ARMA 21– A–1794

S-wave birefringence variations from stress, pore pressure?

Charles Naville1, Nicolas Cuenot2, Akis Tselentis3, Kazem Kazemi4, Sylvain Serbutoviez1
and Josette Bruneau1
1
IFPEN-Institut Français du Pétrole-Energie Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, FRANCE
2
ES-G –Electricité Strasbourg-Geothermie, Haguenau, FRANCE
3
NKUA, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, GREECE
4
PPZG- Pars Petro Zagros Geophysics Engineering & Services Co., Tehran, IRAN

Copyright 2021 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 55th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium held in Houston, Texas, USA, 20-23 June
2021. This paper was selected for presentation at the symposium by an ARMA Technical Program Committee based on a technical and critical
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ABSTRACT: François Henri Cornet (FHC), doggedly looked for experimental evidence of S-wave birefringence variations
versus pore pressure over potentially anisotropic depth intervals in several scientific boreholes, facing unexpected difficulties, and
showing no obvious induced S-birefringence seismic effects: in the deep geothermal well GPK-1 drilled in Soultz, eastern France,
FHC operated an S-wave VSP campaign in 1993. No significant S-wave splitting effect could be evidenced due to unexpected
velocity heterogeneities within the granitic basement rock mass. In the Aigion-10 well drilled through a normal, extension fault
on the southern border of the Corinth gulf, Greece, a significant S-wave birefringence effect was observed in the deep footwall
from dipole sonic processed results, where the fast S-wave direction fits with the fault strike, while the hanging wall, in the same
limestone formation, above the fault surface, is isotropic. It is noteworthy that the large volumes of dipole sonic data recorded by
the oil & gas industry are not fully exploited at processing stage. We revisit the two geophysical acquisitions in GPK-1 and
Aigion-10 wells that Francois initiated with the aim of observing S-wave splitting and their relationship geomechanical
properties".
The scientific Aigion-10 well was drilled through the
1. INTRODUCTION
normal W-E Aigion fault, located on the south rim of the
In the aim of investigating relationships between stress, Corinth gulf, Greece, with the financial support of the
fluid flow, pore pressure, fractures, François Henri European Commission, (CRL-Corinth Rift Laboratory,
Cornet (FHC), looked for experimental evidence of S- EC projects DGLAB and 3F-Corinth, 2000). Since an
wave birefringence variations versus pore pressure in M6 earthquake occurred along its fault surface around
the deep open hole intervals of two scientific near 1986, drilling the Aigion well presented an opportunity
vertical boreholes. to observe the ensuing geologic “fault healing” process
In the deep geothermal well GPK-1 drilled into the (Tselentis, 1986, Cornet et al., 2004; Moretti, 2002a,b).
granite basement of Soultz located in the extensive FHC and his partners conducted many experiments in
Rhine river graben, FHC planned and operated a heavy this well, including running a dipole sonic tool oriented
S-wave VSP campaign in 1993, for monitoring any with a magnetometer in the deep open hole section of the
possible change in the direct S-wave arrivals recorded well, across the Aigion fault, in order to observe S-
before and after a massive water injection into the birefringence variations generated by increasing the
natural permeable fractures crossed by the borehole. borehole pressure in the deep footwall section of the
fault, from a repeated dipole sonic run.
The GPK-1 VSP was recorded in a single run with two
horizontal vibrators located in orthogonal directions, and In contrast to academic case studies, large volumes of
a vertical vibrator at offset distance from wellhead to 3C surface seismic, 3C VSP and dipole sonic data
derive the VSP tool orientation. Complications arose recorded by the oil & gas industry are not fully
during the orientation of the horizontal VSP signal investigated in relationship with geological and other
components at preprocessing stage, due to unexpected borehole information in order to fully benefit from the S-
interferences of direct P-wave multipath arrivals. As a wave birefringence occurrences. For instance, the S-
result, no significant sign of S-wave birefringence could wave attributes of attenuation are still neglected when
be observed right after hydraulic injection, from the processing standard monopole and dipole sonic datasets,
repeated S-wave VSP measurements. which could provide valuable information about the
presence of open fractures crossed by a borehole.
2. HORIZONTAL VIBRATOR S-WAVE VSP’S IN
SOULTZ GRANITE BASEMENT.
In the deep geothermal well GPK-1 drilled into the
granite basement of Soultz located in the extensive
Rhine river graben, FHC planned and operated an S-
wave VSP campaign in 1993, for monitoring any
possible change in the direct S-wave arrivals recorded
before and after a massive water injection into the
natural permeable fractures crossed by the borehole
around 3490m, where temperature about 160°C. The
VSP was recorded in a SINGLE RUN with two
horizontal vibrators located in orthogonal directions, and
a vertical vibrator located at sufficient offset distance
from the wellhead to derive the VSP tool orientation. A
second vertical vibrator was activated at zero-offset in Fig. 2 Result of 3C VSP orientation of Zero-offset VSP
the same run. The VSP tool was a single level analog 3 (ZVSP) using the orientation azimuth angles from C3-run1
Component slim Geolock-S VSP tool built and operated OVSP. Inaccurate orientation in the deep section (blue box).
by CGG, offering good characteristics of mechanical
coupling to the borehole wall. The field acquisition
operations went on quite well.

