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 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. X, No. X, 20XX, pp 1

Machine Learning Approach for Automatic

Irrigation System in Southern Jordan Valley
Anas H. Blasi1 Mohammad A. Abbadi2 Rufaydah Al-Huweimel3
Computer Information Systems Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
Department Mutah University Mutah University
Mutah University Al Karak, Jordan Al Karak, Jordan
Al Karak, Jordan

Abstract—The provision of water in the agriculture sector is
important and has a high priority because the agriculture sector
is the most water consuming sector, and due to the critical
situation of available water resources in the Hashemite Kingdom
of Jordan, attention should be paid to the issue of water needs of
plants and scheduling the appropriate irrigation in order to
spread the right ways in the management of modern irrigation
and effectively transfer to the farmers. This paper objectives are
improving the irrigation process to preserve the quality of plants
and prevent plants drying, and provide irrigation water to the
highest extent possible through using the artificial intelligence to
construct a smart irrigation system which control the irrigation
mechanism using the necessary programming for sensing the soil
moisture, temperature, giving alerts of any change in the
parameters entered as the baseline values for comparison, and
installing system sensors to measure the moisture content in the
soil, buried at a depth of 3-5 inches below the areas of roots
spread in green lands, The sensors works on measuring the
humidity and temperature in the soil every ten minutes, it
prevents automatic irrigation process if the humidity is high, and
permitted if the humidity is low. The smart automatic irrigation
system model was built using the decision tree (DT) algorithm,
which is one of the machine learning algorithms that trains the
system on part of collected data to build the model that will be
used to examine and predict the other part of the remaining data,
which led to obtaining a system that has an accuracy of 97.86%
in anticipating the results, which means that it may benefit in
providing a high percentage of irrigation water for the
agricultural sector.
Keywords-Irrigation; Agriculture; Artificial Intelligence; Sensor;
Machine Learning; Decision Tree Algorithm.
depends on rains, but for irrigated agriculture, it covers all the
needs of productive trees, vegetables and field crops also.
irrigated agriculture relies on water sources (from dams,
groundwater, etc.). The total water resources in the Jordan [4]
shows that the quantities of water in Jordan are somewhat low,
especially as agricultural land is scattered in the highest
temperatures’ places (Jordan valleys), which increases the
demand due to evaporation and weather factors. Water is
required for the basic growth of the plants, when there is no
enough water, the quality of the plants will decrease or the
plants will die, so we should look for an irrigation method that
suits our water supply and plant’s needs. Traditionally, the
first thing that comes to mind is drip irrigation. Drip irrigation
is a water-saving system that provides water by slowly
spraying water into the soil or plant root which contributes to
reducing the spread of herbs and reduces plant diseases and is
suitable for all soil types but relies on pipes which needs
regular maintenance manually to prevent clogging. Another
element that plays a major role in agriculture other than water
which is the soil. Soil is a fragile or fragmented surface layer
that covers the surface of the earth and consists of fragmented
rock materials that have been changed because of exposure to
environmental, biological and chemical factors [5].
The soil has several physical properties which mainly
affect the growth of the plant, these properties are [5]:
• Soil Strength: represents the aggregation or
arrangement of granules in the soil. The soil strength
is classified according to the following figure to four
types as shown in Figure 1 below:

I. INTRODUCTION
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan follows the climate of
the Mediterranean region. Rainfall from 50 mm per year in the
desert to about 580 mm in the northern highlands snow falls at
short intervals on most mountain highlands in the north,
central and south of the kingdom and are very heavy and
sometimes accumulated [1]. According to this climate
diversity in Jordan, agricultural areas and lands are widely
spread mainly in the Jordan Valley(Northern, Central and
Southern), the total areas of agricultural lands in Jordan in
2017 amounted to 1894324 dunums, 864549.3 dunums from
this area are irrigated agriculture against 102,977,7.7 dunums
rainfed agriculture which depends on rainwater [3], as we
note; the area of rainfed agriculture is larger, that it is because
these areas contains field crops since it is the most plants type
Fig. 1. Soil Strength Classification [5]

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 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
• Organic matter: contribute to the binding of granules in the
soil texture and increase the ability to retain water and good
soil contains 1-6% of the organic matter. Other properties
such as soil water content, soil color, soil air.
