Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in
1. Which circuit is called as regenerative repeaters?
a) Analog circuits
b) Digital circuits
c) Amplifiers
d) A/D converters
Answer: b
Explanation: The main advantage of digital communication is that the signals can be reproduced easily. Thus digital
circuits are called as regenerative repeaters.
a) Less noise
b) Less interference
c) More flexible
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital circuits are less subject to noise, distortion and interference as it works on digital pulses and als
o the pulses can be regenerated.
a) 2(n+1)
b) 2(n)
c) 2(n)+1
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: 2(n) different combinations can be made from n bit value. For example, from 2 bit value 22 different c
ombinations-00,01,10,11 can be made.
a) 1 million bytes
b) 10 million bytes
c) 1 billion bytes
d) 10 billion bytes
Answer: c
Explanation: One gigabyte has 1 billion bytes.
a) 32
b) 48
c) 96
d) 65
Answer: a
Explanation: The ASCII value of space is 32 and ASCII value of 0 is 48.
a) Channel encoder
b) Source encoder
c) Modulator
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: b
Explanation: Source encoder converts the digital or analog signal to a sequence of binary digits. This process is calle
d as source encoding or compression.
a) k/n
b) n/k
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Here n is the total bits of sequence and k bits are mapped. Amount of redundancy introduced is given b
y n/k and its reciprocal is the code rate.
a) Encoder
b) Baseband modulator
c) Pulse code modulator
d) Demodulator
Answer: c
Explanation: Pulse code modulator does filtering process to build pulses that occupy more than one bit time.
a) Filtering
b) Diminish distortion
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Equalizer is used as a filtering option and also diminishes or reduces the distortion.
a) Compressing
b) Digitizing
c) A/D conversion
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Source encoding does all these processes-compression, digitizing the signal and performs analog to dig
ital conversion.
a) Coherent
b) Non-coherent
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherent measurement considers phase as an important parameter.
a) T
b) 2T
c) T/2
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: A signal is said to be periodic if the duration of one complete cycle is T and it repeats itself after this d
uration.
a) x(t) = 4 cos(5πt)
b) x(t) = u(t) – 1/2
c) x(t) = 4u(t) + 2sin(3t)
d) xn = 2sin(3n)
Answer: a
Explanation:\tT=2π / 5π = 2/5, periodic with period 2/5.
a) 30
b) 7
c) 35
d) 5/3
Answer: b
Explanation: T1=2π/2π/7 = 7, T2=2π/3π/5=5/3, T1/T2=5/21, T=21T1 or 5T2, T=35.
a) 10/3
b) 5
c) 3π/5
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: sin2(3π/5)n = (1-cos(6π/5)n)/2 = 1/2-1/2cos(6π/5)n ; period = 6π/(5*2π) = k/N = 3/5 ; N=5.
8. Determine the periodicity and also find whether it is a power or energy signal?
a) Power signal
b) Energy signal
c) Both power and energy
d) Neither power nor energy signal
Answer: b
Explanation: On calculating using the power and energy calculation formula we will arrive at it is neither power nor
energy signal.
a) Power signal
b) Energy signal
c) Both power and energy signal
d) Neither power or energy signal
Answer: d
Explanation: On calculating using energy formula we will get the energy of this signal as 1 which is a finite value. T
hus it is a energy signal.
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Gaussian
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Power spectrum gives the distribution of variance of a signal in the frequency domain, sampled into sp
ectral components.
a) By integrating
b) By truncating
c) By converting to periodic
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A power signal usually is a periodic signal. But power spectral density of non periodic signal can be ca
lculated by truncating it and observing it in the range of (-T/2,T/2).
6. According to Parseval’s theorem the energy spectral density curve is equal to?
a) Frequency domain
b) Time domain
c) Frequency & Time domain
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Spectral density function is plotted against frequency domain and spectogram is a graph which is plotte
d against time domain.
9. Autocorrelation is a function of
a) Time
b) Frequency
c) Time difference
d) Frequency difference
Answer: c
Explanation: Autocorrelation is a function of time difference as it matches the signal with its delayed version.
a) Unity
b) Origin
c) Infinite point
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: According to its properties autocorrelation is maximum at origin.
a) Strong peak
b) Infinite peak
c) Weak peak
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Autocorrelation function curve of continuous time white noise signal has a strong peak.
a) 0 and 1
b) 1 and 0
c) Both 0
d) Both 1
Answer: a
Explanation: F(minus infinity) is 0 and F(infinity) is 1.
a) Positive function
b) Negative function
c) Zero
d) One
Answer: a www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The probability density function is always greater than 0. It is a non negative function with the area of
1.
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Standard variance
d) Pdf
Answer: b
Explanation: Variance gives the randomness of the random variable. It is the difference between the mean square val
ue and square of the mean.
a) Time
b) Time difference
c) Does not depend on time
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Autocorrelation function depends on the time difference between t1 and t2.
a) Origin
b) Infinity
c) Origin & Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: On substituting different values in the formula for autocorrelation function it wil be maximum at the or
igin.
a) Zero
b) Unity
c) Infinity
d) Between zero and one
Answer: c
Explanation: The average power of white noise is infinity because its bandwidth is infinite.
1. The process of data conversion along with formatting the data is called as ______
a) Formatting
b) Modulation
c) Source coding
d) Amplifying
Answer: c
Explanation: The process of converting source information to a digital signal and also formatting it is called as sourc
e coding.
a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Coding
d) All of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: d
Explanation: Textual information, analog information and digital information undergoes different processes before c
onverting to binary or digital data. The method used for converting analog information are the given methods.
4. The process that transforms text into binary digits is called as _______
a) Binary coding
b) Data coding
c) Character coding
d) Sampling
Answer: c
Explanation: According to the definition the process of converting textual data to binary digits is called as character
coding.
5. For the number of bits, k=1 and number of symbols, M=2 the system is called as
a) Unary
b) Binary
c) Quarternary
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: For k number of bits, the number of symbols are M=2k. For k=1 and M=2 the system is called as binar
y coding.
6. Perform the bit stream partitioning and find the 8-ary waveform for the word ‘THINK’.
a) 1204443464
b) 4643444021
c) 1240443464
d) none of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: “THINK”
a) 514172520
b) 202517415
c) 541172520
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: “THINK”
a) 4040020246
b) 0440020246
c) 6420200440
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: “HAPPY”
a) Different amplitude
b) No distortion
c) Time delay
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The output from the ideal transmission line has some time delay different amplitude but it should not h
ave distortion it should have the same shape as the input.
11. The point at which the output signal power has fallen to 0.707 of its peak value is called as _____
a) 3db point
b) Half power point
c) 3db & Half power point
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The frequency at which the output signal power falls to half the peak value is called as half power poin
t or 3db point.
12. The ratio of the filter bandwidth at -60db and -6db amplitude response point is called as _____
13. As the order of the filter increases, the cost ______ and complexity ______
a) Increases, increases
b) Increases, decreases
c) Decreases, increases
d) Decreases, decreases
Answer: a
Explanation: According to the design of the filter as the order increases the complexity and cost of the filter also incr
eases.
a) Chebyshev filter
b) Butter-worth filter
c) High pass filter
d) Normalized filter
Answer: b
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Butter-worth filter as the best approximation to ideal filter and has the maximum flatness in the filter p
ass-band.
15. The measure of the width of the main lobe is called as ________
a) Increasing
b) Decreasing
c) Does not depend
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: SQNR can be improved by increasing the sampling rate.
a) Delta modulation
b) PCM
c) Delta modulation & PCM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: PCM offers better SQNR than delta modulation.
a) One
b) Zero
c) Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Two functions are called as orthogonal if the integral value of integrating the product is zero.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: An important property of eigen function is that they are orthogonal.
a) Electrons
b) Photons
c) Electrons & Photons www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Shot noise occurs due to particle like the behaviour of electron and photon.
a) Zero
b) One
c) Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Shot noise is avoidable only when the current is zero.
7. Shot noise is
a) Stochastic process
b) Poisson process
c) Stochastic & Poisson process
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Shot noise is a Poisson process.
a) Thermal noise
b) Johnson noise
c) Thermal & Johnson noise
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal noise occurs due to equilibrium fluctuations. This noise is also called as Johnson noise.
a) White noise
b) Pink noise
c) Brown noise
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Flicker noise is called as pink noise.
a) White noise
b) Brown noise
c) White & Brown noise
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: White noise has same power spectral density where as it decreases in case of brown noise.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Capacity of a channel can be increased by reducing the in band noise power.
4. Noise has
a) Infinite energy
b) Infinite power
c) Infinite energy & power
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Noise has infinite energy signal.
5. Thermal noise is
a) Energy signal
b) Power signal
c) Energy & Power signal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal noise is considered as power signal as it has infinite energy.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal noise is modeled as a wide sense stationary stochastic process.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Any of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum likelihood function is always positive.
9. Matched filter is
a) Linear
b) Non linear
c) Linear & Non linear
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter is a linear filter.
a) Nyquist filter
b) Raised cosine filter
c) Nyquist & Raised cosine filter
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Raised cosine filter results in less ISI than Nyquist filter.
a) Less sensitive
b) More sensitive
c) Does not depend
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Digital communication is less sensitive to environmental changes like temperature etc.
a) Easy multiplexing
b) Easy processing
c) Reliable
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital communication is a very reliable communication. It is easy for multiplexing, easy for signalling
and processing etc.
3. What is necessary for digital communication? www.aktutor.in
a) Precision timing
b) Frame synchronization
c) Character synchronization
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Bit, character, frame synchronization and precision timing is necessary for digital communication. This
is considered as a disadvantage of digital communication.
a) ISDN
b) Modems
c) Classical telephony
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples of digital communication systems are classical telephony, ISDN, Modems, LAN
s, PCM TDM etc.
a) ISDN
b) LANs
c) ISDN & LANs
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Though the signal type is analog or digital, the transmission takes place in the digital domain in ISDN
and LANs.
7. The interval of frequencies outside which the spectrum is zero is called as ________
a) 35
b) 50
c) 35 & 50 www.aktutor.in
d) none of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Bounded power spectral density is the bandwidth outside which the spectrum must have fallen to a stat
ed level below that found at the band center.
a) Symbol synchronization
b) Frame synchronization
c) Carrier synchronization
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The synchronization techniques available in digital communication are symbol synchronization, frame
synchronization and carrier synchronization.
a) Synchronization
b) Multiple parallel receiver chain
c) Synchronization & Multiple parallel receiver chain
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The main features of a receiver which increases its complexity are synchronization of carrier, phase, an
d timing and multiple parallel receiver chain.
a) Lossy
b) Lossless
c) Lossy & Lossless
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: a
Explanation: Wired channels are lossy channels.
a) Low
b) High
c) Does not affect the receiver
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The equivalent temperature is the function of the receiver design and it must be always kept low.
a) Interpolator
b) Decimator
c) Equalizer
d) Filter
Answer: a
Explanation: Interpolator corrects the sampling time problem using discrete time processing.
a) Air
b) Water
c) Copper cable
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Air, water and copper cable can be used as transmission media in low frequency band communication.
a) Coaxial cable
b) Copper cable
c) Optical fiber
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: For medium frequency band communication air and copper cable can only be used as a transmission m
edium.
a) Increase SNR
b) Decrease SNR www.aktutor.in
c) SNR is not affected
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter technique is a demodulation process used to increase SNR.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: A matched filter can also be used as a least squares estimator.
a) Analog signals
b) 1D signals
c) 2D signals
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital communication system can handle signals that are analog or those that are already digital. It can
also handle 1D and 2D signals.
a) Packetized
b) Continuous
c) Packetized & Continuous
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Information source comes from a higher networking layer. It can be continuous or packetized.
1. Which are the common transmission media used in digital communication system?
a) Coaxial cable
b) Twisted copper cable
c) Radio frequency bands
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the commonly used physical transmission media are twisted copper cable, good quality coaxia
l cable and radio frequency bands.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Modulation channel accepts analog signal as input and delivers another version of modulated signal as
analog waveform.
a) Smaller bandwidth
b) Larger bandwidth
c) Smaller & Larger bandwidth
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: b
Explanation: Larger bandwidth is available when operating frequency bands are higher.
10. In flat top sampling scheme, ______ is kept constant after sampling.
a) Amplitude
b) Phase
c) Frequency
d) Time period
Answer: a
Explanation: In flat top sampling scheme, the amplitude is kept constant after sampling.
a) Real
b) Odd
c) Real & odd
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The power spectral density function of a stochastic function is real and even.
3. For a periodic function, the spectral density and auto correlation functions form
5. In a communication system, a process in which statistical averages and time averages are equal is called as
a) Stationary
b) Ergodic
c) Gaussian
d) Poisson
Answer: b
Explanation: In ergodic process statistical averages and time averages are equal.
6. A rectangular pulse of duration T is applied to a matched filter. The output of the filter is a
7. The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random binary data is
a) NRZ
b) RZ
c) Alternate mark inversion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random binary data is alternate mark i
nversion.
a) A delta function
b) A constant
c) Gaussian
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The auto-correlation of white noise is a delta function.
a) Positive quantity
b) Inverse of covariance matrix of the input vector
c) Positive quantity & Inverse of a covariance matrix of the input vector
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: W is a positive definite weighing matrix and it is inverse of covariance matrix of the input vector.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not affect
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Non uniform tree for binary search increases the bit rate.
13. Two clock with rates T1 and T2 are incommensurate if its ratio is
a) Rational
b) Irrational
c) Equal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Two clock with rates T1 and T2 are incommensurate if its ratio is irrational.
a) Early late
b) Zero crossing
c) Early late & Zero crossing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Methods for timing error detections are early late timing error detection and zero crossing timing error
detection method.
a) Energy signal
b) Power signal
c) Energy & Power signal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Voltage generated by lightning is an example for energy signal and it has very high power.
a) Orthogonal
b) Non orthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Non orthogonal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In digital communication system, signals from different frequency bands are orthogonal thus interferen
ce won’t occur.
a) Symmetry
b) Time scaling
c) Shifting
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of impulse function are symmetry, time scaling and shifting.
a) Duality property
b) Time shifting property
c) Modulation property
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of Fourier transform are duality property, time scaling property, time shifting pr
operty, modulation property and many more.
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Filtering
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: A base-band signal can be up-converted to band-pass filter by applying cosine wave.
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Time delayed wave
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: For down-conversion of a band-pass signal also cosine signal is used and multiplied with it.
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Asymmetric digital subscriber line has three information channels – a high speed downstream channel,
ISDN channel and medium speed duplex channel.
a) Frequency content
b) Bandwidth
c) Frequency content & Bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Fourier transform of a signal give the frequency content and also determines the bandwidth of the signa
l.
a) Timing offset
b) Device frequency
c) Attenuation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the random things in the communication system are noise in the channel, attenuation, fading,
channel filtering, device frequency, phase and timing offset.
a) Fourier series
b) Fourier transforms www.aktutor.in
c) Fourier series & transforms
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Fourier series is limited to only periodic signals where as Fourier transforms and laplace transforms ca
n be used for both periodic and non periodic signals.
a) One
b) Zero
c) Infinity
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to zero for all value in both frequency and time doma
in.
a) DC component
b) No DC component
c) No side lobes
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has no DC components and has Fourier transform equal to zero. Outside the band it
will not be exactly zero. Thus this results in presence of side lobes.
a) Constellation space
b) Signal space
c) Orthogonal space
d) Boundary space
Answer: b
Explanation: The constellation diagram is plotted in a space called as signal space.
a) Non negative
b) Non decreasing
c) Non negative & decreasing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Cumulative distribution function is non negative and non decreasing function.
www.aktutor.in
16. Which are non negative functions?
a) PDF
b) PMF
c) PDF & PMF
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: PDF, PMF and CDF are non negative functions.
a) Filtering
b) Sample and hold
c) Amplifying
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The analog data is converted to digital data through sampling. Sampling is done using sample and hold
mechanism which uses transistor, capacitor or shutter etc.
