Objects of River

Training Works
 To prevent river
from changing
its course and
thus eroding
land at one
place and
depositing silt at
the other place
Contd…
 To prevent flooding of the
surrounding by proving a
safe passage
Contd…
 To provide minimum
desired depth of flow for
good navigation course
Contd…
 To provide minimum desired depth of flow for
environmental issues
Characteristics of Rivers
Rivers may be classified into the following four regimes
 Mountainous
 Sub- mountainous
 Alluvial
 deltaic
 Main characteristic: Meandering
Classification of Rivers on Alluvial Plain
 In flood plains, these rivers can further be classified as:
 Degrading: when bed is getting constantly scoured
 Aggrading: when river builds its own slope by silting
 Deltaic: when river is about to enter the sea
 Stable: when river is in its regime
Method of Training Works
Various physical structures used for training of rivers
are:
 Guide banks or Bell bunds
 Groynes or spurs
 Cut off
 Bank protection and Pitched bans
 Pitched island
 Meandering
Marginal Embankment or Levees
and Side Banks
 The layout of guide banks should be such as to guide
the flood smoothly.
 The guide banks are provided in pairs symmetrical in
plan or may be kept parallel or converging.
 They are meant to kept the flood within reasonable
water way to ensure safe and expeditious passage.
 Also they protect the work from outflanking and
adjacent land from flooding due to afflux from
construction in the river.
Groynes or Spurs
 These are constructed transverse to the river flow and
extend from bank to the river.
Their objects:
 To train the river along a specified course by attracting
deflecting or repelling the flow in a channel.
 To create a slack flow to silt up the area in the
neighborhood.
 To protect the river bank by keeping the flow away
from it.
 Contracting a wide shallow river to improve navigation
depth.
Deflecting groynes
Repelling groynes
 Repelling
groynes
Deflecting
groynes

Attracting
groynes
Bank protection
Bank protection is provided for the following :
 Training the river
 Protection of adjacent land
 Protection of Hydraulic structure
 Protection of Flood embankment
 Affording facilities for water transportation

Bank protection works

 Direct : works done on the bunds itself such as vegetation
cover, pitching etc
 Indirect : works not directly constructed on the banks but
reduces the erosive action of the current
Meandering
 A river meandering through an alluvial plain has a
series of consecutive curves of reverse order connected
with short straight stretches crossing.
 Meandering is caused by
 Excessive discharge
 Change in slope
 Increase in width
 Local bank erosion
 Heavy deposition
Characteristics of meandering
 Meandering length (ML)
 Meandering width (Mw)
 Meandering belt (Mb)
 Meandering ratio (Mw/ML)
Regime condition
 Regime: When the flow in a channel is such that there
is neither scouring of the bed nor its silting
 Design criteria of a regime channel: whatever silt
enters the channel at the head is kept in suspension
and the velocity is such that the suspended particles
do not settle along the channel
Critical velocity
 Critical Velocity: The mean velocity which just keeps
the channel free from silting or scouring

 Relationship given by Kennedy

Ve = c1yc2
where c1 and c2 are constants
Effects of confining river between guide banks
 Increase the rate at which the flood wave trails
downstream.
 Increase the water surface elevation of the river at the
flood.
 Increase the maximum discharge at all the points
downstream.
 Increase the velocity and the scouring action through
the leveled section.
 Reduce the surface slope of the stream above the
leveled portion.
Glossary of works
 Bay: Main division of hydraulic structure
 Crib Dam: Timber construction to form bays
 Curtain Wall or cut off: Wall like structure under the
floor of a hydraulic structure. It serve the following
purposes
 Reduce percolation
 Guard against erosion
 Increase resistance against sliding
 Divide Wall or Dividing Groyne: Longitudinal wall
separating the adjacent bays in a weir or barrage
 Groyne, Groin or Bank head: Wall or other barrier
projecting outwards from the bank into a stream for
the purpose of protecting the bank from erosion
Contd…
 Flood Flanking: Method of constructing an
embankment by depositing stiff moist clay
 Guide Bank: Protective and Training embankment
construction at the side of weir to guide a flow through
the waterway
 Pitching: Protecting covering on earthen surface slope
 Regulator: Structure built at the intake to regulate
water supplies
 Revetment: Concrete blocks placed at the bottom of
the river to prevent erosion
Contd…
 River Training: Engineering works built along a river to
direct flow into prescribed channel
 Toe Protection: laying or dumping of loose stone or
pre-cast blocks at the toe of an embankment
 Toe Wall: Shallow wall constructed below the bed
 Training Wall: Structure built along the bank of a river
for directing fast flow from a sluice or spillway to
prevent eroding
 Wing Wall: Wall which join the abutment of a
structure to an earth dike
 When the subsoil water rises so high as to saturate the
root zone of the crops and cut air circulation, the land
is said to be water logged.

 Water logging may be defined as rendering the soil

unproductive and infertile due to excessive moisture
and creation of anaerobic condition.

 The depth of water table which causes the water

logging is not same for all condition.
Various factors which add to inflow are:
 Absorption from rainfall
 Seepage from rivers
 Seepage from canals and water course
 Absorption from fields
 Subsoil flow upper regions

Various ways of outflow

 Drain which may be
 Surface drain
 Sub-surface drain
 Infiltration in to rivers
 Sub-soil flow into lower regions
 Irrigation from wells
 Evaporation from soil
 Transpiration from trees and crops
 Darcy’s law
Q = Aki
where
Q = discharge
A = area of soil through which flow takes place
i = the gradient or the loss of head measured by surface slope of
water table at a given point
 Infertility of land
 Absence of aeration of soil
 Difficulty in cultivation operation
 Growth of water weeds
 Rise of salts in surface layer
 Lowering of soil temperature
 Reduction in time of maturity
 Reducing inflow
 Increasing outflow

Various methods for reducing inflow are:

 Lining of canals and water courses
 Lowering of full supply level in canals
 Providing seepage drains along canals
 Controlling intensity of irrigation
 Encouraging economical use of water
 Changing crop pattern

Various method for increasing outflow are:

 Position of drainage system
 Improving the natural drainage of the area
 Pumping from tube well
Various types of lining
 Hard surface type
 Concrete
 Brick or concrete
 Asphalt
 Buried and protected membrane
 Prefabricated light weight structure
 Bentonite soil and clay membrane
 Earth lining
 Compacted earth
 Soil cement
Serves the following purposes
 Relieves water logging
 Removes flood water
 Drains off surplus rain water
 Drains off ponds and marshes

Drainage provides the following benefits

 Facilitates early ploughing
 Extends the crop root- zone
 Maintains higher soil temperature
 Helps in aeration of upper soil layers
 Harmful salts are leached out
 Surrounding are improved
Classification of drains
 Surface drains : open to atmosphere
 Storm water drains
 Seepage drains
 Storm-cum-seepage drains

 Sub surface drains

Self Study
 Design of river training works
 Planning and construction of river training works
 Operation and maintenance of river training work
 Selection of suitable river training works
 How to eliminate waterlogging
 Design of surface and sub-surface drainage system