• Soil Texture: which is the percentage size of mineral grains
in the soil from sand, silt and clay and is considered as the
most important property of the soil.
All these characteristics are closely linked in the
agricultural process because of its direct effect on the plant, in
the previous Table II, we will describe the soil properties in
Gour Al-safi-AlKarak-Jordan [4] as an example of agricultural
area in this paper. Table I below shows that the soil type in
GourAlsafi is a loamy sand soil, which means that the soft,
coarse and medium grains are close and equal in this type of
soil. This helps make it better than sandy soil with water
retention rate and as a result of these homogeneous
proportions It helps to be medium water permeability,
characterized by moderate ventilation and good fertility rate
and is easier to deal with in terms of ease of cultivation and
productivity of crops.
Back to all the above narratives of the climate quality in
Jordan and weather conditions, which range from extreme of
TABLE I. GOUR ALASAFI SOIL PROPARITIES
Soil Layer Soil Sand Celt % Clay
Layers Depth (cm) Texture % %
Laye 0-20 Loamy 76.2 20.2 3.6
r1 Sand
Laye 20-46 Loamy 84.4 12.9 2.7
r2 Sand
Laye 46-87 Loamy 88.9 8.9 2.1
r3 Sand
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the
related work about the use of artificial intelligence
applications in agriculture and irrigation, section 3 describes
the research methodology followed to prepare the data
including data understanding, selecting, transforming, and
model building. Section 4describes the interpretation and
evaluation of the results. Finally, section 5 discusses the
conclusions and draws the future work.
II. RELATED WORK
For several years, there are many papers have been
published related to the use of artificial intelligence
applications in agriculture and irrigation, through the review
of many related papers, it has been noticed the absence of
Arab countries on the research in this field, since there is only
one Arab country that has recently started working on this,
which is the United Arab Emirates. The other papers belong to
the United States, India, and Malaysia, so this paper may be
considered as one of the first papers that looks at the field of
artificial intelligence in agriculture in Jordan and Arab
countries after the United Arab Emirates.
The authors in [6] presents a fully automated drip
irrigation system in India that monitored and controlled using
Raspberry Pi, which is a low cost, credit-card sized computer,
the idea comes from that the India economy mainly based on
agriculture and its climate diversity there. This system takes an
image for plant to check its height by making an image
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Vol. X, No. X, 20XX, pp 2
heat to extreme of cold and from extreme dryness to excessive
rainfall in addition to irregularity in distribution of rainfall
throughout the year, the amount of water in the region and the
quality of the soil , in addition to technical development in all
areas of our life, the idea came to our mind about applying
machine learning to help farmers in plants irrigation without
time and effort with providing irrigation water quantities and
maintain excellent plant production, by designing an irrigation
system model based on weather and soil type, since the
artificial way of supplying water to the agricultural land at the
right moment in an appropriate volume for the proper growth
of the plants in order to get the maximum yields of cultivation
Therefore, the aim of this paper is to create an intelligent
irrigation system that combines the advantages of traditional
way advantages (drip irrigation) with a pipe control
mechanism for giving the ideal amount of water for the plants,
which contributes to reduce the fungal diseases of the soil,
root rot, and reduce the use of chemical pesticides, which
results in a healthy green land free of diseases. An automatic
irrigation system is responsible to water the plant efficiently
and also providing a system that can reduce the amount of
manpower needed for watering plant in addition saves
irrigation water.
SAT % WP% Field KSAT(m Salinity
Capacity % m/hr.) (MS/cm)
27.8 2.7 6.5 27.6 9.3
29.0 2.1 4.3 42.7 2.7
30.0 1.9 2.8 65.6 1.8
processing, since if the plant height is short; spread a fertilizer
on it, if there is no need to fertilization, check the temperature
and soil moisture, if they less than the set point open the water
motor on plants. all orders about irrigation controlled by
farmers since the sensor reads the moisture and temperature in
the soil, assesses the plants need for water, and then sends a
short message to the farmer to enter the commands and
observations in terms of the amount of water and how long it
wants (the possibility of remote control and observation). the
algorithm used is fuzzy logic irrigation algorithm to water the
grass and trees based on a set of rules.