4. The fourier tranform of one impulse train is also another impulse train with a period of the output equal to the
5. The process in which the top of each pulse in the output samples retains the shape of the analog segment is called
as ________ www.aktutor.in
a) Natural sampling
b) Ideal sampling
c) Aliasing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In the method of natural sampling, the top of each pulse in the sampled sequence retains the same shap
e of the analog input signal.
a) Prefiltering
b) Postfiltering
c) Prefiltering\t& Postfiltering
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Aliasing can be removed using both prefiltering and postfiltering but prefiltering is most effective and
preferred.
a) Undersampling
b) Oversampling
c) Aliasing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Oversampling is most economic way of sampling or for converting analog information to digital as per
forming signal processing using digital system is less costlier than doing it with high performace analog system.
a) Same frequency
b) Same amplitude
c) Same time difference
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In flat top sampling the top of the pulses are flat which in turn means that they have the same amplitud
e.
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Independent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The distortion introduced to approximate the analog signal is called as quantization noise. The amount
of this noise is inversely proportional to number of levels employed in quantization process.
a) Thermal noise
b) Interference from other users
c) Interference from circuit switching transients
d) All of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: d
Explanation: The channel noise which is caused by thermal noise interference from other users and circuit switching
transients is called as threshold effect.
a) Intersignal interference
b) Intersymbol interference
c) Bandwidth error
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: When channel bandwidth is greater than pulse bandwidth, the signal widens and expands exceeding the
symbol duration which causes intersymbol interference.
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Probability density function
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The variance corresponds to average quantization noise power. It is calculated assuming the quantizati
on noise and probability distribution function.
a) Quantization level
b) Square of quantization level
c) Square root of quantization level
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: On calculating the number of levels, quantization error and power and also signal to noise ration we ca
n find that signal to noise ratio depends directly on square of number of quantization levels.
1. The signals which are obtained by encoding each quantized signal into a digital word is called as
a) PAM signal
b) PCM signal
c) FM signal
d) Sampling and quantization
Answer: b www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Pulse code modulation is the name for the class of signals which are obtained by encoding the quantize
d signals into a digital word.
a) Decreasing
b) Increasing
c) Doubling
d) Squaring
Answer: b
Explanation: The process of quantization replaces the true signal with the approximation(quantization noise). By inc
reasing the number of quantization level the quantization noise can be reduced.
a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Square of frequency
d) Square of amplitude
Answer: b
Explanation: In linear PCM the quantization levels are uniform. But in normal PCM encoding the quantization level
vary according to the amplitude, based of A-law of Myu-law.
6. Choosing a discrete value that is near but not exactly at the analog signal level leads to
a) PCM error
b) Quantization error
c) PAM error
d) Sampling error
Answer: b
Explanation: One of the limitations of PCM is quantization error which occurs when we choose a discrete value at s
ome near by value and not at the analog signal level.
www.aktutor.in
7. In PCM the samples are dependent on ________
a) Time
b) Frequency
c) Quanization leavel
d) Interval between quantization level
Answer: a
Explanation: The samples depend on time,an accurate clock is required for accurate reproduction.
a) Quantization level
b) Difference between the current and predicted value
c) Interval between levels
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Differential PCM encodes the PCM value based on the difference between the previous sample and the
present sample value.
a) One
b) Two
c) Four
d) Eight
Answer: a
Explanation: Delta modulation is used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. It is a simple form of DPCM.
Its uses 1 bit per sample. It also depends on the difference between the current and previous sample values.
a) 8
b) 16
c) 24
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Common sampling resolution for LPCM are 8, 16, 20, 24 bits per sample.
a) Increase bandwidth
b) Decrease bandwidth
c) Increase SNR
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Adaptive DPCM is used to decrease required bandwidth for the given SNR.
a) Inter level
b) Step size
c) Quantile size www.aktutor.in
d) Level width
Answer: b
Explanation: The interval between the quantization levels is called as step size.
a) Weak signals
b) Strong signals
c) Weak & Strong signals
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Signal to noise ratio is worse for weak level signals.so it provides better quantization for high level sig
nals.
a) Weak signals
b) Coarse signals
c) Weak & Coarse signals
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: According to signal to noise level ratio non uniform quantization provides better quantization for weak
signals.
a) Inversely proportional
b) Directly proportional
c) Equal
d) Double
Answer: b
Explanation: In sampling and quantization, the quantization noise is directly dependent on signal size.
5. The output SNR can be made independent of input signal level by using
a) Uniform quantizer
b) Non uniform quantizer
c) Uniform & Non uniform quantizer
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The weak signal experiences poorer SNR compared to high level signals. So if non uniform quantizer l
ike logarithmic compressor is used the SNR ratio can be made independent of input signal level.
a) Compression
b) Expansion
c) Compression & Expansion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The given signal is first compressed using a logarithmic compressor and then it is given as input to the
uniform quantizer. Both these steps together is called as companding.
www.aktutor.in
7. Which value of μ corresponds to linear amplification?
a) μ=0
b) μ=1
c) μ>0
d) μ<0
Answer: a
Explanation: In μ-law compression characteristics, we get linear amplification or uniform quantization when μ=0.
a) 128
b) 255
c) 256
d) 0
Answer: b
Explanation: The standard value of μ in μ-law is 255.
a) 87
b) 88
c) 86.7
d) 87.6
Answer: d
Explanation: Another famous compression characteristic used is A-law. In this law, the standard value of A is 87.6.
10. Which type of quantization is most preferable for audio signals for a human ear?
a) Uniform quantization
b) Non uniform quantization
c) Uniform & Non uniform quantization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The human ear is sensitive to quantization error in small values so non uniform quantization is more pr
eferable than uniform quantization.
a) PCM
b) PAM
c) FM
d) AM
Answer: a
Explanation: When pulse modulation is applied to binary symbol we obtain pulse code modulated waveforms. These
waveforms are also called as line codes.
2. When pulse code modulation is applied to non binary symbols we obtain waveform called as
a) PCM
b) PAM
c) M-ary www.aktutor.in
d) line codes
Answer: c
Explanation: When pulse code modulation is applied to binary symbols we get PCM waveforms and when it is appli
ed to non binary symbols we obtain M-ary waveforms.
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: NRZ-L is extensively used in digital logic circuits. In this method, logic 1 is represented by one voltag
e level and logic 0 is represented by another voltage level.
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In NRZ-M, logic 1 is represented by a change in voltage level and logic 0 is represented by no change i
n level. This is called as differential encoding.
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-S
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: NRZ-M is also called as differential encoding and it is most preferred in magentic tape recording.
a) NRZ-L
b) NRZ-M
c) NRZ-L & NRZ-M
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: NRZ-S is a complement of NRZ-M. Logic 0 is represented by a change in voltage level and logic 1 is r
epresented as no change in voltage level.
www.aktutor.in
8. The return to zero waveform consists of
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Different types of return to zero waveforms are unipolar RZ, bipolar RZ, RZ-AMI. These are used in b
aseband transmission and in magnetic recording.
a) Manchester coding
b) Bi-phase-mark
c) Miller coding
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Different types of phase encoded waveform consists of manchester coding, bi-phase-mark, bi-phase-sp
ace, delay modulation.
10. In which waveform logic 1 is represented by half bit wide pulse and logic 0 is represented by absence of pulse?
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
d) Manchester coding
Answer: a
Explanation: In unipolar RZ waveform, logic 1 is represented by half bit wide pulse and logic 0 is represented by the
absence of a pulse.
11. In which waveform logic 1 and logic 0 are represented by opposite one half bit wide pulses?
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
d) Manchester coding
Answer: b
Explanation: In bipolar return to zero waveform ones and zeroes are represented by opposite level pulses one half bit
wide pulses.
a) Unipolar RZ
b) Bipolar RZ
c) RZ-AMI
d) Manchester coding
Answer: c
Explanation: In RZ-AMI logic 1 is represented by equal amplitude alternating pulses and logic 0 is represented by th
e absence of a pulse.
a) Optical communication
b) Magnetic recording
c) Satellite telemetry
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the fields where phase encoded waveforms is being used are optical communication, magnetic
tape recording, satellite telemetry etc.
2. In which waveform one is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned during the first half and zero is represente
d by half bit wide pulse positioned in the second half?
a) Bi-p-L
b) Bi-p-M
c) Bi-p-S
d) Delay modulation
Answer: a
Explanation: In bi-phase-level one is represented by half bit wide pulse positioned during the first half and zero is re
presented by half bit wide pulse positioned in the second half.
a) Bipolar RZ
b) RZ-AMI
c) Bipolar RZ & RZ-AMI
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In PCM waveforms signals generally use two levels. But few signals use three levels such as bipolar R
Z, RZ-AMI, dicode, duobinary etc.
a) Manchester coding
b) Bbi-p-M
c) Delay modulation
d) NRZ-L
Answer: a
Explanation: In manchester coding transition occurs in the middle of every bit interval. Thus it has a feature of clock
ing.
a) NRZ-L
b) RZ-AMI
c) Manchester coding
d) Duobinary
Answer: d
Explanation: Duobinary scheme does error detection without introducing any additional error bits into the data seque
nce.
a) Duobinary
b) Manchester coding www.aktutor.in
c) Phase encoded waveform
d) Multilevel codes
Answer: d
Explanation: Multilevel codes increases the bandwidth efficiency by reducing the bandwidth utilization for the given
data rate.
a) NRZ
b) RZ
c) Phase encoded
d) Multilevel codes
Answer: a
Explanation: NRZ waveforms has better error performance than RZ signal waveforms.
a) Bandwidth
b) Symbol rate
c) Signal voltage
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: T is the time period of the signal. In pulse modulation, the symbol rate Rs can be given as reciprocal of
T.
a) Time period
b) Symbol rate
c) Number of quantization levels
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Each analog sample is transformed into PCM word made up of a group of bits. The PCM word size ca
n be described by number of quantization levels allowed for each sample.
a) PAM
b) PPM
c) PDM
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: When we pulse modulate non binary signals we get M-ary waveform. Some of the examples of M-ary
waveforms are PAM, PPM, PDM.
a) Multilevel codes
b) Multilevel signalling
c) PAM
d) PDM
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmission bandwidth required for binary digital waveforms is large. To reduce the bandwidth,
multilevel signalling method can be used. www.aktutor.in
12. In M-ary PPM waveform, modulation is effected by
a) Delaying
b) Advancing
c) Delaying & Advancing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In M-ary PPM waveform, modulation is effected by delaying or advancing pulse occurrence by an amo
unt that corresponds to information symbol.
a) Amplitude
b) Time period
c) Frequency
d) Number of levels
Answer: a
Explanation: In PPM waveform delaying or advancing of pulse is done. In PDM the pulse width is varied. Thus in b
oth the cases amplitude is maintained constant.
1. The method in which small amount of controlled ISI is introduced into the data stream rather than trying to elimin
ate it completely is called as
a) Correlative coding
b) Duobinary signalling
c) Partial response signalling
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The interference at the detector can be cancelled out using these methods in which some controlled am
ount of ISI is introduced into the data stream.
2. From digital filter we will get the output pulse as the _______ of the current and the previous pulse.
a) Summation
b) Difference
c) Product
d) Ratio
Answer: a
Explanation: The digital filter incorporates one digit delay and thus it adds the incoming pulse with the value of the
previous pulse.
3. In duobinary signalling method, for M-ary transmission, the number of output obtained is
a) 2M
b) 2M+1
c) 2M-1
d) M2
Answer: c
Explanation: In duobinary coding, the number of output obtained for M-ary transmission is 2M-1.
www.aktutor.in
4. The method using which the error propagation in dubinary signalling can be avoided is
a) Filtering
b) Precoding
c) Postcoding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In duobinary signalling method if one error occurs it repeats everywhere through out the next steps. To
avoid this precoding method can be used.
5. In precoding technique, the binary sequence is _____ with the previous precoded bit.
a) And-ed
b) Or-ed
c) EXOR-ed
d) Added
Answer: c
Explanation: To avoid error propogation precoding method is used. In this each bit is encoded individually without h
aving any effect due to its prior bit or decisions.
a) Sine filter
b) Cosine filter
c) Raised cosine filter
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The transfer function is 2T cos(πfT) which is called as cosine filter.
a) Duobinary signalling
b) Polybinary signalling
c) Correlative coding
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: If more than three levels are introduced in duobinary signalling technique the bandwidth efficiency incr
eases This method is called as polybinary signalling.
8. In polybinary signalling method the present bit of binary sequence is algebraically added with ______ number of
previous bits.
a) j
b) 2j
c) j+2
d) j-2
Answer: c
Explanation: In polybinary signalling method the present binary digit of the sequence is formed from the modulo-2 a
ddition of the j-2 preceding digits of the sequence and the present digit.
a) Random signal
b) Deterministic signal
c) Random & Deterministic signal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Deterministic signals are function of time.
2. Auto-correlation function is a
a) Even function
b) Odd function
c) Even & Odd function
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Auto-correlation function is an even function of time.
a) Transistors
b) Valves
c) Transistors & Valves
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Shot noise occurs in both valves and transistors.
a) Redundancy
b) Average bit rate
c) Redundancy & Average bit rate
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Source coding reduces both average bit rate and reduces redundancy.
a) Compression
b) Expansion
c) Compression & Expansion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Compression and expansion give the feature of non uniform quantization.
a) Analog signal
b) Digital signal
c) Analog & Digital signal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Mixing of digital signals are easier than that of mixing analog signals.
3. To avoid aliasing
a) Up-sampler
b) D to A converter
c) Up-sampler & D to A converter
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Up-sampler and D to A conversion need interpolation filtering.
a) Sampler
b) Quantizer
c) Sampler & Quantizer
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A to D conversion process requires both sampler and quantizer.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Reconstruction filter is simpler and easy to implement in hardware.
a) Up-sampling
b) Down-sampling
c) Up-sampling & Down-sampling www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Up-sampling requires low pass filter after increasing the data rate and down-sampling requires low pas
s filter before decimation.
a) Aliasing
b) Down sampling
c) Up sampling
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Decreasing the data rate is called as down sampling and increasing the data rate is called as up samplin
g.
a) At Nyquist rate
b) Above Nyquist rate
c) At & above the Nyquist rate
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The signal can be reconstructed from the sampled version at or above Nyquist rate using simple low pa
ss filtering.
a) Frequency conversion
b) Frequency mixing
c) Frequency conversion & mixing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The method heterodyning means frequency conversion and mixing and this results in a spectral shift.
a) Interference
b) Electrical noise
c) Effect of filtering
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The main causes of error performance degradation are interference electrical noise effect of filtering an
d also due to the surroundings.
a) Can be eliminated
b) Cannot be eliminated
c) Can be avoided upto some extent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal noise which cannot be eliminated is caused by the motion of thermal electrons causes degrada
tion in system.
a) Constant
b) Variable
c) Constant & Variable
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The AWGN has constant power spectral density.
6. The filter which is used to recover the pulse with less ISI is called as
a) Matched filter
b) Correlator
c) Matched filter & Correlator
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The optimum filter used to recover the pulse with best possible signal to noise ratio and less or no ISI i
s called as correlator or matched filter.
8. The sample from the demodulation process consists of sample which is _______ to energy of the received symbol
and _____ to noise.
a) 0
b) Infinity
c) 1
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: White noise is a idealized process with two sided spectral density equal to constant N0/2 and frequenci
es varying from minus infinity to plus infinity. Thus the average noise power is infinity.
a) Thermal noise
b) Interference from other signals
c) Thermal noise & Interference from other signals
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A channel can be modelled as a linear filter with additional noise. The noise comes from thermal noise
source and also from interference from other signals.
a) Scattering
b) Time delayed reflections
c) Diffraction
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Wireless wide-band channels display multi-path due to time delayed reflections, diffraction and also sc
attering.
1. The method in which the tail of one pulse smears into adjacent symbol interval is called as
a) Intersymbol interference www.aktutor.in
b) Interbit interference
c) Interchannel interference
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Due to the effect of system filtering the received pulse can overlap on one and another. The tail of one
pulse smears into the adjacent symbol interval thereby interfering the detection process. This process is called as inte
rsymbol interference.