Complications arose during the phase of orientation of

the horizontal VSP signal components, at preprocessing
stage. Orienting the horizontal components of VSP data
by maximizing the energy of a P-wave direct arrival
emitted by an Offset VSP source is a classical procedure
used for VSP surveys (Disiena et al, 1981), commonly
applied in the industry, and partially replacing a
gyroscope or a magnetometer/inclinometer tool
combined to the VSP tool, in order to avoid substantial
extra measurement costs for the tool orientation.
Figure 1 shows the resulting oriented 3C data as a true
amplitude 3C display, from offset vibrator position C3-
Run1. One can clearly observe signs of interference on Fig. 3 Result of 3C VSP rotation of EW Horizontal vibrator
Zero-offset VSP (A2 run1) using the azimuth angles computed
the P-wave direct arrival, Z component, near well from C3-run1 OVSP. The incorrect orientation in the deep
bottom. The interference is NOT due to any change of section (blue box) is flagrantly apparent on direct S arrival.
source signals successively emitted by the vibrator.

Fig. 4 Result of 3C VSP remedied orientation of EW

Fig. 1 Result of 3C VSP orientation by maximization of P-
Horizontal vibrator Zero-offset VSP (A2 run1) using the
wave polarisation on horizontal components. True amplitude
property of coherency of S-wave particle motion during the
3C display. Inaccurate orientation at well bottom ( blue box ).
propagation along a ray in a semi-homogeneous medium.
On above figure 2, the ill (inaccurate) orientation of
horizontal components in the deep section (blue box) is
less apparent on direct P arrival. However, Figure 3
shows obvious orientation discrepancy on the direct S-
direct arrival for the bottom 7 depth levels, on the same
VSP tool positions, after applying the same rotations as
on previous figures 1 and 2.
As a result, the Soultz 1993 could not be processed and
was considered a failed experiment for about 10 years, in
spite of the good quality of the downhole VSP data.
Obviously, the orientation hypothesis by polarization
maximization of the direct P-arrival (Disiena et al, 1981)
is violated: this method is based on the idea that there is
a UNIQUE seismic ray propagated in the vertical plane
containing the source and the downhole receiver, for
instance in a layered sedimentary medium with a dip in
the same plane. As an extra implicit hypothesis, the
downgoing direct P-wave VSP signal is supposed to be
stationary. Then the linear direct P-wave polarization
points towards the surface seismic source in such
medium, a property which can be used for the
orientation of horizontal VSP components.
In order to remedy the main azimuthal orientation
discrepancies observed on the 1993 Soultz VSP’s,
IFPEN geophysicists J. Bruneau and C. Naville
successfully applied a method of last resort based on the
physical principle of S-wave particle motion coherency
versus depth during the propagation along a ray in a
homogeneous medium, as described in Naville 2012,
and as successfully applied by Kazemi, 2009 during his
Ph-D thesis. The result of this 3C VSP signal orientation
process is shown in above figure 4: the horizontal
components look definitely more correctly oriented after
applying the jittered azimuthal rotation angle
corrections, however the weak interference related to
multipath propagation observed on the P-wave VSP
shown on figure 2 is still present on the S-VSP of figure
4; therefore no drastic signs of azimuthal birefringence
anisotropy is apparent; higher frequencies of S-wave
emission would have been desirable.
Interested readers can further examine many more
figures from the Soultz 1993 VSP campaign data from
the open access IFPEN website ( Naville, 2018)
On the interpretation side, the interferences of direct P-
wave multipath arrivals observed in the deep granite
basement of Soultz reveal the presence of tilted-faulted
blocks constitutive of the granite basement, with
possibly slightly different Vp velocities. This infers that
direct S-waves are also subjected to multipath