According to the paper [7], the idea of the paper was
designing an automated irrigation system based on scheduling
irrigation to be twice a day and scheduling the fertilization
process to be three times a week. irrigation depends on the soil
moisture using special sensor to return the level of soil
moisture and the system will start automatically when the low
level of moisture, the system will automatically stop when it
reached the suitable level of moisture. In addition to do
fertigation process by inject fertilizers through pipes of system
three times a week by using a water pump which supplies the
mixed fertilizer with water to the plants until the desired
amount of fertilizer is reached. The authors applied the
Bernoulli’s theorem in order to find the pressure of the water
supply, the flow rate of water supply and the water losses. The
system has microcontroller as a brain to convert and
 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
manipulate the data obtained from soil moisture sensor to get
the actual value of humidity. The control unit will instruct the
pump to start working based on the data obtained and the
pump will stop working also based on the data obtained by the
microcontroller. In fact, this way served the small home
gardens.
The other paper [8], concerned about the role of artificial
intelligence in improving the agriculture sector and how to fill
the various agricultures using artificial intelligence and how to
deal with huge amount of data which obtained on a daily time
such as soil reports, plant needs for fertilizer and the use of
robots in improving crop harvesting. The author also focused
on the use of image-based insight generation to conduct a
complete field analysis of agricultural land by combining
between computer vision technology, the Internet of Things
(IoT) and drone data to monitor crops and fields, and using all
of these combinations in disease detection, Field management,
Identify the readiness of the crop, Identification of optimal
mix for agronomic products, Crop health monitoring,
Automation techniques in irrigation and enabling farmers by
using AI to train machines based on historical weather
pattern, soil quality and kind of crops to be grown, can
automate irrigation then conserve water and benefit farmers in
managing their water probs.
In this paper, India was taken as an example about AI
agricultural state, because at present in India, in the state of
Andhra Pradesh, Microsoft Corporation is working with
farmers rendering farm advisory services using Cortana
Intelligence Suite including Machine Learning and Power BI,
it enables in transforming the data into Intelligent Actions. At
the end, the authors talk about challenges in AI adoption in
agriculture like the farming industry is still not having
sufficient service, remains to be underserved, in addition to
extortionate cost of the various cognitive solutions for farming
readily available in the market.
In some agricultural lands, the soil's water needs may vary
from one area to another, although it is the agricultural land
itself, but there are areas where the roots are more common
than others, which affects their moisture. For example, In the
following Figure 2, red color areas need more water than
colored blue, when irrigated these areas should be irrigated
according to their variable characteristics, here is called
Variable rate irrigation (VRI), and if we want to look at the
areas surrounding the circle but outside of it, what is
characteristics?
Fig. 2. Spatial variability of irrigation water needs [8]
According to the other paper [9], authors were tackled this
problem by categorizing these areas and everything that
applies to “almost” or “about” and "near" all what we consider
ambiguous in the agriculture sector in general, and the rate of
irrigation in particular, considerate the type of soil, the type of
crops, place and time, irrigation method and fuzzy logic. All
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these factors are integrated with GIS for decision-making in
the irrigation process thus obtaining an intelligent irrigation
system called fuzzy inference system. A mysterious intelligent
deduction system based on accurate irrigation knowledge,
capable of creating guidance maps to control the speed of
rotation of the irrigation central axis whose inputs are images
processed based on soil characteristics and precise quantities
of irrigation using mathematical equations to process
ambiguous data.
Authors in [10] were discussed the groundwater, its
characteristics and its suitability for irrigating crops through an
experiment in the Nanded area /Maharashtra state-India,
indicating the characteristics of this area in terms of climate,
rainfall and soil quality. An artificial neural network/back
propagation algorithm was used to study the concentration of
salts and minerals in it, physical and chemical analysis and
design of the optimal model to predict the validity of
groundwater for irrigation. Fifty representative groundwater
samples were collected from different locations in rural and
agricultural areas. the used model consists of thirteen input
neurons (salts and minerals), seven hidden neurons and five
output variables to calculate the suitability of groundwater for
irrigation in the study area. The result is the spatial distribution
map represented high accuracy of measured and predicted
values. Hence, the proposed ANN model is applicable to
measure the ground water suitability for irrigation in easier
way. This model can be considered by local development
authorities for better management of groundwater resources as
shown in Figure 3. below:
Fig. 3. Optimized ANN model to predict the ground water suitability for
irrigation [10]
In the [11] paper, the authors (in Iraq- Mosul city /engineering
technical college-Mosul garden) present a proposal for a
photoelectric irrigation system based on a sensor buried in the
root zone that transmits soil readings to the Arduino board
where the water pump is controlled to be switched ON or OFF
based on sunlight. This system aims to provide water because
irrigation is done automatically according to the level of soil
moisture, as well as save in electrical energy as the pumps are
powered by solar energy through the use of solar cells to
operate them and thus compatible with remote areas where
there is no electricity grid.