2. If each pulse of the sequence to be detected is in _____ shape, the pulse can be detected without ISI.
a) Sine
b) Cosine
c) Sinc
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The sinc shaped pulse is the ideal nyquist pulse. If each pulse in the sequence to be detected is in sinc s
hape the pulses can be detected without ISI.
4. A nyquist pulse is the one which can be represented by _____ shaped pulse multiplied by another time function.
a) Sine
b) Cosine
c) Sinc
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A nyquist filter is one whose frequency transfer function can be represented by a rectangular function c
onvolved with any real even symmetric frequency function and a nyquist pulse is one whose shape can be represente
d by sinc function multiplied by another time function.
6. The minimum nyquist bandwidth for the rectangular spectrum in raised cosine filter is
a) 2T
b) 1/2T
c) T2 www.aktutor.in
d) 2/T
Answer: b
Explanation: For raised cosine spectrum the minimum nyquist bandwidth is equal to 1/2T.
8. Which value of r (roll off factor) is considered as Nyquist minimum bandwidth case?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: For the roll off factor of 0 an ideal rectangular nyquist pulse is obtained. This is called as nyquist mini
mum bandwidth case.
a) Should be realizable
b) Should have proper roll off factor
c) Should be realizable & have proper roll off factor
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A pulse shaping filter should provide the desired roll off and should be realizable, that is the impulse re
sponse needs to be truncated to a finite length.
a) ASK
b) PSK
c) ASK & PSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: ASK and PSK needs twice the transmission bandwidth of equivalent baseband signals. Thus these are
called as double side band signals.
a) Likelihood of s1 by likelihood of s2
b) Likelihood of s2 by likelihood of s1
c) Likelihood of s1 by likelihood of s1
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The likelihood ratio is given with the help of conditional probabilities.
2. According to the rule of minimizing the error probabilities, the hypothesis should be like if the priori probabilities
are ________ than the ratio of likelihoods.
a) Lesser
b) Greater
c) Equal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The rule of minimizing the error probabilities show that the hypothesis should be like if the ratio of like
lihoods should be greater than the priori probabilities.
a) M
b) M+1
c) M-1
d) 2M
Answer: a
Explanation: For a M-ary signal there will be M likelihood functions representing M signal classes to which a receiv
ed signal might belong.
a) a0+a1/2
b) a0-a1/2
c) a0/2
d) a1/2
Answer: a
Explanation: The optimum threshold level value for error probability reduction is given by a0+a1/2.
7. The symbol of the probability under the tail of Gaussian pdf is called as
www.aktutor.in
a) Complementary error function
b) Co error function
c) Complementary error & Co error function
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The co error function or complementary error function is a commonly used symbol for probability und
er the tail of Gaussian pdf.
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Zero
d) Infinity
Answer: a
Explanation: A matched filter is a linear filter designed to give a maximum signal to noise ratio power at the output.
9. The impulse response of the filter is the ________ of the mirror image of the signal waveform.
a) Delayed version
b) Same version
c) Delayed & Same version
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The matched filter’s basic property is that the impulse response of the filter is the delayed version of th
e mirror image of the signal waveform.
a) BPSK
b) ASK
c) FSK
d) MSK
Answer: a
Explanation: One type of antipodal bandpass signaling is binary phase shift keying.
a) Time
b) Frequency
c) Time & Frequency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: To achieve ideal transmission characteristics, the signal’s bandwidth must be constant and the channel’
s phase response must be a linear function of frequency.
5. The maximum likelihood sequence estimator adjusts _______ according to _____ environment.
a) Receiver, transmitter
b) Transmitter, receiver
c) Receiver, receiver
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In maximum likelihood sequence estimator it measures the impulse response value and adjusts the rece
iver environment according to that of the transmitter.
a) Feed forward
b) Feed backward
c) Feed forward and feedback
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The filters used with equalizers can be linear devices that contain only feed forward elements or non li
near devices with both feed forward and feed back elements.
7. Transversal equalizers are ________ and decision feedback equalizers are ______
8. Symbol spaced has ____ sample per symbol and fractionally spaced has ___ samples per symbol.
a) One, many
b) Many, one
c) One, one
d) Many, many
Answer: a
Explanation: Predetection samples are provided only on symbol boundaries. A condition in which only one sample p
er symbol are provided is called as symbol spaced and the condition in which multiple samples are provided per sym
bol is called as fractionally spaced.
9. The _______ of the opening of eye pattern indicates the time over which the sampling for detection might be perf
ormed.
a) Length
b) Width
c) X-axis value
d) Y-axis value
Answer: b
Explanation: An eye pattern is a display that results from measuring a system’s response to baseband signals in a pre
scribed way. The width of the opening gives the time over which the sampling for detection might be performed.
10. Range of time difference of the zero crossing gives the value of
a) Width
b) Distortion
c) Timing jitter
d) Noise margin
Answer: c
Explanation: The time difference of the zero crossing in the eye pattern gives the value of timing jitter.
a) Width
b) Distortion
c) Timing jitter
d) Noise margin
Answer: b
Explanation: In the eye pattern, the amplitude difference gives the value of distortion caused by ISI.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: As the eye closes, ISI increases and as the eye opens ISI decreases.
3. Pseudo noise signal has _______ and _______www.aktutor.in
SNR for the same peak transmitted power.
a) Larger, smaller
b) Smaller, larger
c) Larger, larger
d) Smaller, smaller
Answer: c
Explanation: A training pulse is applied to the equalizer and corresponding impulse response is observed. Pseudo no
ise is preferred as the training pulse as it has larger SNR value and larger average power value.
a) Time offset
b) Filter coefficient identifier
c) Time offset & Filter coefficient identifier
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The index n can be used as both time offset and the filter coefficient identifier, which is the address in t
he filter.
a) Zero forcing
b) Minimum mean square error
c) Zero forcing & Minimum mean square error
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The matrix x in transversal equalizer if non square with dimensions 4N+1 and 2N+1. Such equations ar
e called as over-determined set. This can be solved by two methods called as zero forcing method and minimum me
an square error method.
6. If the filter’s tap weight remains fixed during transmission of data, then the equalization is called as
a) Preset equalization
b) Adaptive equalization
c) Fixed equalization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: If the weight remains fixed during transmission of data then the equalization is called as preset equaliza
tion. It is a simple method which consists of setting the tap weight according to some average knowledge of the chan
nel.
7. Equalization method which is done by tracking a slowly time varying channel response is
a) Preset equalization
b) Adaptive equalization
c) Variable equalization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: This method is implemented to perform tap weight adjustment periodically or continually. Equalization
is done by tracking a slowly varying channel response.
a) N0
b) N0/2
c) 2N0
d) N0/4
Answer: b
Explanation: The noise variance out of the correlator for AWGN is N0/2.
a) 3db worse
b) 3db better
c) 6db worse
d) 6db better
Answer: a
Explanation: The performance of BFSK is 3db worse than BPSK signalling, since for a given signal power, the dista
nce squared between orthogonal vectors is a factor of two less than the distance squared between orthopodal signals.
12. A Gaussian distribution into the non linear envelope detector yields
a) Rayleigh distribution
b) Normal distribution
c) Poisson distribution
d) Binary distribution
Answer: a
Explanation: The two output signals of Gaussian distribution yields Rayleigh and Rician distribution.
13. The non coherent FSK needs ________ Eb/N0 than coherent FSK.
a) 1db more
b) 1db less
c) 3db more
d) 3db less
Answer: a
Explanation: The non coherent receiver is easier www.aktutor.in
to implement. The non coherent FSK needs 1db more Eb/N0 than c
oherent FSK.
a) 1db more
b) 1db less
c) 3db more
d) 3db less
Answer: a
Explanation: The DPSK system is easier to implement than PSK and it needs 1db more Eb/N0 than BPSK.
15. Coherent PSK and non coherent orthogonal FSK have a difference of ______ in PB.
a) 1db
b) 3db
c) 4db
d) 6db
Answer: c
Explanation: The difference of PB is approximately 4db for the best ( coherent PSK ) and the worst (non coherent or
thogonal FSK).
a) Coherent system
b) Non coherent system
c) Coherent & Non coherent system
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A non coherent system is desirable because there may be difficulty is establishing and maintaining a co
herent reference.
a) Probability of error
b) System complexity
c) Random fading channel
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The major system considerations are error probability, complexity and random fading channel. Conside
ring all this non coherent system is more desirable than coherent.
a) λ/2
b) λ/4
c) 2λ
d) 4λ
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmission of Em field in space is done with the help of antennas. Antenna size depends of the w
avelength. The length of the antenna is equal to λ/4.
www.aktutor.in
2. The detection method where carrier’s phase is given importance is called as
a) Coherent detection
b) Non coherent detection
c) Coherent detection & Non coherent detection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: When the receiver uses carrier’s phase as major factor for detection then it is called as coherent detecti
on and when carrier is not given importance it is called as non coherent detection.
a) PSK
b) FSK
c) ASK
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples of coherent modulation techniques are phase shift keying, amplitude shift keyin
g, frequency shift keying and continuous phase modulation.
a) Inphase
b) Quadrature
c) Inphase & Quadrature
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The two main parts of sinusoid carrier wave – real part is called as inphase and the imaginary part is ca
lled as quadrature.
6. The FSK signal which has a gentle shift from one frequency level to another is called as
a) Differential PSK
b) Continuous PSK
c) Differential & Continuous PSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In general FSK the signal change from one frequency to another will be abrupt but in continuous FSK t
he signal change from one frequency to another will be gentle and gradual.
a) ASK
b) FSK www.aktutor.in
c) PSK
d) GMSK
Answer: a
Explanation: In ASK modulation scheme the signal attains either maximum amplitude or zero point. Thus it is also c
alled as on-off keying.
a) 90
b) 0
c) 45
d) 180
Answer: c
Explanation: The combination of ASK and PSK is called as APK. In APK each vector is separated by 45.
a) Frequency conversion
b) Frequency mixing
c) Frequency conversion & mixing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The term heterodyning means frequency conversion and frequency mixing that yields a spectral shift in
the signal.
10. The transformation of the waveform into a single point in signal space is called as
a) Vector point
b) Predetection point
c) Preamplification point
d) Transformation point
Answer: b
Explanation: The first step of the detection process is to reduce waveform into a single or group of random variable.
This first step in the transformation of waveform into a point in signal space. This point is called as predetection poi
nt.
a) 1/T
b) T
c) 2/T www.aktutor.in
d) 2T
Answer: a
Explanation: The input signal comprises of a prototype signal plus noise and the bandwidth is 1/2T where T is the sy
mbol time and minimum nyquist sampling rate can be given as 2W or 1/T.
a) Encoded differentially
b) Decoded differentially
c) Encoded & Decoded differentially
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In this method, the data is encode deferentially that is the presence of binary zero or one is manifested
by symbol’s similarity or difference when compared to that of the previous symbol.
a) T
b) 1/T
c) 2T
d) T/2
Answer: b
Explanation: In non coherent detection the minimum tone separation corresponds to 1/T.
8. Matched filter is used for www.aktutor.in
a) Coherent detection
b) Non coherent detection
c) Coherent & Non coherent detection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter is used for coherent detection. It cannot be used for non coherent detection because matc
hed filter output is a function of unknown angle α.
9. In differential encoding the _________ different between two wave forms is measured.
a) Magnitude
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Time period
Answer: c
Explanation: In differential encoding, the phase of the present signal waveform is compared with the phase of the pr
evious signal.
a) Twice
b) 3 db
c) Twice (3d
b)
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: DPSK has twice as much as noise than in PSK. The error probability in DPSK is twice (3d
b) worse than PSK.
1. The limit which represents the threshold Eb/N0 value below which reliable communication cannot be maintained
is called as
a) Probability limit
b) Error limit
c) Shannon limit
d) Communication limit
Answer: c
Explanation: Eb/N0 curve has waterfall shape. Shannon limit gives the threshold value below which reliable commu
nication cannot be maintained.
2. M-ary signalling produces _______ error performance with orthogonal signalling and _______ error performance
with multiple phase signalling.
a) Degraded, improved
b) Improved, degraded
c) Improved, improved
d) Degraded, degraded
Answer: b
Explanation: In M-ary signalling as k increases, the curve moves towards the degraded error performance. It produc
www.aktutor.in
es improved error performance in case of orthogonal signalling and degraded error performance in case of multiple p
hase signalling.
a) 2-ary system
b) 4-ary system
c) Binary system
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The minimum energy noise vector for 4-ary system is smaller than 2-ary system. So 4-ary system is m
ore vulnerable to noise.
4. In which system, bit stream is portioned into even and odd stream?
a) BPSK
b) MSK
c) QPSK
d) FSK
Answer: c
Explanation: In QPSK bit stream is portioned into even and odd stream, I and Q bit streams. Each new stream modul
ates as orthogonal component at half bit rate.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays constant
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The error performance of MPSK degrades as M or k increases.
6. In MPSK adding new signals _______ make it vulnerable to noise and in MFSK _______ make it vulnerable.
7. In orthogonal signalling with symbols containing more number of bits we need ____ power.
a) More
b) Less
c) Double
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In orthogonal signalling with symbols having more number of bits need more power but requirement p
er bit is reduced.
a) Es=Eb(log2M)
b) Es=Eb/(log2M)
c) Es=2Eb(log2M)
d) Es=Eb/2(log2M)
Answer: a
Explanation: In M-ary PSK signalling, the energy per symbol is given as Es=Eb(log2M).
10. The relation between the probability of bit error and probability of symbol error in M-ary orthogonal signalling i
s
a) M/M-1
b) 2M/M-1
c) (M/2)/M-1
d) M/M+1
Answer: c
Explanation: The relationship between the probability of bit error and probability of symbol error is (M/2)/M-1 in M
-ary orthogonal signalling.
a) 1:2
b) 2:1
c) 1:3
d) 3:1
Answer: a
Explanation: As the limit of k increases, the ratio of PB/PE becomes 1:2.
a) Jitter
b) Phase fluctuations
c) Jitter & Phase fluctuations
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: When a local oscillator is used in signal mixing, phase fluctuations and jitter adds phase noise to the si
gnal.
a) As transducer
b) To focus
c) As transducer & To focus
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Antennas are used as transducer that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic fields and vice vers
a. They are also used to focus the electromagnetic energy in the desired direction.
a) Amplitude tapering
b) Blockage
c) Edge diffraction
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Mechanism contributing to a reduction in efficiency is called as amplitude tapering, spillover, edge diff
raction, blockage, scattering, re-radiation and dissipative loss.
a) Proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Half the
d) Double
Answer: b
Explanation: The antenna field of view is the measure of a solid angle in which most of the field power is concentrat
ed. It is inversely related to antenna gain.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Antenna gain increases with a decrease in wavelength increase in frequency and increase in effective ar
ea.
www.aktutor.in
3. The beam-width becomes narrower on
a) Increasing frequency
b) Increasing antenna size
c) Increasing frequency & antenna size
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Increasing either the signal frequency or antenna size results in narrower beam-width.
a) Signal power
b) Effective area
c) Wavelength
d) Antenna size
Answer: c
Explanation: The path loss is wavelength(frequency) dependent.
a) Lossy coupling
b) Lossless coupling
c) Lossy & Lossless coupling
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal noise occurs due to the thermal motion of electrons in all conductors. It occurs due to lossy co
upling between an antenna and the receiver.
a) Lesser than
b) Greater than
c) Equal to
d) Not related
Answer: b
Explanation: With analog receivers, noise bandwidth seen by the demodulator is usually greater than the signal band
width.
