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AMPLIFIER
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Theory
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Transmission Line Connected Two-port Network inserted into the line
between source and load b r 1 = S 11 a i1 + S 12 a i2
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b r 2 = S 21 a i1 + S 22 a i2
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Theory
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ZS Zin Zout ZL
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Determine ZS and ZL Use Lumped Elements
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Amplifier Circuit
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1 − Γ𝑠𝑠 2 1 − Γ𝐿𝐿 2
𝐺𝐺𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆21
1 − Γ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Γ𝑠𝑠 2 1 − 𝑆𝑆22 Γ𝐿𝐿 2
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− Γ𝑠𝑠 2
1 1 − Γ𝐿𝐿 2
𝐺𝐺𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆21
1 − 𝑆𝑆11 Γ𝑠𝑠 2 1 − Γ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Γ𝐿𝐿 2
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Stability Considerations
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for all passive source and load impedances. (ie Γ𝑠𝑠 < 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Γ𝐿𝐿 < 1)
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Conditional Stability: The network is conditionally stable if
Γ
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 < 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Γ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 < 1
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for certain range of passive source and load impedances. This case is also
referred as potential unstable. (ie Γ𝑠𝑠 < 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Γ𝐿𝐿 < 1)
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Input and Output Stability Circles
𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆21 Γ𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆21 Γ𝑠𝑠
Γ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑆𝑆11 + <1 Γ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑆𝑆22 + <1
1 − 𝑆𝑆22 Γ𝐿𝐿 www.vlsi-expert.com 1 − 𝑆𝑆 Γ
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22 𝑠𝑠
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Stability Circles: Defined as the loci in the ΓL(or Γs ) Plane for which Γ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Γ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 1 .
These circles define the boundaries between stable and potentially unstable regions of Γ𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Γ𝐿𝐿
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∆𝑆𝑆11 ∗ ∗
𝑆𝑆22 −www.vlsi-expert.com 𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆21
OUTPUT STABILITY CIRCLE 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 =
2
𝑆𝑆22 − ∆ 2 𝑆𝑆22 2 − ∆ 2
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∗ ∗
𝑆𝑆11 − ∆𝑆𝑆22 𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆21
INPUT STABILITY CIRCLE
www.vlsi-expert.com 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 =
𝑆𝑆11 2 − ∆ 2 𝑆𝑆11 2 − ∆ 2
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∆= 𝑆𝑆11 𝑆𝑆22 − 𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆21
Region of Stability
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Unconditional Stability Conditions
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Stability Improvement Using resistive loading
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To achieve this, we use resistive loadings at the input and output of the
amplifier
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Stability Improvement Using resistive loading
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Single Stage Amplifier Design
1. Given the device S-parameters, Draw Stability Circles on the Smith Chart.
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Since
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Gd is fixed, the overall amplifier gain is controlled by the gains Gs and GL.
3. Maximum gain will be realized when the matching section provide a conjugate
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match at the input and output.
Γ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =Γ𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Γ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = Γ𝐿𝐿 ∗
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4. Determine Γs and ΓL
5. Design Suitable matching networks at the I/O
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1 1 − Γ𝐿𝐿 2
𝐺𝐺𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
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1 − Γ𝑠𝑠 2 1 − S22 Γ𝐿𝐿 2
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Design for Specific Gain-Constant Gain Circles
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Constant Gain Circle
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Constant Gain Circle
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CONSTANT 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆22 ∗
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1 − 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 1 − 𝑆𝑆22 2
GAIN CIRCLE 𝐶𝐶𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
1− 1 − 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆22 2 1 − 1 − 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆22 2
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INPUT CONSTANT
𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆11 ∗ 1 − 𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠 1 − 𝑆𝑆11 2
𝐶𝐶𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
GAIN CIRCLE 1 − 1 − 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 𝑆𝑆11 2 1 − 1 − 𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆11 2
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EXAMPLE
Q - Design an amplifier to have gain of 11 dB at 4.0 GHz. Plot constant gain circles for
GS=2 dB and 3 dB and GL=0dB and 1dB. Design matching networks using single stub and
piece of transmission www.vlsi-expert.com
line. Calculate the gain
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from 3 to 5 GHz. The GaAs FET has the
following S-parameters (Z0= 50 ohm)
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F(GHz) S11 S21 S12 S22
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EXAMPLE
Q - Design an amplifier to have gain of 11 dB at 4.0 GHz. Plot constant gain circles for
GS=2 dB and 3 dB and GL=0dB and 1dB. Design matching networks using single stub and
piece of transmission www.vlsi-expert.com
line. Calculate the gain
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from 3 to 5 GHz. The GaAs FET has the
following S-parameters (Z0= 50 ohm)
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EXAMPLE
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Power Gain Concepts
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P in Power input to the matching network or to the transistor.
