Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Derivation of Unit Hydrograph from
GIS Based GIUH
Purabi Deka1 & Mrinmoy Kr. Gautam2
Asstt. Professor, GIMT, Guwahati
Abstract: Unit Hydrograph is one of the most
popularly used methods which give the idea about
flow generation capacities for a watershed. It can
be derived from the historically recorded Rainfall-
Runoff data where those data are easily available.
But, recording hydrologic data on a continuous
basis is very expensive due to poor network of rain
gauge stations in most of the river catchment in
India. To overcome such difficulties, the concept of
geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph
(GIUH) has been evolved to estimate the design
flood. This technique is very useful for poorly
gauged watershed as it can provide IUH for that
watershed on the basis of watershed
geomorphological parameters only. In the present
study, GIUH model is applied for Rukni river
watershed originated from Lussai Hills located in
Barak basin, India. Here, ArcGIS software is
applied for developing Digital Elevation Model
(DEM), slope map, drainage map, area map etc for
Rukni river watershed. GIS supported DEM, slope
map, area map developed for the watershed are
used to shape the geomorphological features of the
watershed. Applying GIUH and Soil Conservation
Services (SCS) techniques, unit hydrographs (UH)
for the watershed are developed in which UH peak
characteristics values estimated by both the
approaches match closely. The UH developed for
the watershed may be used for a selected effective
rainfall to estimate total flow for the watershed.
Key Words: Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit
Hydrograph (GIUH), SCS Techniques, Unit
Hydrograph (UH), Geographic Information System
(GIS), Poorly Gauged Station.
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is considered one of the most
important natural resources required for the
sustenance of life and ecology. It may result to
drought and flood if the available water resources
are not manage efficiently and may create severe
problems to life and properties. When deals with
the importance of the reasonable use of available
water resources it is required to understand the
rainfall-runoff relationship of the respective
catchment. The geomorphic characteristics of a
watershed are the channel network and surrounding
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
landscape, which are used to convert a selective
effective rainfall input to estimate corresponding
output for the watershed. Unit hydrograph is one of
the simpler approaches to rainfall runoff modeling
for a watershed. For the development of unit
hydrograph, the concept of the geomorphologic
instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) was
introduced by Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes (1979)
which describe the linkages between the
hydrological characteristics and geomorphological
parameters of a watershed. The GIUH approach is
more advantageous than the Clark IUH model
(Clark, 1945) and the Nash IUH model (Nash,
1957) (Yen and Lee, 1997; Bhaskar et al., 1997;
Jain et al., 2000; Lohani et al., 2001; Kumar et al.,
2002; Sarangi et al., 2007; Bhadra et al., 2008;
etc.) as it avoids the requirement of stream flow
data and can be used direct for ungauged or
scantily gauged catchments. Another advantage of
GIUH technique is that, here unit hydrograph (UH)
is derived using the geomorphologic characteristics
obtainable from topographic maps and remote
sensing with the application of geographic
information system (GIS) and digital elevation
model (DEM) (Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes,
1979;Rosso, 1984; Sahoo et al., 2006; Kumar et
al., 2007; etc.).
GIUH model links IUH peak and time to
peak with geomorphological characteristics of the
catchment. In other words it can say that the model
helps to link geomorphological characteristics of a
catchment to its response to rainfall. Earlier works
(Snyder, 1938; Taylor and Schwarz, 1952;
Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes, 1979; Miloradov and
Marjanovic, 1991; S.K. Jain et al, 2000; Kavitha et
al, 2004) proposed that GIS supported GIUH
approach provided an idea about the estimation of
dynamic parameter velocity, peak discharge, time
to peak, base time and hydrograph on the basis of
watershed geomorphological parameter such as
catchment area, shape of basin, topography,
channel slope, stream order and stream length.
Koutsoyiannis and Xanthopoulos (1989) described
the advantage of parametric approaches for
derivation of unit hydrograph in order to establish a
relationship between the UH and catchment
characteristics depends on some constants which
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Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
represent geomorphological control on the river
discharge.
From the above discussion, it is observed
that [I] with the use of geomorphological
parameters; GIUH can be used to forecast the
surface runoff at the outlet of the un gauged basin,
[II] the geomorphological characteristics required
are estimated with the incorporation of ArcGIS
software. GIS combined with watershed
characteristics and various models provide ideal
tools for estimation of peak discharge and DRH,
[III] amongst all the models, GIUH is considered to
be the most effective model for development of
IUH as it depends on watershed characteristics.
Summarizing the above observations and depends
on the interrelationship between the
geomorphology and hydrology, the present study
was carried out with the objectives was to develop
unit hydrograph (UH), instantaneous unit
hydrograph (IUH) for the Rukni watershed by