7. The link availability measures the percentage of time the link can be ______
a) Open
b) Closed
c) Used
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Link availability is the measure of long term link utility stated on an average annual basis for a given g
eographical location, the link availability measures the percentage of time the link can be closed.
a) Proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Equal
d) Not related www.aktutor.in
Answer: b
Explanation: For a fixed link margin, visibility is inversely proportional to the required availability, and for a fixed a
vailability visibility increases monotonically with margin.
a) Half duplex
b) Full duplex
c) Simplex
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The stop and wait ARQ needs half duplex system since the transmitter needs ACK for each transmissio
n.
a) Half duplex
b) Full duplex
c) Simplex
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The ARQ procedure called continuous ARQ with pullback requires full duplex connection.
a) Error detection
b) Error correction
c) Error detection & correction
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Error detection requires much simpler decoding equipment and much less redundancy than error correc
tion.
a) Check bits
b) Parity bits
c) Longitudinal redundancy bits
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Check-sum scheme includes parity bits, longitudinal redundancy bits and check bits.
a) Hamming code
b) Reed-solomon code
c) Repetition code
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some examples of block codes are repetition codes, hamming codes, parity check bit codes, reed-solo
mon codes, turbo codes etc.
a) Power degradation
b) Noise degradation
c) SNR degradation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Noise figure relates the SNR of the input to SNR of the output. It measures the SNR degradation cause
d by the network.
a) Noisiness
b) Efficiency
c) Maximum output
d) Maximum power handling capacity
Answer: a
Explanation: Noise figure is a parameter that represents the noisiness of a two port network or device such as an am
plifier, compared with a reference noise.
3. When two networks are connected in series, its composite noise figure can be given as
a) F1+(F2-1)/G1
b) F1-(F2-1)/G1
c) F2+(F1-1)/G1 www.aktutor.in
d) F1G1+(F2-1)
Answer: a
Explanation: When two networks are connected in series, the composite noise figure can be written as F1+(F2-1)/G1
.
a) 1GHz to 10 GHz
b) 10GHz to 100GHZ
c) 5GHz to 50GHz
d) 1MHz to 10MHz
Answer: a
Explanation: There is a region between 1GHz and 10GHz where the temperature will be lowest. This region is calle
d as microwave window or space window.
a) Satellite communication
b) Deep-space communication
c) Satellite & Deep-space communication
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The region between 1GHz and 10GHz is called as space window or atmospheric window. Here the tem
perature will be the lowest. This region is used for satellite communication and deep-space communication.
a) S/N ratio
b) G/T ratio
c) EIRP
d) PR/N0
Answer: b
Explanation: The figure of parameter G/T0 is called as receiver sensitivity.
a) Re transmits
b) Regenerates
c) Reconstitutes
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Satellite repeaters re transmit the message received. It regenerates, demodulates and reconstitutes the di
gital information embedded in the received waveform.
a) Amplifies
b) Re transmits
c) Amplifies & Re transmits
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: A non regenerative repeaters can be used with many different modulation formats. It only amplifies an
d re transmits the message received.
www.aktutor.in
9. In which repeaters uplink is decoupled from the downlink?
a) Regenerative
b) Non regenerative
c) Regenerative & Non regenerative
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The principal advantage of regenerative repeaters over non regenerative repeaters is that the uplink is d
ecoupled from the downlink so that the uplink noise is not transmitted on the downlink.
a) Amplitude variation
b) Phase variation
c) Frequency variation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: AM-to-AM conversion is a phenomenon common to non linear devices and it undergoes a non linear tr
ansformation and results in amplitude variation.
a) Amplitude variation
b) Phase variation
c) Frequency variation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: AM-to-PM conversion is another common phenomenon in non linear devices. It brings about phase var
iation that can effect the error performance.
a) Waveform coding
b) Structured sequence
c) Waveform coding & Structured sequence
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Channel coding can be partitioned into two area of studies, one is waveform coding or signal design an
d the other is a structured sequence or structured redundancy.
a) Block codes
b) Convolutional codes
c) Turbo codes
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some examples of structured sequence or structured redundancy codes are block codes, convolutional
codes and turbo codes.
3. Antipodal signals are www.aktutor.in
a) Mirror images
b) 1800 apart
c) One is negative of the other
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Antipodal signals are mirror images, one is negative of the other and they are 1800 apart.
a) One
b) Zero
c) Negative
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In orthogonal set all cross correlation coefficients can be made zero.
8. The smaller the cross correlation, the ______ is the distance between the signal vectors.
a) More
b) Less
c) Double
d) Half
Answer: a www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The cross correlation is the measure of distance between two vectors. The smaller the cross correlation
value the greater the distance between the two vectors.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Answer: c
Explanation: We can construct a code-word set Hk of dimension 2k*2k called a Hadamard matrix.
a) Orthogonal signals
b) Antipodal signals
c) Combination of orthogonal and antipodal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The biorthogonal set consists of a combination of both orthogonal and antipodal signals.
a) Orthogonal
b) Biorthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Biorthogonal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Since the antipodal vector has a better distance property than the orthogonal signals, biorthogonal code
s perform better than the orthogonal codes.
a) Equal
b) Double
c) Half
d) Triple
Answer: c
Explanation: Biorthogonal codes perform better than the orthogonal codes and it needs only half the bandwidth as or
thogonal codes.
a) Block codes
b) Convolutional codes
c) Turbo codes
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Structured sequences are those which add structured redundancy to the source code. Examples are turb
o codes, block codes, and convolutional codes.
a) Hard
b) Soft
c) Hard & Soft
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In binary symmetric channel the demodulator consists of only two discrete elements. Thus it makes har
d or firm decision.
a) Hard
b) Soft
c) Hard & Soft
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In Gaussian channel demodulator consists of continuous alphabet or quantized approximation thus soft
decision is made.
a) Code rate
b) Redundancy rate
c) Symbol rate www.aktutor.in
d) Transmission rate
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio of redundant bits to data bits is called as redundancy of the code and the ratio of data bits to t
otal bits is called as code rate.
6. If the parity bit takes value one then the summation of code-word gives
a) Even result
b) Odd result
c) Even & Odd result
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The parity bit takes on the value of one or zero to ensure that the summation of all the bits in the code-
word yields even or odd result.
a) EX-OR
b) AND
c) OR
d) EX-NOR
Answer: a
Explanation: The summation operation is performed using modulo 2 arithmetic or exclusive OR operation.
a) Block error
b) Word error
c) Block & Word error
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: We can write the probability of message error also called as block error or word error.
a) Reduction in Eb/N0
b) Increase in Eb/N0
c) Same as Eb/N0
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: For a given bit error probability coding gain can be defined as reduction in Eb/N0 that can be realized t
hrough the use of code.
11. The capacity per cell is ______ Eb/N0. www.aktutor.in
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Double the
d) Half the
Answer: b
Explanation: The capacity that is the number of users per cell is inversely proportional to Eb/N0.
a) Minimum distance
b) Maximum distance
c) Code weight
d) Code size
Answer: a
Explanation: The smallest number of the set given the minimum distance of the code. This minimum distance charac
terizes the strength of the code.
3. The distance between two code-words is equal to the _____ of the third code-word which is the sum of the first t
wo code-words.
a) Size
b) Weight
c) Minimum distance
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The sum of two code words gives a third code which is also a linear code. The distance between two co
de words is equal to the weight of the third code word.
a) Dmin + 1
b) Dmin -1
c) Dmin
d) Dmin/2
Answer: b
Explanation: The error detecting capability is given as e = Dmin – 1, where Dmin is the minimum distance of the co
de word.
a) Dmin+1
b) Dmin – 1
c) (Dmin+1)/2
d) (Dmin – 1)/2
Answer: d
Explanation: If a code has a minimum distance dmin then dmin-1 erasures can be reconstituted. The number of error
s that can be corrected without erasure information is (dmin-1)/2.
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Zero
d) Infinity
Answer: b
Explanation: For real world codes, n should be minimum for better efficiency and simplicity.
a) fs
b) 2fs
c) fs/2
d) none of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Nyquist frequency is given as fs/2 where fs is the sampling frequency.
a) Jitter
b) Noise
c) Aperture error
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Various types of distortion are aliasing, jitters, aperture error, noise, error due to non linear effects, erro
r due to quantization etc.
a) Aperture error
b) Non linearity
c) Quantization error
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Oversampling can completely eliminate aperture error and aliasing but can only reduce quantization err
or and non linearity to some extent.
a) Audio
b) Speech
c) Video
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Sampling can be used in audio sampling, speech sampling and also in video sampling.
a) 8 bit
b) 16 bit
c) 24 bit
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Audio is recorded at 8 bit, 16 bit, and also 24 bit depth which yield theoretically maximum SNR.
14. Which factors are measured using the units of lines per picture height?
a) Resolution
b) Sampling rate
c) Resolution & Sampling rate
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampling rate and resolution in spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.
a) Over sampling
b) Complex sampling
c) Inter sampling
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Complex sampling is the process of simultaneously sampling two different but related signals.
a) Space
b) Time
c) Space & Time
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampling can be done for functions varying in time, frequency, space or any other dimension.
a) Decimation algorithm
b) Interpolation algorithm
c) Decimation & Interpolation algorithm
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Reconstruction of signals from the samples is done using interpolation algorithm.
a) Generator polynomial
b) Generator matrix
c) Generator polynomial & matrix
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: A cyclic code can be generated using generator polynomial and block codes can be generated using ge
nerator matrix.
a) Multiplying circuit
b) Dividing circuit
c) Feedback circuit
d) Shifting circuit
Answer: b
Explanation: The cyclic shift of a code-word polynomial and encoding involves division of one polynomial by anoth
er. Thus this feedback shift register is also called as dividing circuit.
a) Quotient
b) Remainder
c) Dividend
d) Divisor
Answer: b
Explanation: The parity polynomial is the remainder after diving by the generator polynomial it is available in the re
gister after n shifts through the n-k stage feedback registers.
www.aktutor.in
5. The received code contains an error if the syndrome vector is
a) Zero
b) Non zero
c) Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: If the syndrome is an all zero vector then the received code-word is a valid code. If the syndrome is a n
on zero vector then the received code has errors.
a) Generator polynomial
b) Generator matrix
c) Generator polynomial & matrix
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Block codes are generated using generator matrix and cyclic codes are generated using generator polyn
omial.
a) Number of elements
b) Distance between elements
c) Number of parity bits
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The block length n is the number of elements in the code word.
11. The k-bit message forms ____ distinct messages which is referred to as k-tuples.
a) 2k
b) K2
c) 2k
d) 21/k
Answer: c
Explanation: The k bit messages for 2k distinct message sequences which are referred to as k-tuples or sequence of k
digits.
12. The sum of any two vectors in subset S is also in S. This is called as
a) Addition property
b) Subset property
c) Closure property
d) Similarity property
Answer: c
Explanation: The closure property states that the sum of any two vectors in subset S is also in S.
a) Near
b) Far apart
c) Far
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The code-words should be far apart from one and another as possible so even when the vectors experie
nce some corruption they may still be correctly decoded.
a) 2k
b) 2n+k
c) 2n-k
d) 2n
Answer: c
Explanation: Each n-tuple appears in only one location none are missing and none are replicated. There are 2n-k cos
ets.
a) HT/r
b) rHT
c) rH
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The syndrome is calculated using S=rHT.
16. The _____ of the code-word is the number of non zero elements.
www.aktutor.in
a) Size
b) Weight
c) Distance
d) Subspace
Answer: b
Explanation: The size of the code-word is the number of code words. The weight of the code word can be given as t
he number of non zero elements and the distance between two code words is the hamming distance between them.
a) Hamming code
b) Reed-Solomon code
c) Parity code
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some examples of linear codes are block codes, parity codes, reed-Solomon codes, hamming code, cyc
lic codes, polynomial codes, go-lay codes etc.
a) Code size
b) Code weight
c) Code rate
d) Minimum distance
Answer: c
Explanation: The rate of the code gives the measure of the amount of redundancy. The rate is given by the ratio of n
umber of data bits that form an input to a block encoder to the total number of bits.
2. The number of k bit shift over which a single information bit influences the encoder output is given by
a) Code rate
b) Constraint length
c) Code length
d) Code weight
Answer: b
Explanation: The constraint length represents the number of k bit shifts over which a single information bit influence
s the encoder output.
a) Connection pictorial
b) State diagram
c) Tree diagram
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Several methods are used for representing convolution encoder such as connection pictorial, connectio
n vector or polynomials, state diagram, tree diagram and trellis diagram.
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Half
Answer: b
Explanation: An a consequence of shifting-in-one bit at a time there are only two possible transitions that the registe
r can make at each bit time.
a) Increases by 1
b) Doubles
c) Triples
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: As per the algorithm, in the trellis diagram at successive branching the number of nodes doubles.
a) Tree diagram
b) Trellis diagram
c) Tree & Trellis diagram
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Tree diagram and trellis diagram are both examples for convolution encoding state diagram.
a) Joint probabilities
b) Individual probabilities
c) Conditional probabilities
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: If all input messages are equally likely a decoder that achieves the minimum probability of error is that
which compares the conditional probabilities also called the likelihood function.
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) Zero
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The maximum likelihood detector is an optimal detector which minimizes the error probability.
11. For a binary code, the maximum number of possible sequence made up of L branch words is
a) L2
b) 2L
c) 2L
d) L/2
Answer: b
Explanation: In a binary code, all possible different code word sequences that can be made up of L branch words are
2L.
12. If the quantization level of a demodulator output is ________ then it is called as soft decision decoding.
a) Equal to 2
b) More than 2
c) Less than 2
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: If the quantization level of a demodulator output is 2 it is called as hard decision decoding and if it is gr
eater than 2 it is called as soft decision decoding.
a) Less memory
b) More memory
c) More speed
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The price paid for soft decision decoding is an increase in required memory size at the decoder.
a) True
b) False www.aktutor.in
Answer: a
Explanation: A binary symmetric channel is an example for hard decision channel which means that even though co
ntinuous values may be received by the demodulator the BSC only allows firm decisions.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The quantized Gaussian channel is referred to as the soft decision channel.
a) Maximum distance
b) Minimum distance
c) Maximum & Minimum distance
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Minimum distance between all pair of code words is related to the error correcting capability of the cod
e.
2. A catastrophic error is an event whereby ______ number of code symbol error causes _______ number of decode
d data error bits.
a) Finite, finite
b) Finite, infinite
c) Infinite, finite
d) Infinite, infinite
Answer: b
Explanation: A catastrophic error is defined as an event whereby a finite number of code symbols error causes an inf
inite number of decoded data bit errors.
a) Euclidean distance
b) Euclidean distance squared
c) Euclidean distance & distance squared
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: As soft decision decoding algorithm has limited resolution it cannot use hamming distance metric. Inst
ead it uses Euclidean and monotonic metric such as Euclidean distance squared.
a) Minimum correlation
b) Maximum correlation
c) Maximum distance
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: While using Euclidean distance squared metric, maximum correlation is desirable rather than minimum
distance.
a) Increase in complexity
b) Decrease in storage
c) Increase in complexity & Decrease in storage
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Soft decisions require more storage and it also increases the complexity. For this reason soft decisions
are preferred less when compared to hard decisions.
a) m+1
b) m-1
c) (m+1)/2
d) 1-m
Answer: a
Explanation: Look ahead length L is given by m+1 where m is the preselected positive integer.
11. On increasing L
a) Non binary
b) Cyclic
c) Non binary & Cyclic
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Reed Solomon codes are non binary cyclic codes with symbols made up of m bit sequences where m is
any positive integer with value greater than 2.
a) n+k+1
b) n-k+1
c) 1-n-k
d) 1+n-k
Answer: b
Explanation: Reed Solomon code achieves the largest possible code minimum distance for any linear code and it is g
iven by n-k+1.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In coding, the improving mechanism, the greater the redundancy the greater will be the error correcting
capability of the code.
16. A primitive element are those which yield ______ when raised to higher order exponents.
17. If the inversion was performed correctly, then the multiplication of the original matrix with the inverted matrix s
hould yield identity matrix. This is known as
a) Identity theorem
b) Safety theorem
c) Multiplication theorem
d) Inversion theorem
Answer: b
Explanation: According to safety theorem, if the inversion is performed correctly, the multiplication of original matr
ix by inverted matrix will yield identity matrix.
a) Digital storage
b) Reproduction of audio signals
c) Digital storage & Reproduction of audio signals
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Compact disc digital audio system is used for both digital storage and reproduction of audio signals.
a) Finger prints
b) Air bubbles
c) Unwanted particles
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the sources of channel errors are some unwanted particles, air bubbles, finger prints, scratches
etc.
a) Correction
b) Concealment www.aktutor.in
c) Correction & Concealment
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The cross interleave reed Solomon error control scheme in the CD system involves both correction and
concealment of errors.
a) De-interleaving
b) Decoding
c) De-interleaving & Decoding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The decoder step consists of both De-interleaving and decoding which are performed in the reverse ord
er of encoding steps.