[12] This paper aims to build an automatic irrigation system in
Indonesia that depends on a programmed chip that controls the
launch of water sprinklers to irrigate crops based on the soil
moisture property, whether it is dry or not, these sprinklers
 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
work on electrical energy, this system works using many
sensors and boards that deal With Arduino technologies and
screen to display and trace the system outputs, this system is
an extraction from previous research studies in the same field.
This project [13] proposes to use photovoltaics to produce
electrical energy that is used as a system source. The humidity
sensor detects the moisture level in the soil and sends the
information to the Arduino controller which in turn sends the
ultrasonic sensor to detect the water level in the tank,
depending on the water level, Arduino controls the water flow
through the valves, the liquid crystal display (LCD) displays
information about Soil moisture content and water level, so
that information can be conveyed to the end user as short
messages through the GSS module supplied with Arduino,
when the humidity level reaches the maximum limit the
engine stops. Likewise, when the humidity level reaches the
minimum level the engine starts.
Through the previous review of the published papers
related to the use of artificial intelligence in the field of
agriculture, we note that the potential of machine learning
techniques in this field is multiple and tremendously
contribute in the agriculture development and improving the
quality of the crops, as it showed that the field is very active
and that promising new solutions are being developed
continuously to meet the challenges facing farmers and
affecting the economy of countries depends on agriculture.
Finally, there have been very limited efforts in Arab countries
to use machine learning approaches in agriculture. This work
comes as a beginning.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
There are many methodologies dealing with data mining
that can be applied to projects related to modern data science.
One of the most common of these is the Knowledge Discovery
in Database (KDD) method, which has been adopted as a
methodology for working on this paper.
Fig. 4. Knowledge Database Discovery (KDD) Processes[14]
As shown in Figuge 4. KDD is the process of discovering
useful knowledge from a set of data[14], through a set of
steps until reaching the results and evaluation as follows:
A. Data Collection
The data used in this paper are real data obtained from the
Directorate of Agriculture of the Southern Jordan Valley/
Department of Agricultural Extension [4], also the National
Center for Agricultural Research and Extension/ Soil Survey
Project [5], in addition to data about the weather from Taqs
Al-Arab website and the Department of Meteorology [1]. Data
were compiled as a table in a CSV file contains 1498 records
and 15 attributes such as: Plant name which is showing the
common name of the plants in agricultural areas, Type of plant
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which is showing the class to which the plant belongs (fruits,
leaves, roots ... etc.), Protected/ exposed which is indicating
the nature of the environment in which the plant is grown, if it
is in greenhouses or exposed, Land area (dunums) which is the
area covered by plants, Soil type which describes the nature of
the soil to see its ability to retain water and moisture, Month
which is the planting season, Temperature, Morning weather
humidity which is the degree of humidity in the early morning,
The midnight humidity which is the degree of humidity in the
late afternoon, The noon weather humidity which is the degree
of humidity in the afternoon, Soil moisture which is the degree
of moisture in the soil of agricultural lands, Soil salinity which
is the percentage of salts in agricultural lands, Evaporation
transpiration (m3 / donum / month) which is the amount of
water that one dunum of agricultural land loses in a month as a
result of its evaporation, Average daily water consumption
(mm) which is the amount of water a plant needs to reach the
degree of hydration.
B. Data Selection and Preparation
From the previously collected data, a target data set has
created, by selecting a subset of variables (Soil Humidity, Soil
Type, Soil Salinity, and Temperature) because it's directly
affects the irrigation process, the selected data was processed,
analyzed and correlated using Python programming language.
data preprocessing done for the collected dataset from
numerical to categorical data, since this model built using the
Decision Tree algorithm (DT), “which is a very simple,
understandable, easy to implement and also give a high
accurate result. It is widely known and used in many
businesses to support decision making process and risk
analysis” [15,16]. And this algorithm worked only on
categorical data type.