propagation through adjacent faulted blocks, with
slightly different Vs velocities.
The top basement in Soultz can be altered in the first
place, and exhibits a highly rugged surface with many
faults of substantial vertical throw, as shown on the 3D
surface seismic images by Salaun et al., 2020.
The GPK-1 borehole is actually located on top of a
basement horst. Unredeemable VSP signal instabilities
appear associated with different block depth intervals,
preventing fine S-wave birefringence detection.
The depolarization of linear S-wave emitted by
horizontal vibrators is expressed on figures 3 and 4 by
the highly elliptical direct S-wave particle motion
observed evidencing “out of phase" S-wave signal on
the two horizontal components, after propagation
through the faulted sedimentary overburden, and through
the rugged, weathered top basement shallow zone, likely
to be heterogeneous.
No major S-wave attenuation occurred right after
massive hydraulic injection, as observed on the S-wave
repeated VSP measurements ( figure not produced).
Last, and unfortunately, no significant birefringence
effect could be evidenced on the S-wave direct arrival of
the 1993 Soultz VSP data; however the unexpected
observed multipath propagation effects denote the
presence of underground inhomogeneous structure of
faulted-tilted blocks with probable slight seismic
velocity differences, at least immediately below the top
basement rugged unconformity.
3. DIPOLE SONIC MEASUREMENTS
THROUGH THE AIGION FAULT.
Drilling the Aigion Aig-10 well was decided by F.H.
Cornet (2004) and his seismologist colleagues because
the whole Corinth Gulf is the most active seismic area in
Europe ( Tselentis, 1986), and drilling through an active
fault presented much scientific interest, not only for
seismologists, but also to the oil & gas geoscientists
studying fracture reservoirs and faulted geological
structures. A pre-drill reflection 2D surface seismic
survey was recorded in the Aigion city area in February
2001, exhibiting very poor results (Naville et al, 2004).
Shallow seismic refractions and rock mechanics
considerations about the expected Aigion fault surface
dip allowed to better define the well location.
In 2002, after drilling, a 6 source position VSP survey
was successfully carried out, using a four-component
VSP tool (3C geophones plus hydrophone) and the two
powerful vibrators from Patras University, located in
different surface positions for each of the 3 runs. The 3C
geophone VSP data could be oriented with success; no
S-wave study was envisaged. The fine understanding of
underground seismic propagation in the immediate
Aigion fault vicinity has been investigated with the help
of 2D elastic modeling, as illustrated by Amri (2006),
and later by Place et al. (2007)
The wireline logging measurements included a DSI*
dipole sonic tool oriented with a magnetometer, and the
same dipole sonic log was repeated with increased fluid
pressure in the borehole, in order to investigate any
variation of the sonic S-wave response ( 2-6kHz).
A significant S-wave birefringence effect is observed in
the deep footwall, while the hanging wall, in the same
limestone formation, above the Aigion fault surface, is
isotropic. The fast S-wave azimuth in the footwall fits
with the Aigion fault strike, nearly W-E; nevertheless,
the link between bedding, open and sealed fractures,
expected W-E compression stress regime and S-wave
birefringence and dispersion curves remains complex, as
expressed and discussed by Prioul et al., 2004.
*Mark of Schlumberger.
attenuation of flexural S-wave is present are underlined
with a thick black vertical line. In the Aigion fault gouge
(760-770m), the S-wave transmission is nearly extinct!
For the depth levels 790, 806, 811 and 850m MD, the
principal slow-S waveform (blue) amplitude is about
twice smaller than the principal fast-S amplitude
(red). An enlargement of these waveforms is produced
on figure 6. It would be interesting to confront the
additional attribute of differential S-wave attenuation
with the borehole images of fractures and permeability
indications.