5. The ______ the error correcting capability used, the _____ will be the erasure correcting capability.
a) Larger, smaller
b) Smaller, larger
c) Smaller, smaller
d) Larger, larger
Answer: a
Explanation: There is a trade off between error correction and erasure correction, the larger the error correcting capa
bility used the smaller will be the erasure correcting capability.
6. In interpolation
a) Has memory
b) Exhibits mutually dependent signal transmission impairments
c) Received signal will be distorted
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: A channel that exhibits multi-path fading where the signal arrives at the receiver over two or more diff
erent paths. This channel has memory, exhibits mutually dependent signal transmission impairment.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Separating the symbols in time effectively changes a channel with memory into a memory-less one.
www.aktutor.in
9. The minimum end to end delay in block interleaving is
a) 2MN+2M+2
b) 2MN-2M+2
c) 2MN-2M-2
d) 2MN+2M-2
Answer: b
Explanation: The inter leaver or De-inter leaver delay is 2MN symbol times. M(N-1)+1 memory cells needs to be fil
led before transmission can begin. Thus the minimum end to end delay is 2MN-2M+2 symbol times, not including a
ny channel propagation delay.
a) Bit errors
b) Symbols errors
c) Bit & Symbols errors
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The performance of non binary code like reed-Solomon code which is also an example for concatenate
d code depends only on the number of symbol errors in the block.
1. The minimum nyquist bandwidth needed for baseband transmission of Rs symbols per second is
a) Rs
b) 2Rs
c) Rs/2
d) Rs2
Answer: c
Explanation: Theoretical minimum nyquist bandwidth needed for the baseband transmission of Rs symbols per seco
nd without ISI is Rs/2.
a) C = W log2 ( 1+S/N )
b) C = 2W log2 ( 1+S/N )
c) C = W log2 ( 1-S/N )
d) C = W log10 ( 1+S/N )
Answer: a
Explanation: The capacity relationship from Shannon-hartley capacity theorem is given by C = W log2 ( 1+S/N ).
a) PB/N0
b) EB/N0
c) EBN0
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: There exists a limiting value for EB/N0 below which they can be no error free communication at any in
formation rate. This EB/N0 is called as Shannon limit.
5. Equivocation is the
a) Conditional entropy
b) Joint entropy
c) Individual entropy
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Shannon uses a correction factor called equivocation to account for uncertainty in the received signal. I
t is defined as the conditional entropy of the message X given Y.
a) Zero
b) One
c) Equal to joint probability
d) Equal to individual probability
Answer: a
Explanation: For a error free channel conditional probability should be zero, because having received Y there is com
plete certainty about the message X.
a) Inter leavers
b) Punching pattern
c) Inter leavers & Punching pattern
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: There are many instances of turbo codes, using different component encoders, input/output ratios, inter
leavers, punching patterns.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Two elementary decoders are connected in serial connection for decoding the turbo codes.
11. The inter leaver connected between the two decoders is used to
a) Certainly one
b) Certainly zero
c) Very likely zero
d) Very likely one
Answer: b
Explanation: The decoder front end produces an integer for each bit in the data stream. This integer is the measure of
how likely it is that the bit 0 or 1 and is called as soft bit. It ranges from -127 to 127. Here -127 represents certainly
zero.
a) Certainly one
b) Certainly zero
c) Very likely zero
d) Very likely one
Answer: d
Explanation: The decoder front end produces an integer for each bit in the data stream. This integer is the measure of
how likely it is that the bit 0 or 1 and is called as soft bit. It ranges from -127 to 127. Here 100 represents very likel
y one.
a) Certainly one
b) Certainly zero
c) Very likely zero
d) Could be either zero or one
Answer: d
Explanation: The decoder front end produces an integer for each bit in the data stream. This integer is the measure of
how likely it is that the bit 0 or 1 and is called as soft bit. It ranges from -127 to 127. Here 0 represents ‘could be eit
her zero or one’.
1. QPSK is a composite of
a) Two BPSK
b) Three BPSK
c) Two FSK
d) Two M-ary PSK
Answer: a
Explanation: QPSK is effectively a composite of two BPSK signals transmitted on orthogonal components of the car
rier.
a) M/T
b) T/M
c) 2M/T www.aktutor.in
d) M/2
Answer: a
Explanation: In non coherent orthogonal MFSK modulation, the IF transmission bandwidth is WIF = M/T.
a) M/log2M
b) log2M/M
c) M/log10M
d) log10M/M
Answer: b
Explanation: For non coherent orthogonal MFSK modulation the bandwidth efficiency is R/W=log2M/M.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The bandwidth efficiency decreases as M increases.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The bandwidth efficiency of QPSK is equal to that of the BFSK.
a) BPSK
b) BFSK
c) QPSK
d) QAM
Answer: d
Explanation: Of all the modulation showed, QAM is the most bandwidth efficient one.
a) Transmitted power
b) Received power
c) Efficiency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The primary communication resources are transmitted power and channel bandwidth.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Within the same block size, the code with greater redundancy requires more bandwidth expansion.
www.aktutor.in
9. Which modulation scheme uses nonlinear transponders?
a) MSK
b) Offset QPSK
c) MSK & Offset QPSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Offset QPSK and MSK are two examples of constant envelope modulation schemes that are attractive f
or systems using non linear transponders.
a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) BFSK
Answer: c
Explanation: BPSK requires more bandwidth than the other modulation techniques for the given level of spectral de
nsity.
a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) MSK
Answer: d
Explanation: MSK spectrum has wider main lobe level and lower side lobe levels than the other modulation spectru
m.
a) BPSK
b) MSK
c) QPSK
d) OQPSK
Answer: b
Explanation: MSK is spectrally more efficient than the other modulation schemes. It has wider main lobe level and l
ower side lobe levels.
a) QPSK
b) OQPSK
c) BPSK
d) MSK
Answer: a
Explanation: QPSK has narrower main lobe than MSK because for a given rate the QPSK symbol rate is half the M
SK symbol rate.
a) BPSK
b) QPSK www.aktutor.in
c) MPSK
d) MFSK
Answer: c
Explanation: Coherent M-ary PSK modulation is a well known technique for achieving bandwidth reduction.
a) Sine function
b) Cosine function
c) Sine & Cosine function
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: QPSK modulation consists of two independent streams. One stream amplitude modulates cosine wave
and the other amplitude modulates sine wave.
a) Coded
b) Uncoded
c) Coded & Uncoded
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The term coded refers to the presence of error correction coding scheme involving the use of redundant
bits and expanded bandwidth.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Any digital communication system will become more bandwidth efficient as its WTb product decrease
s.
3. In MPSK, R/W
a) MPSK
b) MFSK
c) MPSK & MFSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: For an uncoded system, if the channel is power limited MFSK is selected and if it is bandwidth limited
MPSK is selected.
a) R/log2M
b) log2M/R
c) R/log10M
d) log10M/R
Answer: a
Explanation: The relationship between symbol transmission rate and data rate R is given by Rs= R/log2M.
a) n/k
b) k/n
c) nk
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The rate of code is given as k/n and its inverse n/k gives the redundancy of the code.
a) Hard decision
b) Soft decision
c) Hard & Soft decision
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: When the output is quantized for more than two levels, soft decision is made.
a) Increasing EIRP
b) Increasing channel bandwidth
c) Decreasing system losses
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The basic ways to increase the throughput of the system is to increase the EIRP, by reducing the syste
m losses, providing channel bandwidth, and efficient allocation of CR.
10. In which technique spot beam antennas are used to point the radio signals in different directions?
a) Code division
b) Space division
c) Frequency division
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In space division multiplexing, spot beam antennas are used to separate radio signals by pointing in dif
ferent directions.
a) Orthogonal
b) Non orthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Non orthogonal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In polarization division technique orthogonal polarization is used to separate signals for reuse.
13. In double side band spectrum which side-band is called as inverted side-band?
a) LSB
b) USB
c) LSB & USB
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The double side band spectrum consists of two side bands. LSB is called as inverted side-band and the
USB is called as erect side-band.
a) LSB
b) USB
c) LSB & USB
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The mixing and filtering yields frequency shifted channels and it removes the USB.
16. The orbital period of communication satellites is _______ as that of earth’s rotational period.
a) Same
b) Greater
c) Lesser
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The communication satellite is in circular orbit and has orbital period same as that of the earth’s rotatio
nal period.
1. Adding improvement to the signal subset choice by starting with the densest possible lattice for the space is called
as
2. Choosing a closely packed signal subset from any regular lattice or array of candidate points is called as
a) Has memory
b) Is memory-less
c) Needs more bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Trellis coded modulation scheme has memory ( a finite state machine) such as the convolutional code.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In trellis coded modulation increase in channel capacity is achieved by signal set expansion.
a) Rate of signalling
b) Density of signal points
c) Reduced distance
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Transmission bandwidth of non orthogonal signalling depends on rate of signalling and not on density
of signal points in the constellation.
a) Reduced distance
b) Free distance
c) Bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Free distance which is the minimum distance between members of set of allowed code sequences deter
mines the error performance.
a) Matched filter
b) BPF and envelope detectors
c) Discriminator
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherent demodulation of FSK signal can be performed using matched filter.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: False because different message signals are not applied to the channel simultaneously.
9. In an ideal TDM system, the cross correlation between two users of the system is
a) 1
b) 0
c) Infinity
d) -1
Answer: b
Explanation: In an ideal TDM system, the cross correlation between two users of the system is 0.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not get effected
d) Cannot be determined www.aktutor.in
Answer: b
Explanation: In M-ary FSK as M increases error decreases.
a) Infinity
b) Unity
c) Zero
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In M-ary FSK as M tends to infinity, probability of error becomes zero.
a) Differential encoding
b) Decoding
c) Differential encoding & Decoding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: For non coherent reception of PSK, differential encoding is used at the transmitter and decoding is use
d at the receiver.
4. Which modulation technique have the same bit and symbol error probability?
a) BPSK
b) DPSK
c) OOK
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: BPSK, DPSK, OOK and non coherent FSK have same bit and symbol error probability.
a) DC power
b) AC power
c) DC & AC power
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: An amplifier uses DC power to take an input signal and increase its amplitude at the output.
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class AB
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Class A amplifiers have 50% maximum power efficiency.
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C www.aktutor.in
d) Class AB
Answer: c
Explanation: Class C amplifiers generate high distortion and it is closer to switch than an amplifier.
a) 50%
b) 75%
c) 78.5%
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Class B linear amplifiers have maximum power efficiency of 78.5%.
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
d) Class AB
Answer: c
Explanation: Class C has the maximum power efficiency when compared to the other linear amplifiers.
a) Transmitter
b) Receiver
c) Transmitter & Receiver
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Free space is an idealization that consists of only transmitter and receiver.
a) Sampling rate
b) Bit depth
c) Sampling rate & Bit depth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Two basic properties to determine stream’s fidelity are bit depth and sampling rate, number of times pe
r second that samples are taken.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Absent
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: In bipolar codes, the pulses can be positive, negative or absent.
3. Delta modulation is ______ conversion. www.aktutor.in
a) Analog to digital
b) Digital to analog
c) Analog to digital and digital to analog
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Delta modulation is the process of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion technique used for
transmission of voice signals.
a) Under sampling
b) Over sampling
c) Aliasing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: To achieve high signal to noise ratio, delta modulation must use over sampling techniques.
a) Differentiator
b) Integrator
c) Quantizer
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The demodulator used in delta modulation is a simple form of integrator.
a) Granularity
b) Slope overload
c) Granularity & Slope overload
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Sources of noise in delta modulation are granularity and slope overload.
7. When probability of receiving a symbol is 1 then how much information will be obtained?
a) Little information
b) Much information
c) No information
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: When the probability of receiving a symbol is 1 then the information obtained is zero.
a) Paths
b) Time slots
c) Paths & Time slots
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Space division has dedicated paths and time division has dedicated time slots.
a) Speech memory
b) Cross point
c) Connecting point
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In time division, actual switch is called as speech memory and in space division actual switch is called
as cross point.
a) Data exchange
b) Galvanic connection
c) Data exchange & Galvanic connection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In time division, connection is established using data exchange and in space division it is established us
ing galvanic connections.
a) Good bandwidth
b) Low distortion www.aktutor.in
c) Low cost
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the features of analogue switches are good bandwidth, low cost, low distortion, lower reliabilit
y.
a) Path establishment
b) Information exchange
c) Tariff computation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Operations performed by switching network are path establishment, information exchange, tariff comp
utation, maintenance, billing etc.
a) Amplitude discretization
b) Time discretization
c) Amplitude & Time discretization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Time discretization and amplitude discretization are the two processes done in PCM system.
a) Amplitude discretization
b) Time discretization
c) Amplitude & Time discretization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Sampling process is used for time discretization and quantization process is used for amplitude discreti
zation.
a) Switching
b) Keying
c) Switching or keying
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Modulation process corresponds to switching or keying the amplitude, frequency or phase of CW carri
er.
4. Matched filter
a) Low pass
b) High pass
c) Band pass
d) Band stop
Answer: a
Explanation: In TDM, at the receiver end low pass filtering is done to obtain individual signals.
a) CDMA
b) FDMA
c) TDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: CDMA provides more secure communication than TDMA and FDMA.
a) Randomness
b) Information
c) Randomness & Information www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Entropy can be defined as the measure of randomness or information.
a) Random variable
b) Deterministic number
c) Random number
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Entropy calculation returns a deterministic number and not a random variable.
12. Entropy of N random variables is the _____ of the entropy of individual random variable.
a) Sum
b) Product
c) Sum of squares
d) Average
Answer: a
Explanation: Entropy of N random variables is the sum of the entropy of individual random variable.
a) Continuous FSK
b) Discrete FSK
c) Uniform FSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Continuous frequency shift keying has no phase discontinuity between symbols.
3. FSK reception is
a) Phase Coherent
b) Phase non coherent
c) Phase Coherent & non coherent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Reception of FSK can be either phase coherent or phase non coherent.
a) Phase
b) Energy
c) Power
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In non coherent reception of FSK, energy in each frequency is measured.
a) One
b) Two
c) Four
d) Six
Answer: b
Explanation: Every frequency has two orthogonal functions – sine and cosine.
7. If we correlate the received signal with any one of the two orthogonal function, the obtained inner product will be
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) Zero
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: c
Explanation: If we correlate the received signal with only one of the orthogonal function for example sine, the inner
product obtained will be zero.
8. If we correlate the received signal with both orthogonal function the inner product will be
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) In phase and quadrature
d) Unity
Answer: c
Explanation: If we correlate the received signal with both the orthogonal function, the two inner products obtained w
ill be in phase and quadrature.
a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
c) Modulation & Demodulation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Matched filter is a demodulation technique with LTI.
a) In phase
b) Quadrature
c) In phase & Quadrature
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: QAM uses in phase and quadrature which is cosine and sine respectively as the dimensions.
a) Frequency
b) Phase
c) Frequency & Phase
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: c
Explanation: Being in phase lock means that the receiver’s local oscillator is synchronized in both frequency and ph
ase with the received signal.
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Coherent modulation requires three levels of synchronization – phase symbol and frame.
a) Phase synchronization
b) Frequency synchronization
c) Phase & Frequency synchronization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Non coherent system requires frequency synchronization.
a) Phase synchronization
b) Frequency synchronization
c) Frame synchronization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Frame synchronization is necessary when the information is organized in blocks or messages of some u
niform number of symbols. Thus block code needs frame synchronization.
a) Frequency tracking
b) Bit timing
c) Phase tracking
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Non coherently detected BPSK is the simplest digital receiver and it requires frequency tracking, bit ti
ming synchronizations and also phase synchronization.
