26 November

CLOUD COMPUTING
Assignment#3

Cloud Submitted by: Mishal Saba

BSSEF17E07

Computing Submitted to: Ma’am Humaira Ijaz

Assignment#1
University of Sargodha
Table of Contents
Evolution of Cloud computing in terms of Hardware and Software evolution ................................................................... 2
Cloud Computing: ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Evolution: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1. Distributed Systems: .............................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Mainframe Computing: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Cluster computing: ................................................................................................................................................. 3
4. Grid Computing: ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
5. Hardware Virtualization: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
6. Web 2.0:.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
7. Service Orientation: ............................................................................................................................................... 4
8. Utility Computing: .................................................................................................................................................. 4
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5

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 Evolution of Cloud computing
in terms of Hardware and Software evolution

Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

For example:
Adobe customers can access applications in its Creative Cloud through an Internet based subscription.

Evolution:
The term “cloud computing” itself was coined in 1996 within a Compaq internal document. The term
“cloud” was originally linked to the concept of distributed computing, which went mainstream at Apple-
spawned General Magic in the early 1990s, with even earlier mentions in academic work before that. Its
evolution is described in the following steps:

1. Distributed Systems:
It is composed of multiple independent systems, but to the user, all of these systems are
described as a single entity. The purpose of a distributed system is to share resources and use
them effectively. Distributed systems have characteristics such as scalability, concurrency,
continuous availability, heterogeneity, and failure independence. But the main problem with this
system is that all systems must be located in the same geographic location. Therefore, in order

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 to solve this problem, distributed computing has brought three types of computing, namely
mainframe computing, cluster computing and grid computing.

2. Mainframe Computing:
Mainframes first appeared in 1951 and are powerful and reliable computers. These are
responsible for processing big data, such as a large number of input and output operations. Even
today, they are used for batch processing tasks such as online transactions. These systems have
almost no downtime and are highly fault-tolerant. After distributed computing, these enhanced
the processing capabilities of the system. But these are very expensive. In order to reduce this
cost, cluster computing has become an alternative to mainframe technology.

3. Cluster computing:
In the 1980s, cluster computing replaced mainframe computing. Each computer in the
cluster is connected to each other through a network with high bandwidth. They are much
cheaper than those mainframe systems. They also have high computing power. And, if needed,
new nodes can be easily added to the cluster. Therefore, the cost problem is solved to a certain
extent, but the problems related to geographical restrictions still exist. To solve this problem, the
concept of grid computing was introduced.

4. Grid Computing:
In the 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. This means placing different
systems in completely different geographic locations, and all of them are connected via the
Internet. These systems belong to different organizations, so the grid is composed of
heterogeneous nodes. Although some problems were solved, as the distance between nodes
increased, new problems appeared. The main problems encountered are low availability of high-
bandwidth connections and other network-related problems. thereby. Cloud computing is often
referred to as "the successor of grid computing."

5. Hardware Virtualization:
It was introduced 40 years ago. It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer on
hardware, which allows users to run multiple instances on the hardware at the same time. It is a
key technology used in cloud computing. It is the basis for running major cloud computing
services such as Amazon EC2 and VMware vCloud. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualization.

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 Figure 1. A hardware virtualized server hosting three virtual machines, each one running distinct operating system
and user level software stack.

6. Web 2.0:
It is the interface between cloud computing services and clients. Because of Web 2.0, we
have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases the flexibility between web pages.
Popular examples of Web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social
media is possible only because of this technology. It was widely welcomed in 2004.

7. Service Orientation:
It serves as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible and
scalable applications. Two important concepts are introduced in this calculation model. These
are Quality of Service (QoS), which also includes SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as
a Service (SaaS).

8. Utility Computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provision technology for services (such as
computing services) and other major services (such as storage, infrastructure, etc.), and these
services are pay-per-use.

Hence, while Cloud computing may seem like a relatively new phenomenon, the cloud has actually
been in the making since the 50s. We can conclude it in this way:
• The 1950s - Mainframe computing.
• The 1960s - ARPANET
• The 1970s and 1980s – Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (Virtualization)
• The 1990s - Virtualized Private Networks (VPNs)
• 2000s - Web 2.0
• 2010s - Open-source cloud

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 References

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/evolution-of-cloud-computing/
2. https://www.synextra.co.uk/evolution-cloud-computing/
3. https://www.seasiainfotech.com/blog/history-and-evolution-cloud-computing/
4. https://www.google.com/search?q=evolution+of+software+cloud+computing&safe=active&rlz=1C1
GCEA_enPK922PK922&sxsrf=ALeKk01eo6OUYGrpvhW6_fpYUwy_Qf_UGQ:1606207043909&source
=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicoabC45rtAhVDiFwKHVQ4DrcQ_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=136
6&bih=657#imgrc=1_IBW_HMQ11lOM