applying GIUH approach and lagged using
technique described in Flood-Runoff Analysis,
ASCE ( ISBN 007844-0187-X). Dynamic
parameter velocity for the watershed is also
estimated using a relationship that based on Kirpich
formula and to check the performances of UH for
the watershed, SCS technique is used.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 GIUH approach for development of UH for
a watershed
In the present study, GIS supported GIUH
is applied for the estimation of IUH for the Rukni
watershed. Geomorphological parameters are
calculated using Horton’s empirical laws and
dynamic parameter velocity is estimated using the
Kirpich formula and velocity relationship. Then
after, peak flow, (qp) and the time to peak, (tp)
values describing IUH for the watershed are
Where, tc=time of concentration in min
L= length of the channel from headwater to the outlet in (km)
S= mean slope of the watershed in (m/m).
Combining (1) and (2), the resulting dynamic parameter velocity is obtained as
Where V= dynamic parameter velocity in (m/s)
L= length of the channel from headwater to the outlet in (m)
S= mean slope of the watershed in (m/m).
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
obtained. The details of GIUH methodology used
in the present study are as follows-
By using Global Map per, ASTER (DEM) is
being processed which is the input data in the
ArcGIS environment. Using the interface of
Hydrology Tools provided in ArcGIS, the DEM is
filled as to rectify the errors and the respective
slope and stream network map are prepared. The
stream network is then carried out using the
Strahler’s stream ordering scheme in the GIS
environment itself.
Based on the geomorphologic parameters of the
catchment, the quantitative expressions of the
Horton’s empirical-geomorphological laws are- (I)
law of stream numbers: (II) law of
stream lengths: ; and (III) law of stream
areas: where Ni is the number of streams
of order i, Li and Ai are the average length and area
of the basins of order i respectively. Rb, Rl, and Ra
represent the bifurcation ratio, the length ratio, and
the area ratio whose values in nature are normally
between 3 and 5 for Rb, 1.5 and 3.5 for Rl and 3
and 6 for Ra respectively.
In the GIUH approach, on overland areas it
is assumed that the excess rainfall follow different
paths and channels of different stream orders to
reach the watershed outlet. Using this approach, the
main characteristics of GlUH, its peak discharge
(qp) and its time to peak (tp) are expressed as
functions of Rb, Ra, Rl and the dynamic velocity v,
and the scale parameter LὩ as shown in the
following-
For calculation of dynamic parameter velocity,
Kirpich’s formula (1940) for time of concentration
(tc) is combined with velocity relationship.
Ultimately, the resulting dynamic parameter
velocity, V is obtained which depends upon the
mean slope and length of main stream.
(1)
(2)
(3)
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Using the estimated dynamic parameter velocity V,
peak discharge (qp), time to peak (tp) and base time
(tb) for the IUH are worked out from the derived
functional relationship of the GIUH developed
Ὡ
Ὡ
In the above equations, Rb, Rl and Ra represent the bifurcation ratio, the length ratio and the area ratio; LὩ is
length of the highest order stream measured in km, V flow velocity in m/s and qp in h and tp and tb in hr.
2.2 SCS unit hydrograph approach
In order to develop the UH for a watershed
SCS technique is applied. Use of SCS is considered
to be difficult due to non availability of land cover
characteristics, so instead of using this, the
relationship given in equation (3) may be used with
main stream length and mean slope values to
Where, tp = time to peak in hours (h): tR =
duration of the rainfall excess in hr and t L= lag time
in hr. As recommended by SCS tR = 0.133tc and tL
:
Where, qp = peak flow in (m3/sec); A = area of the
watershed in (km2); Q = volume of direct runoff
that is equal to 1 cm for UH. For a triangular
hydrograph time base is calculated as tb = 2.67tb.
By using the estimated values of qp, tp, and tb UH for
the watershed is developed.
3. DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 Study Area
The river Rukni originates from the Lusai
Hills of Mizoram, and after a tortuous northerly
course of about 93 km through Mizoram and
cachar Districts of Assam join the Barak. The
watershed of Rukni river lies between 24038/49 //N
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Rodriguez-Iturbe, (1993) assuming a triangular
instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) as a function
of Horton’s empirical-geomorphological laws
(1945) as given below
(4)
(5)
(6)
-1
estimate velocity parameter. In order to evaluate
the UH for a watershed, time to peak, peak flow
rate and time base for a drainage are calculated
applying SCS technique assuming triangular UH.
Following steps are used to develop UH for
watershed-
(7)
= 0.6tc, where tc = time of concentration of
watershed in hr by equation (1). From the above
approximation equation can be rewritten as
(8)
(9)
and longitude 92051/57// E. The area of the
watershed is 870.8543 km2 with highest elevation
of 1135 m from the mean sea level. The length of
highest 6th order stream and main stream are
42.7225 km and 92.5486km respectively. Dholai is
the main rainguaged station of Rukni River. The
upstream portions of the watershed are mainly
mountainous areas whereas the downstream portion
is low land areas.
3.2 Estimation of Geomorphological Parameters
In order to estimate the geomorphological
parameters of the watershed, ASTER DEM was
combined with SOI map and by using Global
Mapper DEM is generated. With DEM as input
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