9. Which method has fast acquisition and can work without return link?
13. In open loop method, the time reference error __________ with respect to time.
a) Increases exponentially
b) Decreases exponentially
c) Increases quadratically
d) Decreases quadratically
Answer: a
Explanation: In open loop transmitter synchronization system, the time reference error increases quadratically with ti
me.
14. When a terminal is able to utilize the measurements made on the return link it is called as
15. Which reduces the effective distance between signals in signal space?
a) Time error
b) Frequency offset
c) Time error & Frequency offset
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Time error or frequency offset or combination of both will reduce the effective distance between signal
s in signal space and degrade error performance.
16. The system which has ______ signal to noise ratio can tolerate larger timing error.
a) Large
b) Small
c) Large & Small
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The system with increased signal to noise ratio will allow it to tolerate larger timing error so the impro
vement is error performance is rapid.
a) Phase detectors
b) Loop filter
c) Voltage controlled oscillator
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Phase locked loops have three basic components – phase detector, loop filter and voltage controlled osc
illator. It measures the phase difference between the incoming signal and local replica.
www.aktutor.in
2. In VCO the output frequency is a linear function of its input
a) Frequency
b) Voltage
c) Time period
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A VCO is an oscillator whose output frequency is a linear function of its input voltage over some range
of input and output.
4. A cycle slip occurs when the magnitude of the original phase error exceeds
a) Π radians
b) 2π radians
c) π/2 radians
d) π2 radians
Answer: b
Explanation: A cyclic slip occurs when the magnitude of the original phase error exceeds 2π radians.
5. When phase noise and phase jitter is doubled, the phase variance increases by
a) Two times
b) Four times
c) 0.5 times
d) 8 times
Answer: b
Explanation: In PLL, when the phase jitter and phase noise increases by 2, the phase variance increases by 4 than tha
t of the original signal.
a) Linear
b) Non linear
c) Linear & Non linear
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Acquisition is accomplished by external signal or circuits or sometimes it might be unaided (self acquis
ition). This acquisition process is an inherently non linear operation.
a) Smaller
b) Larger
c) It does not depend on it
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: a
Explanation: The sweep rate must not be too large, or the loop will be driven through the lock point so fast that it wil
l fail to acquire.
a) Differentiation
b) Rectification
c) Differentiation & Rectification
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The main operation of the edge detector is differentiation and rectification by the use of square law det
ector.
a) Narrower bandwidth
b) Wider bandwidth
c) More bandwidth requirement
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The increase in smoothness in the signals concentrate the signal energy in a narrower bandwidth, reduc
ing the amount of bandwidth required.
a) LM
b) ML
c) M/L
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The number of filters in CPM receiver structure is given by ML.
www.aktutor.in
********** Join:- https://t.me/AKTU_Notes_Books_Quantum **********
a) Frequency modulation
b) Amplitude modulation
c) Frequency & Amplitude modulation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In modulation schemes such as frequency modulation and pulse code modulation spreading of spectru
m occurs but it cannot be considered as types of spread spectrum technique.
2. Gaussian noise has _____ power spread _____ over all frequencies.
a) Zero, uniformly
b) Zero, non uniformly
c) Infinite, uniformly
d) Infinite, non uniformly
Answer: c
Explanation: Gaussian noise is a mathematical model which has infinite power spread uniformly over all frequencies
.
3. Jamming is caused by
a) Multipath
b) Natural phenomena
c) Multipath & Natural phenomena
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Jamming can be caused by natural phenomenon and also is caused by multipath.
4. Which system makes the detection difficult for all users other than the intended users?
a) Ranging
b) Determination of position
c) Ranging & Determination of position www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum signals are used for ranging or determination of position location.
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Not related
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Uncertainty in the delay measurement is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the signal pulse.
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Not related
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Uncertainty in the delay measurement is directly proportional to the rise time of the pulse and inversely
proportional to the bandwidth of the signal pulse.
9. In spread spectrum technique, the desired signal is multiplied _____ and interference signal is multiplied _____
a) Once, twice
b) Twice, once
c) Twice, thrice
d) Thrice, twice
Answer: b
Explanation: In spread spectrum technique, the desired signal is multiplied twice and interference signal is multiplie
d once.
a) 10
b) 12
c) 15
d) 18
Answer: b
Explanation: Each satellite has 12 transponders with a bandwidth of 36 Mhz each.
a) Synchronization
b) Addressing
c) Error control sequence
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The preamble portion consists of synchronization, addressing and error control sequences.
a) FDMA
b) TDMA
c) Dynamic FDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Both TDMA and FDMA has equivalent performance but when it comes to average packet delay TDM
A has lesser delay than FDMA.
a) (M-1)T/M
b) (M-1)M/T
c) (M+1)T/M
d) (M+1)M/T
Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum waiting time before transmission of a packet is given by (M-1)T/M.
15. CDMA is
a) Similar to FDMA
b) Similar to TDMA
c) Combination of both
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Code division multiple access is the technique which is the combination of both TDMA and FDMA.
a) Data modulation
b) Frequency hopping modulation
c) Data & Frequency hopping modulation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The FH modulation is considered as a two step process. It includes data modulation and frequency hop
ping modulation.
a) CDMA
b) TDMA
c) CDMA & TDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: CDMA when compared to TDMA does not need precise time coordination among various simultaneou
s transmitters. www.aktutor.in
a) Computers
b) Terminals
c) Printers
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: A local area network can be used to interconnect computers, terminals, printers and so on located withi
n a building or a small set of buildings.
a) Low bandwidth
b) High bandwidth
c) Low & High bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Local area network uses high bandwidth cables for designing.
a) 1426 bytes
b) 1526 bytes
c) 1256 bytes
d) 1626 bytes
Answer: b
Explanation: The maximum packet size of Ethernet is 1526 bytes where a byte is 8 bits.
a) 81 bytes
b) 75 bytes
c) 72 bytes
d) 64 bytes
Answer: c
Explanation: The minimum packet size is 72 bytes, consisting of 8 byte preamble, 14 byte header, 46 byte data, 4 by
te parity.
5. The interface between the ring and the stations are passive.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The interface between the rings and the stations are active rather than passive.
a) Zero, seven
b) Zero, five
c) One, seven www.aktutor.in
d) One, five
Answer: a
Explanation: Bit stuffing is done by inserting a zero in the data stream after seven consecutive ones.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: As channel capacity R increases, the channel throughput should also increase.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: In Aloha technique if the negative acknowledgment is received, the re-transmission is done after a rand
om delay so that it doesn’t collide again.
a) Pure Aloha
b) Slotted Aloha
c) Pure & Slotted Aloha
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The Pure Aloha technique has constant packet lengths.
10. For a throughput of value less than 0.20, which has less average delay?
a) S-ALOHA
b) Pure ALOHA
c) R-ALOHA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: For a throughput value of less than 0.20, S-ALOHA has less average delay than R-ALOHA.
11. For a throughput value of 0.20 to 0.67, which has less average delay?
a) S-ALOHA
b) Pure ALOHA
c) R-ALOHA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: For throughput value of 0.20 to 0.67, it is clear that R-ALOHA is superior and has less average delay t
han S-ALOHA.
a) Multiple users
b) Single users
c) Single & Multiple users www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Binary tree search is used for rapid polling of user population and it is used for multiple users.
a) Straight polling
b) Binary tree search
c) Straight polling & Binary tree search
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Binary tree search is more efficient method than straight polling in case of a large population.
a) S-ALOHA
b) Pure ALOHA
c) R-ALOHA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: At lower throughput values, S-ALOHA works better and for higher throughput values R-ALOHA wor
ks better.
a) Saturation region
b) Linear region
c) Hard limiting region
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: INTELSAT II and III operate its traveling wave tube amplifiers in linear region.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The capacity of the transponder drops as the number of carriers increases.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Guard bands are needed between the carriers. Thus as carriers increases, guard bands are also increases
.
www.aktutor.in
4. TWTA which operates in the linear region
a) Reduces interference
b) Provide less overall power
c) Is power limited
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: TWTA operating in the linear region reduces interference, and can provide less overall power. The cha
nnel becomes power limited and can service fewer carriers.
a) SPADE
b) Binary tree search
c) SPADE & Binary tree search
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: SPADE operation and binary tree search can be used when the traffic is heavy.
6. SPADE uses
a) QPSK
b) BPSK
c) FSK
d) MSK
Answer: a
Explanation: SPADE uses digital voice transmission – QPSK.
7. SPADE is a
a) MAA system
b) DAMA system
c) MAA & DAMA system
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: SPADE is a DAMA system where all channels are shared.
a) Fixed assignment
b) Demand assignment
c) Fixed & Demand assignment
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In SPADE system, the carrier is assigned dynamically, that is on demand.
a) TDMA
b) FDMA
c) ALOHA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: TDMA earth station equipment is more costlier than the FDMA equipments.
a) TDMA
b) FDMA
c) TDMA & FDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: TDMA operation needs very precise synchronization needed to assure orthogonality of time slots.
a) TDM
b) FDM
c) TDM & FDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: FDM technique is based on the orthogonality of sinusoids.
a) Synchronous TDM
b) Non synchronous TDM
c) Synchronous & Non synchronous TDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Synchronous time division multiplexing provides constant bandwidth and constant delay.
3. Random access is
a) Distributed
b) Fault tolerant
c) Distributed & Fault tolerant
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Random access is simple, distributed and very fault tolerant.
a) Synchronous TDM
b) Non synchronous TDM
c) Synchronous & Non synchronous TDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Synchronous TDM is an example for the reservation system.
a) Delay is small
b) Delay is large
c) Delay is small or large www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Reservation systems are useful when delays are large.
a) Synchronous
b) Asynchronous
c) Synchronous & Asynchronous
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In slotted system, access is asynchronous and requires addressing information inside.
a) Equal
b) Greater
c) Lesser
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The collision window is twice the cable length.
a) Bridges
b) Routers
c) Bridges & Routers
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Bridges and routers isolates collision.
a) Speed increases
b) Distance increases
c) Speed & Distance increases
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: As speed and distance goes up, minimum packet size also goes up.
a) TDM
b) FDM
c) TDM & FDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: TDM and FDM are both orthogonal multiplexing.
1. Companding is used to
www.aktutor.in
a) Increase the information transmission rate
b) Use only one carrier frequency to handle different signals
c) To use different frequency bands for different signals
d) To protect all small signals in PCM from quantizing noise
Answer: d
Explanation: Companding is used to protect all small signals in PCM from quantizing noise.
2. TDM is used to
a) TDM
b) FDM
c) TDM & FDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: FDM has greater bandwidth.
a) TDM
b) FDM
c) TDM & FDM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: TDM has lower noise immunity.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: True. TDM can be employed to transmit channels having unequal bandwidth.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Using sampling theorem analog signal can be reconstructed.
a) Analog communication
b) Digital communication
c) Analog & Digital communication
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: b
Explanation: Digital communication provides better fidelity control.
a) Analog communication
b) Digital communication
c) Analog & Digital communication
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In digital communication reusing of components is possible.
a) Layering
b) Dividing
c) Abstraction
d) Entity sharing
Answer: c
Explanation: Abstraction is the mechanism of breaking the problem down.
a) Low susceptibility
b) Immunity to jamming
c) Reduced interference
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Advantages of spread spectrum are low susceptibility, reduced interference, immunity to jamming and
co existence of multi path system.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Processing gain is the ratio of signal bandwidth to message bandwidth.
a) Synchronous CDMA
b) Asynchronous CDMA
c) Synchronous & Asynchronous CDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Synchronous CDMA uses orthogonal codes and asynchronous CDMA uses pseudorandom codes.
a) Synchronous CDMA
b) Asynchronous CDMA
c) Synchronous & Asynchronous CDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Asynchronous CDMA is more suitable for large number of transmitters.
8. CDMA rejects
a) FDMA
b) TDMA www.aktutor.in
c) FDMA & TDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Frequency planning is necessary for both TDMA and FDMA.
a) Can be
b) Cannot be
c) maybe
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Random signals cannot be predicted whereas pseudorandom sequence can be predicted.
a) Balance
b) Run
c) Correlation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The three basic properties that can be applied for pseudorandom sequence are balance, run and correlat
ion properties.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The shift register operation is controlled by clock pulses.
a) Feedback path
b) Modulo 2 adder
c) Four stage register
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: A linear feedback shift register consists of four stage register for storage and shifting, modulo 2 adder a
nd feedback path.
www.aktutor.in
5. If the initial pulse of 1000 is fed to shift register, after how many clock pulses does the sequence repeat?
a) 15
b) 16
c) 14
d) 17
Answer: a
Explanation: If the initial pulse 1000 is given to shift register, the foregoing sequence repeats after 15 clock pulses.
a) Number of stages
b) Feedback tap connections
c) Initial conditions
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The sequences produced by shift register depends on the number of stages, the feedback tap connection
s and initial conditions.
7. For maximal length sequence, the sequence repetition clock pulses p is given by
a) 2n + 1
b) 2n -1
c) 2n
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: For maximal length sequence, produced by n stage linear feedback shift register the sequence repetitio
n clock pulses p is given by 2n -1 .
a) 1/p
b) -1/p
c) –p
d) p
Answer: b
Explanation: For any cyclic shift the auto-correlation function is equal to -1/p.
11. Which are the design options for anti jam communicator?
a) Time diversity
b) Frequency diversity
c) Special discrimination
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The design options for anti-jam communicator are time diversity, frequency diversity and special discri
mination.
a) Vulnerability to interference
b) Invulnerability to interference
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio (J/S)reqd gives the measure of how invulnerable the system is to interference.
a) Larger (J/S)reqd
b) Greater system’s noise rejection capability
c) Larger (J/S)reqd & Greater system’s noise rejection capability
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The system will be efficient if it has greater (J/S)reqd and larger system’s noise rejection capability.
a) W
b) Wss
c) W & Wss
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The broadband jammer or wide-band jammer is the one which jams the entire Wss with its fixed power
.
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Exponentially increased
d) Exponentially decreased
Answer: a
Explanation: In a system, to increase the error probability the processing gain should be increased.
a) Broadband jamming
b) Partial jamming
c) Broadband & Partial jamming
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: b
Explanation: Greater degradation is possible more with partial jamming than broadband jamming.
1. DS/BPSK includes
a) Despreading
b) Demodulation
c) Despreading & Demodulation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: DS/BPSK is a two step precess which includes despreading and demodulation.
a) De-spreading
b) Demodulation
c) Despreading & Demodulation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In direct sequence process, De-spreading correlator is followed by a modulator.
a) Wss/R
b) R/Wss
c) Wss/2R
d) R/2Wss
Answer: a
Explanation: The processing gain is given by the ratio of the minimum bandwidth of the data to data rate.
4. Chip is defined as
6. Which modulation scheme is preferred for direct sequence spread spectrum process?
a) BPSK
b) QPSK
c) BPSK & QPSK
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Both the modulation scheme BPSK and QPSK can be used for direct sequence spread spectrum proces
s.
a) FSK
b) BPSK
c) MFSK
d) MPSK
Answer: c
Explanation: The frequency hopping spread spectrum system uses M-ary frequency shift keying modulation scheme.
a) Direct sequence
b) Frequency hopping
c) Direct sequence & Frequency hopping
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Frequency hopping spread spectrum system allows greater processing gain than direct sequence spread
spectrum technique.
a) Direct sequence
b) Frequency hopping
c) Direct sequence & Frequency hopping
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b www.aktutor.in
Explanation: In frequency hopping spread spectrum phase coherence is hard to maintain from hop to hop.
a) Coherent
b) Non coherent
c) Coherent & Non coherent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: As it is difficult to maintain phase coherence, non coherent demodulator is used.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Robustness gives the ability of a signal to withstand the impairments such as noise, jamming etc.
a) Repeated symbols
b) Non repeated symbols
c) Smallest length symbols
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The repeated symbols are called as chips.
a) Hop duration
b) Symbol duration
c) Chip duration
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In frequency hopping technique hop duration is shorter than the symbol duration.
www.aktutor.in
********** Join:- https://t.me/AKTU_Notes_Books_Quantum **********
a) Fine
b) Coarse
c) Fine & Coarse
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Acquisition is a process of bringing two spreading signals into coarse alignment with one another.