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- Power delivered to the load or to the outputwww.vlsi-expert.com
matching network
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𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨
Transducer Power Gain: 𝑮𝑮𝒕𝒕 =
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
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𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨
Operating Power Gain: 𝑮𝑮𝑷𝑷 =
𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
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𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
Available Power Gain: 𝑮𝑮𝒂𝒂 =
𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
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DESIGN FORMULAE
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DESIGN FORMULAE
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DESIGN FORMULAE
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Trade off Example
The S-parameters of the GaAs FET at 12 GHz are
S11 = 0.6∠360, S12 = 0.14∠−850 ,S21 = 2.3∠−800 ,S22 = 0.15∠450
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K = 1.17 and Δ = 0.368
Transistor is unconditionally stable
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Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.714⌊− 40.450
Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.387⌊129.360
VSWR at IN and OUT ports=1
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𝑆𝑆21
𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐾𝐾 − 𝐾𝐾 2 − 1 = 9.24 9.66 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆12
Maximum Value of Associated Gain
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𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴 = 8.66𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Design Goal for Gain
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Ca = 0.602∠ − 40.45 ; 0
ra = 0.3
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Trade off Example
The S-parameters of the GaAs FET at 12 GHz are
S11 = 0.6∠360, S12 = 0.14∠−850 ,S21 = 2.3∠−800 ,S22 = 0.15∠450
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K = 1.17 and Δ = 0.368
Transistor is unconditionally stable
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Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.714⌊− 40.450
Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.387⌊129.360
VSWR at IN and OUT ports=1
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𝑆𝑆21
𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐾𝐾 − 𝐾𝐾 2 − 1 = 9.24 9.66 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆12
Maximum Value of Associated Gain
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𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴 = 8.66𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Design Goal for Gain
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Ca = 0.602∠ − 40.45 ; 0
ra = 0.3
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Trade off Example
The S-parameters of the GaAs FET at 12 GHz are
S11 = 0.6∠360, S12 = 0.14∠−850 ,S21 = 2.3∠−800 ,S22 = 0.15∠450
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K = 1.17 and Δ = 0.368
Transistor is unconditionally stable
Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.714⌊− 40.450
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Γ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.387⌊129.360
VSWR at IN and OUT ports=1
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𝑆𝑆21
𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐾𝐾 − 𝐾𝐾 2 − 1 = 9.24 9.66 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆12
Maximum Value of Associated Gain
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𝐺𝐺 𝐴𝐴 = 8.66𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Design Goal for Gain
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Ca = 0.602∠ − 40.45 ; 0
ra = 0.3
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General Non-linear Device or Network
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• All realistic components have a small loss- thermal noise generated by a lossy component
- Devices are non-linear at very low power levels due to noise effects
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• At high power levels, we have gain compression or generation of spurious frequency components
- Devices are non-linear at high power levels as well
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These effect set a minimum and maximum realistic power range
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(Dynamic Range)
over which a component will operate as desired
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Output Response of a Non-linear Circuit
Response is approximated by Taylor series:
v = a + a v + a v 2 + a v 3 + .......