data the geomorphologic characteristics of the land
surface are evaluated, after then watershed
delineation is performed and stream networks
(using the Strahler stream method, 1957) for the
watershed is generated by using hydrology tool.
Also flow direction, flow accumulation, slope map
and the stream network map are generated by using
spatial analysis tool bar in ArcGIS. 6th order stream
indicates the highest order stream on the stream
network map.
The watershed parameters viz., area ratio,
length ratio and bifurcation ratio for the watersheds
are computed by best curve fitting method. The
stream numbers, stream length, and area drained by
the streams of respective orders (1st, 2nd, 3rd…6th)
are extracted with the help of hydrology tools. In
the effort for calculating the bifurcation ratio,
length ratio and area ratio, the specific numbers,
length and area of the respective orders of the
stream are derived and from the Attribute table.
The following figures slow the DEM map, stream
network map, slope map, and area maps for Rukni
river watershed-

Fig-1: Digital Elevation Map (DEM) Fig-2: Stream order Map Fig-3: Slope Map

Fig-4:1st Ordered Area map Fig-5: 2nd Ordered Area Map Fig- 6: 3rd Ordered Area map

Fig-7: 4th Ordered Area map Fig-8: 5th Ordered Area map Fig-9: 6th Ordered Area map

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

The details of the stream numbers, length and area computed by the best fit curve method by plotting
for stream of various orders of the study area are stream order verses numbers of stream, average
tabulated in Table-1. The geomorphological length and average area respectively. The values of
parameters viz. (Rb), (Rl) and (Ra) are calculated required geomorphological parameters are listed in
for the main watershed and these values are Table-2
Table-1: Details of count, total length, average length, total area and average area for Rukni watershed.

Stream Count Total Length(km) Avg Length Total Area (km2) Avg Area (km2)
Order (km)
1 1329 753.3289 0.567 551.0619 0.415
2 328 374.9653 1.143 566.0945 1.726
3 69 166.7242 2.413 578.2107 8.380
4 12 82.1077 6.842 470.8509 39.238
5 3 71.1509 23.717 568.9460 189.649
6 1 44.7225 44.7225 870.8543 870.8543
Table-2: Details of geomorphological characteristics for the Rukni watershed