In addition to the S-wave splitting results shown on

Figures 5 and 6, (adapted from Fig.1 in Prioul et al.,
2004), the S-slow and S-fast principal wave modes
remarkably exhibit different attenuation where S-wave
velocity anisotropy is present.

Fig. 6. Enlargement from Figure 5, Dipole sonic results,

waveforms in eigen S-wave directions showing differential Qs

Fig. 5. Dipole sonic logs for the AIG 10 well for depth
interval 730-855m (copied from Fig.1 of Prioul et al., 2004)

On Figure 5, the green shaded area in the first depth

track denotes differences between the maximum and
minimum energies in the cross-component. The second
track contains gamma ray (green line), average borehole
diameter (yellow line), and the sensor azimuth (blue
line). The next three tracks show, respectively, the fast-S
direction with uncertainty, the slowness logs (Stoneley,
compressional, fast-S and slow-S), and the rotated
waveforms with the processing window used to obtain Fig. 7. P-Tube conversion on hydrophone sensor of VSP#3
the shear slowness. The depth levels where high dataset where the open hole intersects a permeable fracture.
The casing shoe is located at 708m.
Actually, a permeable fracture was encountered at 744m,
where a mud loss occurred during the drilling operation.
The high permeability of this fracture was confirmed by
a strong P-Tube converted arrival on the hydrophone
sensor of the 4C VSP data, as illustrated on Fig.7,
adapted from Naville, 2004. The 744m open fracture is
located within the isotropic interval above the Aigion
fault, in the open hole section below the casing shoe
(708m); this fracture is possibly marked by a specific S-
wave response on a detailed dipole sonic display
4. S-WAVE BIREFRINGENCE IN DIPOLE
SONIC, SURFACE SEISMIC, EARTHQUAKE
STUDIES.
It is noteworthy that the large volumes of dipole sonic
data recorded by the oil & gas industry are not fully
exploited at processing stage. The computed S-wave
birefringence attributes routinely exhibit the azimuth of
fast and slow S-wave and their velocity, BUT their
respective attenuation and their differential attenuations
are still neglected as a potential indicator of open
fracture permeability. In fact, the S-wave splitting
detection routines used by the dipole sonic industry
consider mainly the source to receiver array interval,
about 3 meters.
Alternative S-wave birefringence detection algorithms
have been designed by the industry in order to compute
the anisotropy detection over the nearly 1m short
receiver array of the dipole sonic tool, which drastically
improves the vertical resolution of dipole sonic S-wave
splitting results and potential open fracture detection.
Initial birefringence results were obtained in 1991 from
the MM-1 scientific cored well drilled by BRGM in SE
France, using an azimuthal scan of the STC sonic
velocity measurement, a detection prototype quickly
developed by JP. Yver of Schlumberger with advice of
C. Naville and D. Belaud (presented in SAID meeting
1993, but unpublished).
Actually, the paper by Tang et al.,1999, Figure 7, shows
comparative S-wave splitting results obtained over two
detection apertures: the “array anisotropy” is computed
over the short dipole sonic receiver array only, showing
a high vertical resolution, while the “T-R anisotropy” is
computed over the larger distance between source
transmitter T and receiver array R, showing smoothed
velocity anisotropy percentage results versus depth.
Actually, published contributions showing computed
attenuation attributes from sonic datasets are very
seldom, as shown for instance by Sun et al., 2000.
The computation of attenuations seems to be easier to
obtain from sonic datasets than with VSP’s, and VSP
practitioners like Winterstein et al, 2001, recommend
using the dipole sonic method rather the cumbersome
