
= =
𝜆𝛼 www.kalviexpress.in
√2𝑚𝑃 𝑒𝑃 (512) √512
es
www.kalviexpress.in
√8 𝑥𝛼 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1=
√512
√512 = √8 𝑥𝛼
www.kalviexpress.in
= 8 𝑥𝛼
pr
ex
𝑥𝛼 www.kalviexpress.in
= 64 V www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

vi

al

.k

w

w

w

UNIT – 8 – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Consider two hydrogen atoms HA and HB in ground state. Assume that hydrogen atom HA is at
rest and hydrogen atom
www.kalviexpress.in HB is moving withwww.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in a speed and make head-on collide on the stationary
www.kalviexpress.in
hydrogen atom HA. After the strike, both of them move together. What is minimum value of
www.kalviexpress.in
the www.kalviexpress.in
kinetic energy of the moving hydrogenwww.kalviexpress.in
atom HB, such that www.kalviexpress.in
any one of the hydrogen atoms
reaches one of the excitation state.
GIVEN
.in
mHA = mHB = m
www.kalviexpress.in
After www.kalviexpress.in
stirkes moving with same velocity (v) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
KE of HB after collision n = ?
s
SOLUTION
es
KEi = ½ mu1 + ½ 2
mu22 [u2 = 0]
KEi = ½ mu12
KEf = ½ 2mv
www.kalviexpress.in
KEf = mv 2
2
pr
ex
loss of kinetic energy in Inelastic collision ∆E = KEf - KEi
www.kalviexpress.in
1 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
∆E =
2
(𝑚 ) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵
vi
1 2 𝑚
∆E = ( ) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2 [u2 = 0]
2 2𝑚
𝑚
al
∆E = 𝑢1 2
www.kalviexpress.in
The minimum energy required to raise the H atom from ground state to excited state is 10.2 eV.
.k
KE of HB atom or ½ mu1 = 2 ∆E = 2 x 10.2 eV = 20.4 eV

2

w
2. Inwww.kalviexpress.in
the Bohr atom model, the frequency of www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in transitions is given by the following expression
www.kalviexpress.in

w
Consider the followingwww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in transitions: www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
Show that the frequency of these transitions obey sum rule (which is known as Ritz
combination principle)
PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME II – UNIT – 8– ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

SOLUTION
1 1 8
νwww.kalviexpress.in
= Rc ( 2 − 2 ) ν3 →1 = www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in Rc
n m 9
www.kalviexpress.in
1
ν̂ = = R(
1 1
− ) ν3 → 2
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in nwww.kalviexpress.in
= 2, m = 3
λ n2 m2
1 1
www.kalviexpress.in
c=λν ν3 →2 = www.kalviexpress.in
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in Rc ( − )
4 9
www.kalviexpress.in
c www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
5
λ= ν3 → 2 = Rc
ν 36
.in
ν
ν̂ = ν2 →1 n = 1, m = 2
c
1
ν̂c = ν ν2 →1 = Rc (1 − )
4
s
1 1 3
ν = Rc ( − ) ν2 →1 = Rc
n2
www.kalviexpress.in m2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in 4
www.kalviexpress.in
es
ν3 →1 = ν3 →2 + ν2 →1 ν3 →2 + νwww.kalviexpress.in
2 →1 = Rc ( −
3
)
5 8
= Rc
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in 4 36 9
ν3 →1 n = 1, m = 3
www.kalviexpress.in Therefore
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in ν3 →1 = ν3 →2 + ν2 →1
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
1
ν3 →1 = Rc (1 − )
9
ex
3. (a) A hydrogen atom is excited by radiation of wavelength 97.5 nm. Find the principal
quantum number of the
www.kalviexpress.in excited state.
𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)
(b) Show that the total number of lines in emission spectrum is 𝟐
vi
and compute the total number of possible lines in emission spectrum.

GIVEN
al
= 97.5 X 10-9 m = 975www.kalviexpress.in

λwww.kalviexpress.in x 10-10 m www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

.k
SOLUTION
𝑐
a) E = hν = h J
w
𝜆
𝑐 6.626 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
Ewww.kalviexpress.in
n=h eV = eV = 12.74 eV
𝜆𝑒 975 𝑥 www.kalviexpress.in
10−10 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 10−19 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
exi of H atom = 13.6 eV
Eprinci.q.n = Eexi – En = 13.6 – 12.74 = 0.86 eV
w

13.6
n=- 2
eV www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
𝑛
2 13.6
nwww.kalviexpress.in
=- eV www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
0.86
n2 = 16
n=4