Watershed Area Length Bifurcation Main Highest Area Mean

Ratio Ratio Ratio Stream Order Stream (A) Slope
(Ra) (Rl) (Rb) Length(L) Length(LὩ) (km2) (S)
(km) (km) (m/m)
Rukni 4.67 2.495 4.395 92.549 44.7225 870.8543 0.1971

3.3 Derivation of GIUH concentration (tc), dynamic parameter velocity (V),

peak flow rate (qp), time to peak (tp) and base time
The geomorphological parameters obtained (tb) by using equation (1), (3), (4), (5) and (6)
has been applied for the estimation of time of respectively. These values are tabulated in Table-3.
TABLE-3: Geomorphological Parameters of the study area

Watershed Dynamic Time Of Time To Time To Base Peak Discharge

Parameter Concentration Peak (min) (m3/sec)
Velocity (min) (min)
(m/s)
RUKNI 6.36 242.72 126.6 338.04 667.66

Using these three evaluated parameters viz., peak discharge, time to peak and base time, the geomophological
instantaneous unit hydrograph is derived as shown in figure-10

800
700
2.1, 667.66
600
Discharge (cumsec)

500
400
GIUH
300 Ряд1
200
100
0 0, 0 5.6, 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

Fig-10: Geomophological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Unit hydrograph (UH) can be obtained from
geomophological instantaneous unit hydrograph
(GIUH) for a finite duration. Here, S-curve
technique is used to derive a UH of specified
duration from the GIUH. For deriving a 0.1 hr
instantaneous unit hydrograph, the IUH ordinates
Table-4: Conversion of GIUH to UH with specific duration
are lagged by 0.1-hr and the two IUH are summed
up. To obtain the required UH, the ordinates are
divided by 2. From these ordinates, S-curve
addition is followed in order to derive S-curve
ordinates. The required 1-hr UH are obtained after
S-curve ordinates are lagged by 1-hr and divided
by 10. The procedure is illustrated in Table-4 and
figure-11 and -12