C. Decsion Tree Algorithm
Data mining means extracting useful information from a
large data set which is in its natural state useless for anything
only after making some preprocessing to obtain meaningful
information, thus acquiring knowledge and patterns. In that
sense, Data Mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery
(KD) or Knowledge Extraction (KE). One of the main
purposes of Data Mining is the information gathered from
Data Mining helps to predict hidden patterns, future trends and
behaviors and allowing businesses to take decisions. And it is
also can be applied to any type of data e.g., Data Warehouses,
Transactional Databases, Relational Databases, Multimedia
Databases, Spatial Databases, Time-series Databases, World
Wide Web. In the process of data mining, large data sets are
first sorted, then patterns are identified, and relationships are
established to perform data analysis and solve problems, this
called Data Classification which is the process of finding a
model that describes and distinguishes data classes and
concepts. Classification is the problem of identifying to which
of a set of categories (subpopulations), a new observation
belongs to, on the basis of a training set of data containing
observations and whose categories membership is known, it is
a process of splitting data set into two groups: first is the
training dataset: 67% from the data used to train the machine
 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
classifier for result prediction, then create a general
classification model using Decision Tree Algorithm to build a
classifier by making the model learn using the training set
available. The model has to be trained for the prediction of
accurate results. Second is testing dataset: 33% from the data
which entered on the model for testing based on training
result. here, the constructed model used to predict class labels
and hence estimate the accuracy of the classification rules.
After dividing the data into the previous groups, the
training process begins by measuring the temperature and
degree of soil moisture through burial sensors buried at a
depth of 3-5 inches below the areas of roots spread in green
lands, in addition to soil salinity feature, giving alerts of any
change in the parameters entered as the baseline values for
comparison, The sensors works on measuring the humidity
and temperature in the soil every 10 minutes, it prevents
automatic irrigation process if the humidity is high, and
permitted if the humidity is low. in testing phase, the testing
data set entered as inputs for the designed model then compare
the results between the assumption and the result predicted by
the model. Python programming language is considered the
most suitable and has been used in this paper because it is
designed to be extendable with compiler code for proficiency,
also many tools are available to facilitate Python integration
and software code. However, the prediction model will be
built using sklearn with some important libraries and methods
such as accuracy_score, train_test_split,
DecisionTreeClassifier and panads.
IV. RESULTS EVALUATION
It is useful to control water consumption, especially in
agriculture sector, since it is the most sector using the water
resources on the earth, also this may affect the quality of
production of fruits or vegetables as controlling the amount of
water reduces fungi and plant diseases and thus increases
profits. In this paper, an automatic irrigation system has been
designed for agriculture working by measuring soil moisture
and temperatures, in addition to some characteristics affecting
the irrigation process such as soil quality and salinity, using
this system the farmer can follow the crops and monitor them
without the need for manpower, with saving the time and the
cost required for the irrigation process is that the smart
irrigation system is economically feasible and somewhat
inexpensive, in addition to the high accuracy that the system
provides. A confusion matrix is often used to describe the
performance of a classification model on a set of test data for
which the true values are known. The confusion matrix itself
is relatively simple to understand. The following Table II
shows the system confusion Matrix which is an evaluation
method for the decision tree model results as follows:
TABLE II. CONFUSION MATRIX
N=1497 Predicted “NO” Predicted “YES”
Actual “NO” 240 6
Actual “YES” 26 1225
From the above Table II, we note that the number of
predictions which is predicted as positive and are actually
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positive (True Positive TP) equals (1225) versus only (26)
predictions that predicted as negative and are actually positive
(False Positive FP), and the number of predictions which is
predicted as negative and are actually negative (True Negative
TN) equals (240) versus only (26) predictions that predicted as
positive and they are actually negative (False Negative FN),
this shows that how this system is accurate in being able to
predict the needs of plants irrigation based on the readings
provided by the sensors in proportion up to 98%. The
following Table III. also shows the classification and
evaluation report for irrigation system:
TABLE III. STRATIFIED CROSS-VALIDATION
Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score MSE
0.0 0.98 0.9 0.98 0.94
0.0213
1.0 0.98 1.0 0.98 0.99
The above classification report displays the accuracy,
precision, recall, F1 scores, MSE, AVG for the model. In
order to support easier interpretation and problem detection,
the metrics are defined in terms of TP, FP, TN and FN
predictions. Using this terminology, the metrics are defined as
follows [17,18,19]:
• Precision is the ability of a classifier not to label an instance
positive that is actually negative. For each class it is defined
as the ratio of TP to the sum of TP and FP. Said another
way: “for all instances classified positive, what percent was
correct?”, the irrigation system model get a high precision
equal to 0.90.