𝑛(𝑛−1)
b)www.kalviexpress.in
= Number www.kalviexpress.in
of spectral lines www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
4(4−1)
=6 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
4. Calculate the radius of the earth if the density of the earth is equal to the density of the
nucleus.[mass of earth = 5.97 x 1024 kg].
GIVEN
density ρE = ρn = 2.3 x 10
www.kalviexpress.in 17
kg/m3
.in
24
mass of earth 5.97 x 10 kg
SOLUTION
𝑚 𝑚
s
ρ= 𝐸= 4 𝐸3
𝑉𝐸 𝜋𝑅𝐸
3
es
𝑚 5.97 𝑥 1024
𝑅www.kalviexpress.in
3
𝐸 = 4
𝐸
=4 www.kalviexpress.in
17
=
www.kalviexpress.in
6219 x 103
www.kalviexpress.in
𝜋ρ 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 2.3 𝑥 10
3 3
𝑅𝐸 = (6219 x 103 )1/3 = 180 m
pr
the 𝟏𝟎𝟖
ex
Calculate www.kalviexpress.in
the mass defect and the binding www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
energy per nucleon of 𝟒𝟕𝐀𝐠 nucleus.
[atomic mass of Ag = 107.905949]
GIVEN
vi
̅̅̅̅ = ?, no. of proton = 47, no. of neutron = 108 – 47 = 61

∆m = ?, 𝐵𝐸
al
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
Total mass of proton = www.kalviexpress.in
Z mP = 47 x 1.007276www.kalviexpress.in
= 47.36801 u www.kalviexpress.in
Total mass of neutron =www.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in N mn = 61 x 1.008665 u = 61.52887u
.k
Total mass of nucleons = Z mP + N mn = 108.89688 u

Actual mass of Ag = 107.905949 u
w

∆m = ZmP + Nmn - MN =0.990931
BE = ∆m x 931 MeV =www.kalviexpress.in
0.990931 u x 931 MeV = 922.556761 MeVwww.kalviexpress.in
w
922.556761 MeV
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸www.kalviexpress.in
= =www.kalviexpress.in
8.5 MeV www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
108
w

6. Half lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 minutes and 40 minutes respectively.
www.kalviexpress.in
Initially, www.kalviexpress.in
the samples have equal number ofwww.kalviexpress.in
nuclei. Calculate thewww.kalviexpress.in
ratio of decayed numbers of A
and B nuclei after 80 minutes.
GIVEN
T1/2A = 20 min, T1/2B = 40 min, Both have same nuclei initially, Total time = 80 min,
𝐴
No. of decayed = 𝐵 = ?

SOLUTION
No. of undecayed atom in element
1𝑛
Nwww.kalviexpress.in
A= N0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
2
𝑇 80
= 𝑇 = 20 = 4 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1/2
www.kalviexpress.in
NA = 24 N0
A = N0 / 16
1𝑛
B= N0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
2
𝑇 80
= 𝑇 = 40 = 2 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
1/2
www.kalviexpress.in
s
NA = 22 N0
A = N0 / 4
es
No.
www.kalviexpress.in N0 – NA = N0 - (N0 /www.kalviexpress.in
of decayed atoms =www.kalviexpress.in 16) = 15N0 / 16 www.kalviexpress.in
No. of decayed atoms in B = N0 – NB = N0 - (N0 / 4) = 3N0 / 4
pr
𝐴
= (15N0 / 16) / (3N0 / 4) = 5/4
𝐵
Therefore the ratio of A: B is 5 : 4
ex
7. On your birthday, youwww.kalviexpress.in

www.kalviexpress.in of the sample 210Bi www.kalviexpress.in
measure the activitywww.kalviexpress.in which has a half-life of 5.01 days.
The initial activity that you measure is 1μ Ci. (a) What is the approximate activity of the sample
www.kalviexpress.in
on your next birthday? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
Calculate (b) the decay www.kalviexpress.in
constant (c) the mean life (d) initial number of
vi
atoms.
al
GIVEN
T1/2 of Bi210 = 5.01 days = 5.01 x 24 x 60 x 60 seconds
Rwww.kalviexpress.in
-6 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.k
0 = 10 , t = 1 year = 365 x 24 x 3600 s = 3.15 x 10 s

SOLUTION
w
0.6931 0.6931
www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in-6 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
λ= = -1
= 1.601 x 10 s
𝑇1/2 5.01 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600
w
R = R0 e-λt
−6 7 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
R = 10-6 Ci 𝑒 −1.601 𝑥 10 𝑥 3.15 𝑥 10 = 10-22 μ Ci
w
www.kalviexpress.in
1 5.01 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
τ= = = 7.24 days
𝜆 0.6931
N0 = ?
Rwww.kalviexpress.in
0 = λN0 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
N0 = R0/λ
1 𝜇𝐶𝑖
N0 = = 2.31 x 1010 atoms
1.601 𝑥 10−6 𝑠 −1