Time GIUH GIUH (col2 S-curve S-curve Legged by Ordinate of 1-

(hour) (col-2) Legged +col3)/2 add ordinate 1-hr/10 hr UH
(col-1) (m3/sec) by 0.1-hr Sum/2 (col-5) (col4+col5) (col-7) (col-8)
(col-3) (col-4) =(col-6) (m3/sec)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 31.79333 0 15.89667 0 15.89667 0 1.589667
0.2 63.58667 31.79333 47.69 15.89667 63.58667 0 6.358667
0.3 95.38 63.58667 79.48334 63.58667 143.07 0 14.307
0.4 127.1733 95.38 111.2767 143.07 254.3467 0 25.43467
0.5 158.9667 127.1733 143.07 254.3467 397.4167 0 39.74167
0.6 190.76 158.9667 174.8634 397.4167 572.28 0 57.228
0.7 222.5533 190.76 206.6567 572.28 778.9367 0 77.89367
0.8 254.3467 222.5533 238.45 778.9367 1017.387 0 101.7387
0.9 286.14 254.3467 270.2434 1017.387 1287.63 0 128.763
1 317.9333 286.14 302.0367 1287.63 1589.667 0 158.9667
1.1 349.7267 317.9333 333.83 1589.667 1923.497 1.589667 190.76
1.2 381.52 349.7267 365.6234 1923.497 2289.12 6.358667 222.5533
1.3 413.3133 381.52 397.4167 2289.12 2686.537 14.307 254.3467
1.4 445.1067 413.3133 429.21 2686.537 3115.747 25.43467 286.14
1.5 476.9 445.1067 461.0034 3115.747 3576.75 39.74167 317.9333
1.6 508.6933 476.9 492.7967 3576.75 4069.547 57.228 349.7267
1.7 540.4867 508.6933 524.59 4069.547 4594.137 77.89367 381.52
1.8 572.28 540.4867 556.3834 4594.137 5150.52 101.7387 413.3133
1.9 604.0733 572.28 588.1767 5150.52 5738.697 128.763 445.1067
2 635.8667 604.0733 619.97 5738.697 6358.667 158.9667 476.9
2.1 667.66 635.8667 651.7634 6358.667 7010.43 192.3497 508.6933
2.2 648.584 667.66 658.122 7010.43 7668.552 228.912 537.9432
2.3 629.508 648.584 639.046 7668.552 8307.598 268.6537 562.1061
2.4 610.432 629.508 619.97 8307.598 8927.568 311.5747 581.1821
2.5 591.356 610.432 600.894 8927.568 9528.462 357.675 595.1712
2.6 572.28 591.356 581.818 9528.462 10110.28 406.9547 604.0733
2.7 553.204 572.28 562.742 10110.28 10673.02 459.4137 607.8885
2.8 534.128 553.204 543.666 10673.02 11216.69 515.052 606.6168
2.9 515.052 534.128 524.59 11216.69 11741.28 573.8697 600.2581
3 495.976 515.052 505.514 11741.28 12246.79 635.8667 588.8125
3.1 476.9 495.976 486.438 12246.79 12733.23 701.043 572.28
3.2 457.824 476.9 467.362 12733.23 13200.59 766.8552 553.204
3.3 438.748 457.824 448.286 13200.59 13648.88 830.7598 534.128
3.4 419.672 438.748 429.21 13648.88 14078.09 892.7568 515.052
3.5 400.596 419.672 410.134 14078.09 14488.22 952.8462 495.976
3.6 381.52 400.596 391.058 14488.22 14879.28 1011.028 476.9
3.7 362.444 381.52 371.982 14879.28 15251.26 1067.302 457.824
3.8 343.368 362.444 352.906 15251.26 15604.17 1121.669 438.748
3.9 324.292 343.368 333.83 15604.17 15938 1174.128 419.672
4 305.216 324.292 314.754 15938 16252.75 1224.679 400.596
4.1 286.14 305.216 295.678 16252.75 16548.43 1273.323 381.52
4.2 267.064 286.14 276.602 16548.43 16825.03 1320.059 362.444
4.3 247.988 267.064 257.526 16825.03 17082.56 1364.888 343.368
4.4 228.912 247.988 238.45 17082.56 17321.01 1407.809 324.292
4.5 209.836 228.912 219.374 17321.01 17540.38 1448.822 305.216
4.6 190.76 209.836 200.298 17540.38 17740.68 1487.928 286.14
4.7 171.684 190.76 181.222 17740.68 17921.9 1525.126 267.064
4.8 152.608 171.684 162.146 17921.9 18084.05 1560.417 247.988

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

4.9 133.532 152.608 143.07 18084.05 18227.12 1593.8 228.912

5 114.456 133.532 123.994 18227.12 18351.11 1625.275 209.836
5.1 95.38 114.456 104.918 18351.11 18456.03 1654.843 190.76
5.2 76.304 95.38 85.842 18456.03 18541.87 1682.503 171.684
5.3 57.228 76.304 66.766 18541.87 18608.64 1708.256 152.608
5.4 38.152 57.228 47.69 18608.64 18656.33 1732.101 133.532
5.5 19.076 38.152 28.614 18656.33 18684.94 1754.038 114.456
5.6 0 19.076 9.538 18684.94 18694.48 1774.068 95.38
5.7 0 0 18694.48 18694.48 1792.19 77.2578
5.8 18694.48 18694.48 1808.405 61.0432
5.9 18694.48 18694.48 1822.712 46.7362
6 18694.48 18694.48 1835.111 34.3368
6.1 18694.48 18694.48 1845.603 23.845
6.1 18694.48 18694.48 1854.187 15.2608
6.3 18694.48 18694.48 1860.864 8.5842
6.4 18694.48 18694.48 1865.633 3.8152
6.5 18694.48 18694.48 1868.494 0.9538
6.6 18694.48 18694.48 1869.448 0
6.7 18694.48 18694.48 1869.448 0
6.8 18694.48 18694.48 1869.448 0

700

600
Discharge (cumec)

500

400 GIUH 1-
300 hrUH
Ряд1
200

100

0
0 2 4 6 8
Time (hous)