• Recall is the ability of a classifier to find all positive
instances. For each class it is defined as the ratio of TP to
the sum of TP and FN. This model gets 0.98 recall.
• The F1 score is a weighted harmonic mean of precision and
recall such that the best score is 1.0 and the worst is 0.0.
Generally speaking, F1 scores are lower than accuracy
measures as they embed precision and recall into their
computation. As a rule of thumb, the weighted average of
F1 should be used to compare classifier models, not global
accuracy.
• Mean square error measures the average squared difference
between the estimated values and true value. It is a risk
function, corresponding to the expected value of the
squared error loss, always nonnegative, values close to zero
are better like the MSE for irrigation system model which is
equal to 0.0213.
• Accuracy: the most commonly used metric to judge a
model which is the sum of TP with TN divided on the sum
of all classes (TP, TN, FP, FN), this model gets a high
accuracy which equals to 0.98.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The provision of water in the agriculture sector is
important and has a high priority because the agriculture
sector is the most water consuming sector, and due to the
critical situation of available water resources in the Hashemite
 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Kingdom of Jordan, attention should be paid to the issue of
water needs of plants and scheduling the appropriate irrigation
in order to spread the right ways in the management of modern
irrigation and effectively transfer to the farmers.
In this paper, covered the most prominent areas where
agricultural lands are spread in the Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan are the southern Jordan Valley and collected the
needed data to design a model for the irrigation process based
on soil properties and temperatures, and this system helps in
providing the quantities of water needed for irrigation and
improving productivity, but there are other agricultural regions
in Jordan that have different characteristics from the southern
Jordan Valley, especially in temperature, so we may not be
able to generalize the results of this model to all regions, so it
is good to improve this model in the next stages to apply this
model for all agricultural regions in Jordan according to its
specifications, develop this model to include scheduling the
fertilization process for agricultural lands, develop this model
to heat the pipes to solve the problem of frost and freezing in
the winter to raise temperatures, which helps in keeping the
plant from withering and shrinking, and using irrigation pipes
to improve soil aeration and inject them with organic materials
needed to improve agricultural production combining the
automatic irrigation system with image processing through a
set of cameras to monitor plant growth in terms of size and
disease detection. In future work, a different data set will be
applied from different regions of The Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan. In addition to use other machine learning algorithms
such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) [20, 21], fuzzy
logic [22], k-NN algorithm [23], and other data mining
techniques [24, 25] then compare the results with DT results.
REFERENCE
[1] Taqs Al-Arab and the Department of Meteorology
https://www.arabiaweather.com/
[2] Dr. Anas Blasi Al Refae / Faculty of Information Technology-Mutah
University/ Advanced Artificial Intelligence course slides. Geeks for
Geeks: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
[3] Ministry of Agriculture-Directorate of Agriculture of the Southern
Jordan Valley - Department of Agricultural Extension - Gour Al-
Safi/Al-Karak
[4] The National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension / Soil
Survey Project -Gour Al-Safi/Al-Karak
[5] Raymond R Weil ,Nyle C Brady ,"The Nature and Properties of Soils.
15th edition", 2002
[6] Suprabha Jadhav, Shailesh Hambarde,"Android based Automated
Irrigation System using Raspberry Pi", International Journal of Science
and Research (IJSR): Vol 5 Issue 6 pID: NOV164836,India, June 2016.
[7] A.I.Norazizan,M.A.E.Muzni, M.L.H.Ramsaid, M.Z.Ismail,
M.A.D.Mazalan,"DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR PLANTING ( PART 1 ) " , Technical
Report- Research Gate, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4088.1529, Malaysia,30
May 2016.
[8] V. Dharmaraj and C. Vijayanand,"Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
Agriculture", International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Sciences,Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 2122-2128 , December 2018.
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