2. Tracking maintains the possible waveform ______ alignment using a feedback loop.
a) Fine
b) Coarse
c) Fine & Coarse
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Tracking continuously maintains the best possible waveform fine alignment by means of a feedback lo
op.
a) Coherent
b) Non coherent
c) Coherent & Non coherent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Acquisition can be categorized as two types coherent and non coherent.
4. Uncertainty in the distance between transmitter and receiver translates into uncertainty in
a) Frequency
b) Propagation delay
c) Efficiency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: uncertainty in the distance between the transmitter and the receiver translates into uncertainty in the pr
opagation delay.
a) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Minimum & Maximum
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: It considers all possible code positions in parallel and maximum likelihood algorithm is used to acquire
the code.
6. Acquisition can be accomplished ________ as all possible codes are examined ______
a) Slowly, one by one www.aktutor.in
b) Rapidly, simultaneously
c) Slowly, simultaneously
d) Rapidly, one by one
Answer: b
Explanation: Acquisition can be accomplished rapidly as all possible codes are examined simultaneously.
a) Serial
b) Parallel
c) Serial & Parallel
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: A single correlator or matched filter does serial search.
8. How many correlators are used for despreading and code tracking function?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The design of code tracking function or despreading function needs only one correlator.
1. In the case of direct CDMA, interference will occur if the PN codes are
a) Doubles
b) Halves
c) Remains the same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: If the active users were to double, then the received Eb/I0 would essentially be halved.
www.aktutor.in
3. In CDMA ______ frequency reuse is possible.
a) No
b) 50%
c) 90%
d) 100%
Answer: d
Explanation: In CDMA, 100% frequency reuse can be employed.
a) CDMA
b) AMPS
c) TDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: CDMA has more user capacity compared to AMPS and TDMA.
a) TDMA
b) CDMA
c) AMPS
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: CDMA technique capacity is interference limited.
a) TDMA
b) FDMA
c) TDMA & FDMA
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: TDMA and FDMA capacity is dimension limited.
a) Paging
b) Pilot
c) Traffic
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The forward link contains different www.aktutor.in
types of channels such as paging, pilot, synchronization and traffic.
a) Traffic
b) Access
c) Traffic & Access
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The reverse channel contains two types of channels – traffic and access.
a) Modulo 2 addition
b) Channelization
c) Modulo 2 addition & Channelization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Forward channel CDMA includes steps like modulo 2 addition, channelization, and base station identif
ication.
a) Channelization
b) Spreading
c) Channelization & Spreading
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Walsh cover is used for channelization plus spreading.
a) 4-stage
b) 2-stage
c) 12-stage
d) 15-stage
Answer: d
Explanation: The code in the forward direction, short code is designed using 15 stage shift register.
13. How many channels are transmitted in the forward and reverse direction?
a) 1,64
b) 64,1
c) 2,32
d) 32,2
Answer: b
Explanation: In forward direction 64 channels are transmitter and in reverse direction, only one channel is transmitte
d.
a) Forward channel
b) Reverse channel
c) Forward & Reverse channel
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: a
Explanation: Forward channel is more robust than the reverse channel.
a) Base station
b) Mobile switching center
c) Mobile
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Mobile unit continuously scans for stronger pilot and provides and serves hand off process.
a) Base station
b) Mobile switching center
c) Mobile
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Soft hand off process is served by the mobile. It scans for stronger pilot and requests handoff to base st
ation.
a) Privacy
b) Authentication
c) Privacy & Authentication
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Cryptosystems which includes the process of encryption and decryption is used for both privacy and au
thentication.
a) Plaintext
b) Ciphertext
c) Plaintext & Ciphertext
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The key is supplied along with a plaintext message for encryption and cipher text message for decrypti
on.
a) One-time pad
b) Unconditionally secure
c) One-time pad & Unconditionally secure
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Unconditionally secure system is the one which has insufficient information available to crypt-analyst.
One such system is one-time pad. www.aktutor.in
4. Caesar cipher was a mono alphabetic cipher.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: An earliest example of a mono alphabetic cipher was the Caesar cipher.
a) Alphabet shift
b) Numerals
c) Symbols
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In Caesar cipher each plain text is replaced with a new letter obtained by an alphabetic shift.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The Trithemius cipher is a poly alphabetical cipher.
a) Feedback is necessary
b) Feedback is not necessary
c) Can be either necessary or not
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In auto key method feedback is necessary for the encryption process.
a) Priming key
b) Feedback
c) Priming key & Feedback
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Vigenere method which is also called as vigenere auto method priming key and feedback are used.
11. The _____ the uncertainty, the ______ is the information content.
a) Lesser, greater
b) Greater, lesser
c) Lesser, lesser
d) Greater, greater
Answer: d
Explanation: The more uncertainty there is in predicting the occurrence of a message, the greater the information co
ntent.
13. The maximum number of message bits contained in each character is called as
a) True rate
b) Absolute rate
c) Optimum rate
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Absolute rate is the maximum number of message bits contained in each character.
a) Unity
b) Zero
c) Infinity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: With a finite key size, equivocation approaches zero.
a) Caesar cipher
b) Trithemius cipher
c) Caesar & Trithemius cipher
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Examples of substitution encryption techniques are Caesar cipher and Trithemius cipher.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The substitution techniques have less encryption protection.
3. The standard building block uses _______ of a key to transform 64-bit input into 64-bit output.
a) 32 bit
b) 48 bit
c) 64 bit
d) 128 bit
Answer: b
Explanation: The standard building block uses 48 bit keys to transform 64 bit input data into 64 bit output.
4. The 64 bit block input key has _____ number of parity bits.
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 16
Answer: c
Explanation: The 64 bit input key has 8 parity bits placed in 8,16…..64 bit positions.
a) Random key
b) Unconditional security
c) Can be used only once
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: One time pad is an encryption system with random key, used one time only, that exhibits unconditional
security.
7. The segment of the key-stream of plaintext is obtained by _____ of two sequences together.
a) ANDing
b) ORing
c) Addition
d) Modulo 2 addition
Answer: d
Explanation: The crypt-analyst performs modulo 2 addition of two sequences together to get the sequence of key-str
eam of plaintext.
10. Spread spectrum multiple access techniques allows the multiple signal to be transmitted
a) Synchronously
b) Asynchronously
c) Synchronously & Asynchronously
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In CDMA system, all participants can share the entire bandwidth asynchronously.
13. For direct sequence systems what is the minimum required processing gain?
a) 3db
b) 10db
c) 12db
d) 20db
Answer: b
Explanation: For a direct sequence systems, the minimum required processing gain is 10db.
a) 5db
b) 10db
c) 17db
d) 25db
Answer: c
Explanation: For hybrid systems employing both direct sequence and frequency hopping, the minimum required pro
cessing gain is 17db.
a) Encoding
b) Decoding www.aktutor.in
c) Encoding & Decoding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Spread spectrum is an important encoding technique for a wireless communication system.
a) Analog data
b) Digital data
c) Analog & Digital data
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum is used to transmit analog data and digital data using analog signal.
a) Jamming
b) Interception
c) Jamming & Interception
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum makes jamming and interception difficult and provides improved reception.
a) Noise
b) Multi-path distortion
c) Noise & Multi-path distortion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum has immunity to noise and multi-path distortion.
6. The transmitter of frequency hopping system is fed with encoding scheme such as
a) Added
b) Multiplied
c) XOR-ed
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In CDMA, the incoming signal is multiplied with the spreading code.
9. The original bandwidth of the unspread signal in spread spectrum is ____ to data rate.
a) Proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Not related
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In spread spectrum, the original bandwidth of the unspread signal is proportional to the data rate.
1. In public key cryptosystem _____ keys are used for encryption and decryption.
a) Same
b) Different
c) Encryption Keys
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In conventional cryptosystem, same keys are used for encryption and decryption where as in public ke
y cryptosystem different keys are used.
a) Encryption keys
b) Decryption keys
c) Encryption & Decryption keys www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In public key cryptosystem, the encryption keys are kept as public where as decryption keys are kept as
secret.
a) One direction
b) Two directions
c) All directions
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: A trapdoor is a one way function. Such functions can go easily in only one direction.
a) Electronic mails
b) File encryption
c) Electronic mails & File encryption
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Pretty good privacy (PGP) privacy program is used for both electronic mails and file encryption.
6. Private key algorithm is used for _____ encryption and public key algorithm is used for _____ encryption.
a) IDEA
b) CAST
c) Triple-DES
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the examples of block codes are triple-DES, CAST and IDEA.
a) MD5
b) SHA-1
c) MD5 & SHA-1
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Some examples of hash functions are MD5 and SHA-1.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: A cryptographic hash function has fixed output length.
15. In this Merkle Hellman method same key is used for encryption and decryption.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: In Merkle hellman cryptosystem method, two separate private and public keys are used for encryption
and decryption.
a) Time of occurrence
b) Frequency of occurrence
c) Length of the message
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: By statistically using the frequency of occurrence of individual characters and character combinations
we can solve many cipher systems.
a) Diffusion
b) Confusion
c) Diffusion & Confusion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The encryption transformations were termed confusion and diffusion by Shannon.
a) 2n
b) (2n)!
c) 1/2n!
d) 2n!
Answer: b
Explanation: For n input bits the total number of possible substitution or connection patterns are (2n)!.
a) Substituted
b) Rearranged
c) Removed
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In permutation or transposition, the positions of the plaintext letters in the message are simply rearrang
ed.
www.aktutor.in
5. The substitution of the letters are done
a) Serially
b) Parallel way
c) Serially & Parallel way
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The substitution part of the encryption scheme is performed in parallel on small segment of the blocks.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: In stream encryption, random key-stream is used. The key sequence never repeats.
a) Synchronous
b) Self synchronous
c) Synchronous & Self synchronous
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In synchronous encryption system, the key-stream is generated independently of the message.
a) Confusion
b) Diffusion
c) Confusion & Diffusion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Synchronous cipher system is designed to use confusion and not diffusion.
10. Public key cryptosystem uses same key for both encryption and decryption.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Public key cryptosystem uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
a) pq
b) (p-1)(q-1)
c) (p+1)(q+1)
d) p/q
Answer: b
Explanation: The Euler’s totient function is determined by (p-1)(q-1), where p and q are kept hidden.
1. Protocol is a set of
a) Formats
b) Procedures
c) Formats & Procedures
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Protocol is a set of procedures and formats that entities use to communicate information.
a) Frame size
b) Channel capacity
c) Frame size & Channel capacity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The time to transmit frame is given by the ratio of frame size and channel capacity.
a) Bytes
b) Frames
c) Bytes & Frames
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Window gives the number of frames or bytes that can be in transit unacknowledged.
www.aktutor.in
4. Routing is
a) Static
b) Dynamic
c) Static & Dynamic
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Routing can be static and dynamic.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Routing is performed centrally and also in fully distributed way.
a) Echo
b) Time
c) Domain name server
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The protocols using UDP are echo, time, domain name server, network file system etc.
a) V series
b) X series
c) G series
d) Q series
Answer: c
Explanation: G series tells about level transmission, modulation and framing.
10. Which tells about signalling? www.aktutor.in
a) V series
b) X series
c) G series
d) Q series
Answer: d
Explanation: Q series tells about signalling.
a) Messages
b) Session key
c) Session key & Messages
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Public key cryptosystem is used for encryption of messages and private key cryptosystem is used for e
ncryption of messages.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Public key cryptosystem is used for the creation of digital signatures.
a) Triple-DES
b) CAST
c) IDEA
d) All of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: d
Explanation: Pretty good privacy security system offers three block ciphers for message encryption – Triple-DES, I
DEA and CAST.
a) IDEA
b) CAST
c) IDEA & CAST
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The block ciphers IDEA and CAST has key length of 128 bits where as Triple-DES has key size of 16
8 bits.
7. These three ciphers can operate of ______ of plaintext and cipher text.
a) 56 bits
b) 64 bits
c) 128 bits
d) 168 bits
Answer: a
Explanation: The key size of DES algorithm is 56 bits and with Triple-DES, the message to be encrypted is run on D
ES algorithm 3 times.
a) 1024-1056
b) 1024-4056
c) 1024-4096
d) 1024-2048
Answer: c
Explanation: Pretty good privacy security system allows 1024 to 4096 bits of key size.
www.aktutor.in
11. Which algorithm is used for public key encryption?
a) RSA
b) Diffie-Hellman
c) RSA & Diffie-Hellman
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The two algorithms used for public key encryption in PGP are RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms.
a) Public key
b) Private key
c) Public & Private key
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The recipient should first decrypt the message using private key and then with the public key.
a) Sender
b) Message
c) Sender & Message
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The digital signature provides authentication to both the sender and the message.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In hash function the output length is fixed and it is easy to compute.
a) Is collision free
b) Has manageable collision
c) Has high unmanageable level of collision
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Hash function is collision free and it is unfeasible that two different messages will create the same hash
value.
a) Thermal noise
b) Man made noise
c) Natural noise
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The sources for performance degradation are thermal noise, natural noise and man made noise.
a) Path loss
b) Free space loss
c) Path & Free space loss
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The received power expressed in terms of transmitted power is attenuated by a factor called path loss o
r free space loss.
a) Atmospheric changes
b) Physical changes
c) Thermal noise
d) Propagating effects
Answer: b
Explanation: Scintillation is used to describe fading caused by physical changes in the propagating medium.
a) Amplitude
b) Phase
c) Signal power
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: large scale fading refers to signal power attenuation or path loss due to motion in large area.
a) Amplitude
b) Phase
c) Amplitude & Phase
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Small scale fading refers to changes in amplitude and phase as a result of small changes in spatial posit
ioning between transmitter and receiver.
a) Signal dispersion
b) Time variant behavior
c) Signal dispersion & Time variant behavior
d) None of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: c
Explanation: Small scale fading manifests itself in two mechanisms- time spreading of the signal ( signal dispersion)
and time variant behavior of the channel.
a) Reference distance
b) Path loss exponent
c) Standard deviation of random variable
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The parameters used to statistically describe path loss due to large scale fading are reference distance,
path loss exponent and standard deviation of random variable.
a) Doppler shift
b) Time delay
c) Doppler shift & Time delay
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Small scale fading occurs due to time delay and frequency or Doppler shift.
9. What are the types of small scale fading that occurs due to Doppler shift?
a) Slow fading
b) Fast fading
c) Slow & Fast fading
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Slow fading and fast fading occurs due to Doppler or frequency shift.
a) Fingers
b) Returns
c) Fingers & Returns
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The received signal usually consists of several discrete multipath components causing multipath intensi
ty profile to exhibit multiple isolated peaks also called as fingers or returns.
a) Frequency selective
b) Time selective
c) Frequency non selective
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: When delay time is greater than symbol time, frequency selective fading occurs.
www.aktutor.in
3. If delay time is lesser than symbol time, ______ fading occurs.
4. When channel coherence bandwidth is greater than the transmitted signal bandwidth ______ occurs.
a) Time selective
b) Frequency selective
c) Frequency non selective
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Frequency non selective or flat fading occurs if channel coherence bandwidth is greater than the transm
itted signal bandwidth.
a) Coherence bandwidth
b) Signal dispersion
c) Coherence bandwidth & Signal dispersion
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Signal dispersion and coherence bandwidth characterizes the channel’s time spreading properties in a l
ocal area.
6. When channel coherence time is less than the time duration of a transmission symbol, then ______ fading occurs.
a) Fast
b) Slow
c) Time selective
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Fast fading occurs when the channel coherence time is less than the time duration of a transmission sy
mbol.
a) Shift time
b) Coherence time
c) Delay time
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Coherence time is the minimum time required for magnitude or phase change of the channel to become
uncorrelated from the previous value.