8. Calculate the time required for 60% of a sample of radon undergo decay.
Given T1/2 of radon =3.8
www.kalviexpress.in days
GIVEN
T1/2 of radon =3.8 days, Decayed = 60 %, Amount of undecayed N = 40 % of N0, t = ?
SOLUTION
N = N0 e-λt
www.kalviexpress.in
0.6931 0.6931 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
λ= = days
𝑇1/2 3.8
40 % N0 = N0 e-λt
www.kalviexpress.in
4/10 = e-λt www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
s
eλtwww.kalviexpress.in
= 10/4 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
es
λt = log 10/4
λt = log10 2.5
www.kalviexpress.in
0.3979 𝑥 2.3026 www.kalviexpress.in
0.3979 𝑥 2.3026 𝑥 3.8 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
t=
𝜆
www.kalviexpress.in
=
0.6931
pr = 5.022 days
of a single 𝟐𝟑𝟓
www.kalviexpress.in
ex
Assuming that energywww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
released by the fission www.kalviexpress.in
𝟗𝟐𝐔 nucleus is 200MeV, calculate the
number of fissions per second required to produce 1 watt power.
GIVEN
vi
235 -13
Energy per fission (E/F) of single 92U = 200 MeV = 320 x 10 J
Required power = 1 watt or 1 J/s
al
www.kalviexpress.in
Power www.kalviexpress.in
= workdone / time, www.kalviexpress.in
N = number of fissions /s www.kalviexpress.in

.k
SOLUTION
www.kalviexpress.in
Total energy = N (E/F) www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
watt = N x 320 x 10-13www.kalviexpress.in

1www.kalviexpress.in J www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
10 13
= 3.125 x 1010 fissions www.kalviexpress.in
fissions / s = www.kalviexpress.in /s www.kalviexpress.in
w
320
32 𝑥 106
N= = 10 18
fissions / s
w
32 𝑥 10−12
www.kalviexpress.in
that the mass ofwww.kalviexpress.in
radium ( 𝟐𝟐𝟔 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
10. Show 𝟖𝟖𝐑𝐚 ) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a gram.
Given T1/2 =1600 years.
GIVEN
T1/2 = 1600 years, 1 gram of radium226 = 1 Ci, 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq or dec/sec
𝑑𝑁
= 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq or dec/sec
𝑑𝑡

SOLUTION
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
α N or = λN
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑁
𝑁www.kalviexpress.in
𝜆 𝑑𝑡
0.6931 0.6931
decay constant λ =
www.kalviexpress.in s-1
𝑇1/2 1600 𝑥 365 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600
www.kalviexpress.in
3.7 𝑥 1010 𝑥 365 𝑥 www.kalviexpress.in
1600 𝑥 24 𝑥 3600 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
.in
N= = 2.694 x 1021 atoms
0.6931
www.kalviexpress.in
23
(6.023 x 10 atoms = 226 gram of radium
www.kalviexpress.in
s
1 atom = gram)
6.023 𝑥 1023
es
226 𝑥 2.694 𝑥 10 21
www.kalviexpress.in
2.694 x 1021 atoms = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
gram ≈ 1.01 g www.kalviexpress.in
23
6.023 𝑥 10
11.
www.kalviexpress.in
characol
of tree?
www.kalviexpress.in
is only 17.5 %
pr
Characol pieces of tree is found from an archeological site. The carbon-14 content of this
that of equivalentwww.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
sample of carbon from a living tree. What is the age
ex
GIVEN
T1/2 of carbon = 5730 years, N0 = 100 %
= 17.5 % of N0, t = ? www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
vi

SOLUTION
al
0.6931 0.6931
λwww.kalviexpress.in
= = www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
years www.kalviexpress.in
𝑇1/2 5730
.k
www.kalviexpress.in
From www.kalviexpress.in
law of disintegration N = N0 e-λt www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
17.5
www.kalviexpress.in
N0 = N0 e-λt www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
100
www.kalviexpress.in
17.5 1 www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in
w
=
100 e𝜆𝑡
𝜆𝑡 100
w
ewww.kalviexpress.in
17.5
100
𝜆𝑡 = loge
17.5
www.kalviexpress.in
100
5730 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 2.3026
17.5
t= = 1.44 x 104 years
0.6931

.in
s
es
www.kalviexpress.in
pr
ex

vi

al

.k

w

w

w

Kalviexpress - 12Th Physics Problem and Solution All Unit EM

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1. When two objects are rubbed

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1 2 𝑞 𝑞 1026 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 9 x 109

= 1.6 x 1.6 x 9 x 1023 =www.kalviexpress.in

Fe 23 x 1023 W x 2300 x 1021

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

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F3 cos θ = F4 cos θ = F cos 450

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√34.54 x 1013 = 5.9 www.kalviexpress.in

the distance between

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have no change. [since q

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6. Consider an electron travelling

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

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ϕ = -150 x 10-1 = - 15 Nm2C-1

b) Flux at slanted surface

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V α d, so increases www.kalviexpress.in www.kalviexpress.in

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1 10 𝑥 10−6 𝑥−2 𝑥 10−6www.kalviexpress.in

PHYSICS – XII – VOLUME - I – UNIT – 1– ELECTROSTATICS

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