and costly technique of 9-component VSP to assess the
S-wave birefringence attributes of a lithological column
at a well site.
An interesting review of S-wave sonic anisotropy
applications was produced more recently by Market,
2015, although without mentioning any S-wave
attenuation observation…
In contrast, surface seismic and VSP geophysicists have
encountered differential S-wave attenuation effects for
quite a long time (Naville et al., 1988, Garotta et al.,
2005, Gratacos, 1999); the differential attenuation needs
to be compensated for if layer stripping anisotropy is
computed; if ignored, it may introduce detection biases
in full azimuth 3D P-S converted reflected surface
seismic surveys, as shown by Li, 2012, for instance.
Unfortunately, the geologist interpreters do not know
with confidence how to interpret the differential
anisotropy attribute delta-Qs, which does not invite the
surface seismic, borehole seismic and dipole sonic
logging service companies to further develop the
differential S-wave attenuation attribute detection…
A remarkable paper was issued by Carter ( 2006 ), about
microseisms recorded in the North Sea right above the
Valhall oil field, where differential S attenuation is
actually considered and solved.
Interestingly, on the large spatial scales, seismologists
are presently monitoring S-wave splitting variations over
large crustal depth interval, in association with
earthquakes (Giannopoulos et al, 2015), in spite of the
sparse network of 3-Component geophones in
continuous recording. Last, S-wave splitting variations
consecutive to small earthquakes induced by massive
water injection into the deep subsurface are also actively
studied ( Nolte, 2017, Cochran, 2020 )
5. WAY FORWARD
For surface seismic and VSP’s, the rugged interfaces are
seen to depolarize the S-wave particle motions: rugged
top basements, rugged unconformities such as the BCU
in the North sea, or the eroded top Shuaiba interface in
large areas of the Middle East, represent a deadly
obstacle to the use of S-waves in exploration. Thus, P-S
converted reflections are favored to S-S reflections.
The domain of S-wave anisotropic attributes including:
azimuth of split S-waves, velocity anisotropy,
attenuation anisotropy, dispersion (velocity versus
frequency) still seems to hold a good potential for
progress, mainly for the dipole sonic method, in order to
further develop the interpretative links of S-wave
birefringence with open and sealed fractures, pore
pressure, stress and permeability.
Therefore the authors suggest to the logging service
companies operating their dipole sonic tools to be able to
provide when desired an SEG-Y formatted copy of their
sonic tool seismic data, with information of source type,
receiver type, source and receiver positions, polarities
and directions, tool depth and orientation labeled in trace
headers, so as to facilitate the transfer of sonic datasets
to the academic organizations desiring to further develop
processing methods, algorithms and interpretation of
Full Waveform downhole Sonic data.
6. CONCLUSION
Through the present article, the authors simply illustrate
the wide scope of our colleague and friend F.H. Cornet’s
scientific interests. François initiated and firmly
supported the collaborations of numerous and various
academic and industrial partners, from many disciplines
and field of expertise, leading to the successful advanced
works above mentioned… probably a glimpse of all the
subjects that he touched during his career !
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the European Union for support
of the Soultz GPK-1 and Aigion-10 borehole drilling
operations and subsequent borehole measurements,
processing and interpretation.
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