8. When a user’s moving, the user’s velocity causes shift in frequency. This is called as
a) Doppler shift
b) Frequency shift
c) Velocity shift www.aktutor.in
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: When a user’s moving, the user’s velocity causes shift in frequency of the transmitted signal along eac
h signal path. This is called as Doppler shift.
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Not dependent
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Coherence time is inversely proportional to Doppler spread.
a) Frequency domain
b) Time domain
c) Frequency & Time domain
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Block fading can occur in both frequency domain and time domain. This is called as doubly block fadi
ng.
11. If coherence bandwidth is smaller than the bandwidth of the signal, _____ fading occurs.
a) Flat
b) Frequency selective
c) Fast fading
d) Time selective
Answer: b
Explanation: Frequency selective fading occurs when coherence bandwidth is smaller than the bandwidth of the tran
smitted signal.
a) Error coding
b) Equalization
c) Adaptive bit loading
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Flat fading can be combated by means of error coding, equalization and adaptive bit loading.
a) OFDM
b) By using two receivers with separate antennas
c) By using diversity receiver
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The effect of Doppler shift can be removed by using diversity scheme such as orthogonal frequency di
vision multiplexing, by using two receivers with separate antennas or by using specially designed diversity receiver.
14. When transmitter and receiver moves towardswww.aktutor.in
each other, the magnitude of frequency shift is
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinity
Answer: a
Explanation: When transmitter and receiver moves towards each other, the magnitude of frequency shift is positive,
where as if it moves away from each other then it is negative.
15. If signalling rate is less than fading rate, _____ fading occurs.
a) Slow
b) Fast
c) Time selective
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A channel is said to be fast fading if symbol rate or signalling rate is less than fading rate.
16. Frequency tracking loop can minimize irreducible error rate by using
a) GMSK
b) DMSK
c) MSK
d) QAM
Answer: b
Explanation: Frequency tracking loop can minimize the irreducible error rate in a mobile system by using differentia
l minimum shift keying modulation.
a) Feedback
b) Maximal ratio
c) Equal gain
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The most common techniques used for combining diversity signals are selection, feedback, maximal ra
tio and equal gain.
a) Fading
b) Error bursts
c) Co-channel interference
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Diversity technique is a common method used for combating fading, co-channel interference and error
bursts.
a) Time diversity
b) Spatial diversity
c) Frequency diversity
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Most commonly used and more effective diversity technique is spatial diversity technique.
5. Diversity technique
a) Training mode
b) Tracking mode
c) Training & Tracking mode
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Adaptive equalizer operates on two modes – training mode and tracking mode.
a) Delay circuits
b) Correlators
c) Detectors
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A rake receiver uses multiple correlators to separately detect multiple strongest components.
a) Radio astronomy
b) CDMA
c) W-CDMA
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Rake receivers are used in radio astronomy, CDMA, W-CDMA, wireless LAN networks etc.
a) Equalizer
b) Matched filter
c) Equalizer & Matched filter
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
www.aktutor.in
Explanation: The functionality of rake receiver resembles that of the equalizer and matched filter.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Fading channel has memory and the received samples are correlated with each other in time.
a) By diversity technique
b) Error correcting codes
c) By diversity technique & Error correcting codes
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Slow fading can be minimized by using error correcting codes and also by using diversity technique to
get additional uncorrelated estimates of a signal.
a) Robust modulation
b) Coding and interleaving
c) Robust modulation, Coding and interleaving
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Fast fading can be minimized by using coding and interleaving, by using robust modulation and by intr
oducing signal redundancy to increase signalling rate.
a) Cancelling filter
b) Port processing equalizer www.aktutor.in
c) Cancelling filter & Port processing equalizer
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The known ISI which is introduced deliberately and the adjacent channel interference is removed by ca
ncelling filter and post processing equalizer.
a) Fast
b) Slow
c) Fast & Slow
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The inter-leaver is more effective in fast running vehicles.
8. Channel noise is
a) Additive
b) White and stationary
c) Has infinite bandwidth
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Channel noise is stationary, additive and white with infinite bandwidth.
a) Relevant noise
b) Non relevant noise
c) Relevant & Non relevant noise
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Only the relevant noise components play an important role in decision making. It does not depend on n
on relevant noise components.
a) Priors
b) Likelihoods
c) Priors & Likelihoods
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Decision making needs both priors and likelihoods and Bayes decision rule combines them to achieve
minimum probability of error.
a) Convolution
b) Correlation
c) Convolution & Correlation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In matched filter a known signal is correlated with an unknown signal. It is similar to convolving a unk
nown signal with time reversed version of it.
www.aktutor.in
12. Which needs more signal power?
a) BPSK
b) 16-QAM
c) BPSK & 16-QAM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: 16-QAM needs ten times more signal power than BPSK to attain the same probability of error.
a) BPSK
b) 16-QAM
c) BPSK & 16-QAM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: The rate of transmission of bits in 16-QAM is four times that of BPSK.
14. Symbol error probability can also be determined using upper bound.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Certain signals lacks symmetry in representation. For those signals symbol error probability can be det
ermined by using upper bound.
a) Simplex
b) Bi-orthogonal
c) Simplex & Bi-orthogonal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Simplex signals and bi-orthogonal signals are examples of equivalent signal sets.
a) Error
b) Mean square error
c) Variance
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the parameters calculated for an estimator are error, mean square error, variance, sampling de
viation etc. www.aktutor.in
1. Top layer is
a) Physical media
b) Application
c) Design
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Top layer is application where as bottom layer is physical media.
a) Error correction
b) A/D
c) D/A
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Entities also does A/D, D/A, encryption and error correction.
3. In channel, delay is
a) Fixed
b) Variable
c) Fixed & Variable
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In channel, delay can be either fixed or variable.
a) Point to point
b) 1 to many
c) Many to many
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Channel can provide connectivity between point to point, 1 to many and also many to many.
5. Embedding is a form of
a) Abstraction
b) Layering
c) Entity sharing
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Embedding is a form of layering.
6. Transmission media is
a) Acoustic
b) Guided
c) Optical www.aktutor.in
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Transmission media can be acoustic, electronic or optical form.
a) Analog
b) Digital
c) Analog & Digital
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In transmission media, the symbol type is generally analog signals.
a) Random
b) Systematic
c) Random or Systematic
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Noise can be random or systematic.
a) Frequency increases
b) Frequency decreases
c) Does not depend on frequency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The radiation loss increases as frequency increases.
a) Channel length
b) Transmission media
c) Signal frequencies
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Attenuation is a function of channel length, transmission media and signal frequencies.
a) Vector quantization
b) Scalar quantization
c) Vector & Scalar quantization
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Vector quantization will always equal or exceed the performance of scalar quantization.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The source output of PCM and DPCM and stationary in nature.
a) Greater than
b) Lesser than
c) Equal to
d) Does not depend on
Answer: c
Explanation: In poisson distribution, variance is nearly same or equal to mean of the distribution.
a) Different lines
b) Same lines
c) Different & Same lines
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Integrated services for digital domain integrates speech and data signals on the same lines.
2. ISDN is a
a) Voice
b) Data
c) Voice & Data
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Circuit switched connection can be provided for either voice or data.
a) Voice
b) Data
c) Voice & Data
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Packet switched connection can be provided only for data.
a) Bearer service
b) Teleservice
c) Secondary service
d) All of the mentioned www.aktutor.in
Answer: d
Explanation: The services provided by ISDN and classified by attributes are bearer service, teleservice and secondar
y service.
a) Definition
b) Allowable values
c) Definition & Allowable values
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: ISDN services are characterized by attributes and attributes have definition and allowable values.
a) n layer
b) n-1 layer
c) n+1 layer
d) none of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In layering n layer provides service to n+1 layer and use the service provided by n-1 layer.
2. Which can be used as an intermediate device in between transmitter entity and receiver entity?
a) IP router
b) Microwave router
c) Telephone switch
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: IP router, microwave router and telephone switch can be used as an intermediate device between comm
unication of two entities.
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Square wave
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Square wave has comparatively high frequency component in them.
a) Asynchronous
b) Synchronous
c) Asynchronous & Synchronous
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Synchronous has continuous transmission where as asynchronous have sporadic transmission.
5. Which requires bit transitions? www.aktutor.in
a) Asynchronous
b) Synchronous
c) Asynchronous & Synchronous
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Synchronous transmission needs bit transition.
a) 4 bits
b) 8 bits
c) 9 bits
d) 16 bits
Answer: c
Explanation: In synchronous transmission, receiver must stay synchronous for 9 bits.
a) Parity check
b) Cyclic redundancy check
c) Parity & Cyclic redundancy check
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Cyclic redundancy check is more efficient than parity check.
a) Parity check
b) Cyclic redundancy check
c) Parity & Cyclic redundancy check
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: CRC is more powerful and it can detect various kind of errors like 2 bit errors.
a) Multiplication
b) Binary division
c) Multiplication & Binary division
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: CRC uses more math like multiplication and binary division.
www.aktutor.in
********** Join:- https://t.me/AKTU_Notes_Books_Quantum **********
a) Error correction
b) Error detection
c) Error correction & detection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Error detection needs re-sending of data.
a) Error correction
b) Error detection
c) Error correction & detection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Error correction needs more check bits where as error detection needs less check bits.
a) Error correction
b) Error detection
c) Error correction & detection
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Error detection is less affected by noise.
a) Compression coding
b) Source coding
c) Cipher coding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Cipher coding is used to provide privacy for the information.
a) Storage
b) Handling
c) Time dilation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: Digital signals have ease of handing, storage and time dilation.
a) Block codes
b) Convolutional codes
c) Block & Convolutional codes
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Block codes and convolutional codes are examples of forward error correcting codes.
a) Block codes
b) Convolutional codes
c) Block & Convolutional codes
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Convolutional codes operates on a continuous stream of data.
a) Encoding
b) Decoding
c) Encoding & Decoding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In the case of block codes, decoding is a complex method.
a) Check sum
b) Cyclic redundancy check
c) Check sum & Cyclic redundancy check
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Cyclic redundancy check has better distances.
a) Sender
b) Receiver
c) Sender & Receiver
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: In symmetric key cryptosystem, both sender and receiver knows the same key.
3. ASCII code is a
a) Source coding
b) Channel coding
c) Source & Channel coding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Source coding reduces the size of the data and channel coding increases the size of the data.
a) Input image
b) Output image
c) Input & Output image
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: In digital image coding, output image must be smaller than the input image.
a) Lossless coding
b) Lossy coding
c) Lossless & Lossy coding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Lossy source coding uses entropy coding.
a) Lossless coding
b) Lossy coding
c) Lossless & Lossy coding
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Lossy coding achieves greater compression where as lossless coding achieves only moderate compressi
on.
a) Concave function
b) Convex function
c) Increasing function
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A rate distortion function is a monotone decreasing function and also a convex function.
1. Interpolation is done by
a) Curve fitting
b) Regression analysis
c) Curve fitting & Regression analysis
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Interpolating the value requires or is done by curve fitting and regression analysis.
a) Linear interpolation
b) Piecewise constant interpolation
c) Polynomial interpolation
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Some of the interpolation techniques are linear interpolation, piecewise constant interpolation, polyno
mial interpolation, spline interpolation etc.
4. Linear interpolation is
a) Easy
b) Precise
c) Easy & Precise
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Linear interpolation is quick and easy but not precise.
5. Error is equal to
a) Polynomial interpolation
b) Spline interpolation
c) Polynomial & Spline interpolation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Polynomial interpolation and spline interpolation produces smoother interpolants.
a) Polynomial interpolation
b) Linear interpolation
c) Polynomial & Linear interpolation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Polynomial interpolation is more expensive than linear interpolation.
a) Linear
b) Non linear
c) Not an interpolation process
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Gaussian process is a non linear interpolation process.
9. Interpolation means
a) Interrelating
b) Estimating
c) Integrating
d) Combining
Answer: b
Explanation: Interpolation is a method of estimating the value of the function.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Positive & Negative
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Self information is always non negative.
a) Bits
b) Bytes
c) Bits per symbol
d) Bytes per symbol
Answer: a
Explanation: The unit of average mutual information is bits.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: In binary Huffman coding the event with maximum probability has least number of bits.
a) Binary coding
b) Source coding
c) Bit coding
d) Cipher coding
Answer: b
Explanation: Source coding is the method of converting a word to stream of bits that is 0’s and 1’s.
7. When the base of the logarithm is 2, then the unit of measure of information is
a) Bits
b) Bytes
c) Nats
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: When the base of the logarithm is 2 then the unit of measure of information is bits.
a) 1
b) 0
c) Ln 2
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: b
Explanation: When X and Y are statistically independent the measure of information I (x,y) is 0.
a) 0
b) 1
c) Infinite
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: c
Explanation: The self information of a random variable is infinity.
a) 0
b) 1
c) Infinite
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: c
Explanation: Entropy of a random variable is also infinity.
13. Coded system are inherently capable of better transmission efficiency than the uncoded system.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, the coded systems are capable of better transmission efficiency than the uncoded system.
a) Encrypting signal
b) Hiding signal
c) Encrypting & Hiding signal
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Spread spectrum is used for hiding and encrypting signals.
a) Rounding
b) Truncation
c) Rounding & Truncation
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Rounding and truncation are examples of quantization process.
6. If the channel is noiseless information conveyed is ___ and if it is useless channel information conveyed is ___
a) 0,0
b) 1,1
c) 0,1
d) 1,0
Answer: d
Explanation: If the channel is noiseless information conveyed is 1 and if it is useless channel information conveyed i
s 0.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: The mutual information between a pair of events can be positive negative or zero.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The output of the source encoder is a sequence of binary digits. The conversion of source output to digi
tal form is done here in source encoder.
a) Random
b) Deterministic
c) Random & Deterministic
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The output of any information source is random.
10. When the base of the logarithm is e, the unit of measure of information is
www.aktutor.in
a) Bits
b) Bytes
c) Nats
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The unit of measure of information is determined based on the base of logarithm. If the base is e then t
he unit is nats( natural unit).
a) Increasing
b) Decreasing
c) Does not depend on
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: The signal to noise ratio can be increased by increasing the number of levels.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains same
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Prediction gain increases for better prediction.
4. Delta modulation is
a) 1 bit DPCM
b) 2 bit DPCM
c) 4 bit DPCM
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Delta modulation is also considered as 1 bit DPCM.
5. 1 bit quantizer is a
a) Hard limiter
b) Two level comparator
c) Hard limiter & Two level comparator
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c www.aktutor.in
Explanation: 1 bit quantizer is also called as two level comparator and also as hard limiter.
a) Delta modulation
b) PCM
c) DPCM
d) Adaptive delta modulation
Answer: d
Explanation: Step size if effectively maintained using adaptive delta modulation.
8. The low pass filter at the output end of delta modulator depends on
a) Step size
b) Quantization noise
c) Bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: The design of low pass filter at the output end of delta modulator depends on bandwidth.
9. In early late timing error detection method if the bit is constant, then the slope will be
a) Close to zero
b) Close to infinity
c) Close to origin
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: In early timing error detection method if the bit is constant and doesn’t change, then the slope will be cl
ose to zero.
10. The theoretical gain in zero crossing TED is greater than early late TED.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The theoretical gain in zero crossing timing error detection is twice more than that in the early late timi
ng error detection method.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not effect
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b www.aktutor.in
Explanation: Distortion can be reduced by using non uniform quantizer.
a) Audio coding
b) Video coding
c) Speech coding
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Vector quantization is widely used in speech coding for digital cellular systems.
a) Exponential
b) Uniform
c) Poisson
d) Gaussian
Answer: b
Explanation: The spectral density of white noise is uniform.
14. The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band noise is
a) Uniform
b) Gaussian
c) Rayleigh
d) Rician
Answer: b
Explanation: The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band noise is Gaussian function.
15. The type of noise that interferes much with high frequency transmission is
a) White
b) Flicker
c) Transit time
d) Shot
Answer: c
Explanation: The type of noise that interferes much with high frequency transmission is transit time.