Fig-12: GIUH based 1-hr Unit Hydrograph

For the validation of the model developed by using
GIUH, SCS methodology is adopted. Here in the
SCS Unit Hydrograph method considering the
triangular assumption 1-hr unit hydrograph is
developed by relating the unit hydrograph
parameters to the watershed parameters. In order to
developed the UH parameters, time of
concentration (tc), dynamic parameter velocity (V),
peak flow rate (qp), time to peak (tp) and base time
(tb) by using equations (1), (3), (7), (8) and (9)
respectively.
Comparison of UH parameters for Rukni –
watershed developed by GIUH and SCS techniques
are illustrated in table-5 and Figure-13

TABLE-5: UH parameters for Rukni –watershed and results

UH Parameters GIUH Method SCS Techniques

Time to Peak (tp) 2.7 hours 2.714 hours
Peak Discharge (qp) 607.889 cumec 667.42 cumec
Base Time (tb) 6.1 hours 7.25 hours

By using the above parameters 1-hr unit hydrograph for both the SCS and GIUH approach are derived
and compared as shown in figure-13

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
800
700
600
Discharge (cumec)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2
Time (hours)
Figure-13: Comparison of 1-hr Unit Hydrograph
Result obtained in the present study shows
that the hydrograph parameters, peak discharge and
peak time values estimated by using GIUH and
SCS techniques matches closely. The models is
capable of developing IUH/UH without requiring
hydrologic data and makes it suitable for applying
to those watershed where suitable data are not
available. The present study shows that instead of
using land cover data, main channel length and
mean slope parameters can be used to drive SCS
unit hydrograph. Dynamic parameter velocity
representing the flow characteristics for a
watershed can also be estimated using main
channel length and mean slope. Applicability of the
technique is demonstrated by driving IUH and UH
for the Rukni watershed located in Barak basin, in
India. Result obtained in the present application
depicts cover data for a watershed. The UH derived
are immense value in the study of the hydrology of
a catchment. They are of great use in (i) the
development of flood hydrographs for extreme
rainfall magnitude for use in the design of
hydraulic structures, (ii) development of flood
forecasting and warning systems based on rainfall
and (iii) extension of flood-flow records based on
rainfall.
5. CONCLUSION
In the present study, the GIUH model has
been applied to estimate UH for Rukni river
watershed. For estimation of geomorphological
characteristics, GIS technique has been used since
estimation of these parameters can be handled more
accurately and efficiently applying GIS which
otherwise is very much tedious while using
conventional methods. The peak discharge
obtained from GIUH and SCS approaches were
found to match approximately. The DSRO
hydrograph were compared too and reveals a good
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
GIUH
SCS
4 6 8
result. The DEM, stream network and Slope map
etc. are useful for hydrological and geological
studies for the watershed. It provides the
information about the water availability in the
watershed and useful for simulation of flood
events, design of hydraulic structures and
agriculture/industrial practices. From this study it is
observed that the GIUH applied with GIS based
approach has potential application in deriving unit
hydrograph and can be applied in DSRO for those
watersheds that do not have any flow data.
In the present study the whole catchment
was simulated in a lumped manner to develop UH
from the estimated GIUH. For a watershed the
parameters vary spatially and thus to consider non
homogeneity, the watershed may be sub divided
into a number of sub watershed and IUH/UH for
those sub watersheds may be derived applying
SCS/GIUH technique. The output obtained for the
sub watershed may be routed to the main outlet
applying a suitable routing technique. Better results
may be obtained if appropriate technique is
employed.
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Bhaskar, N. R. and Devulapalli, R. S.: (1991), Run-
off Modeling Geomorphological Instantaneous
Unit Hydrograph and ARC/INFO Geographic
Information System, Proc. Civil Engineering
applications of remote sensing and GIS, edited by
D. B. Stafford, published by ASCE.
Ben Chie Yen, Kwan Tun Lee (1997). “Unit
hydrograph derivation for ungauged watersheds by
stream-order laws.” J. hydro. Engg. ASCE, 2(1), 1-
9.
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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Chowdhary, H.: (1995), Derivation of GIUH for
small catchments of Upper Narmada and Tapi
subzone (subzone 3C) - Part 1, NIH, Roorkee,
India.
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