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0 0 1 i 2 i 3 i
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Where Taylor coefficients are given by:
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Gain Compression
Single Frequency Sinusoid Applied to the Non-linear Circuit vi = V0 cosω0t
1 3 3 1
v 0 = a 0 + a 2 V 02 +www.vlsi-expert.com
a V
1 0 + a V
3 0
cos ω 0
t + a 2 V02 cos 2 ω0 t
2 4 2
1
+ a 3 V 03 cos 3 ω 0 t + .......
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3 2
𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑣𝑣0 www.vlsi-expert.com
1 𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉
3 𝑜𝑜
𝐺𝐺𝑣𝑣 = = 4 www.vlsi-expert.com
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
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3
= 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎3 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑜𝑜
4 P1(dB) – in terms of output power for amplifiers and in
terms of input power for mixer
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Inter Modulation Distortion
Single Frequency Sinusoid Applied to the Non-linear Circuit vi = V0 cosω0t
1 3 3 1
v 0 = a 0 + a 2 V 02 +www.vlsi-expert.com
a V
1 0 + a V
3 0
cos ω 0
t + a 2 V02 cos 2 ω0 t
2 4 2
1
+ a 3 V 03 cos 3 ω 0 t + .......
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Single - Tone Input
Single Frequency Sinusoid Applied to the Non-linear Circuit vi = V0 cosω0t
1 3 3 1
v 0 = a 0 + a 2 V 02 +www.vlsi-expert.com
a V
1 0 + a V
3 0
cos ω 0
t + a 2 V02 cos 2 ω0 t
2 4 2
1
+ a 3 V 03 cos 3 ω 0 t + .......
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Two - Tone Input
Two tone Frequency Sinusoid Applied to the Non-linear Circuit : v i = V0 (cos ω1 t + cos ω2 t )
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Two - Tone Input
Two tone Frequency Sinusoid Applied to the Non-linear Circuit : v i = V0 (cos ω1 t + cos ω2 t )
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Input signal consisting of many frequencies of varying amplitude and phase will result
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in distortion of output signal- 3rdorder inter-modulation distortion
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Third Order Intercept Point
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Intersection point where first order and third order powers are
equal is called 3rd order Intercept point [pointP3]
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P3 is referenced at the output for amplifiers and at the input for mixers :
Usually P3 is 12-15 dB greater thanP1
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Linear and Spurious-free Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range: Operating range for which a component has desirable characteristics
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Efficiency Matrix of a PA
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Why Efficiency?
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Power Amplifier Design
Power Amplifier: An Amplifier that is designed to deliver maximum output power for a given
active device.
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Effect of Output Termination on PA performance
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Typical behaviour of PA with Conjugate Match
and Power Match
Practically, conjugate match implementation is limited by: The current supplied by
the device and the voltage that the device can sustain across its terminals without
any damage.
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The improvement may vary between 0.5 dB – 4 dB. Fig. PA characteristics for conjugate match and
power match [1]
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OBTAINING POWER MATCH
A load pull measurement setup consists of Device Under Test
(DUT) with some form of calibrated impedance tuning at its
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output. The input may or may not be tunable. Input is mainly
matched to boost the power gain i.e. conjugately matched at
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PA Classes : Class A
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PA Classes : Class B
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PA Classes: Class C
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SUMMARY
Class of operation
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depends on the conduction
angle (time for which the
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C,D,E,F,J
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SUMMARY
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Design Steps for Power Amplifier
Plot contours of constant power output on a smith
chart as a function of ΓLP with transistor conjugately
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its input- These are called Load-pull
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contours.
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Doherty Power Amplifier
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If an auxiliary transistor is introduced that provides gain only when the main transistor begins to compress,
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then the overall gain can remain relatively constant for higher input and output levels.
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If the voltage swing at X is large enough to drive M1 into the triode region, then it is likely to drive M2 into
the triode region, too.
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Doherty Power Amplifier
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Class-F Waveform
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