Very Excited Course From ABB About DistanceEF Protections

Distance Protection
and
Earth-Fault Protection
in
Medium-Voltage Distribution
Networks
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F1 of 63
ABB
Content
Introduction
Distance Protection
Limits of overcurrent protection
Where is distance protection preferred ?
Basic principle of distance protection
Limits of the distance protection
Special features for application in networks with isolated or resonant grounded neutrals
Preferred starter mode
Phase-preference-logic
Pros and Cons compared with overcurrent protection
Earth-fault protection in networks with isolated neutrals

Earth-fault protection in resonant grounded networks

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F2 of 63
ABB
Introduction
Types of neutral grounding
CE CE 5 ....300 A » 1500 A 10 ... 64 kA
RN XN
3kV - 24kV 8kV - 24kV 3kV - 33kV 33kV - 132kV 33 kV - 800 kV

- small rural networks - rural networks - Generators Limited step- and
- city networks - big city networks - Industry touch-voltages.
- industry - small networks
Different designations are used:

- Petersen coil compensated
- compensated
- resonant grounded
Topics of this course

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F3 of 63
ABB
Introduction
Types of neutral grounding
CE CE 5 ....300 A » 1500 A 10 ... 64 kA
RN XN
3 ... 24 kV (110 kV) 3 ... 24 kV 33 ... 132 kV 33 ... 800 kV

IEmax = IE <30 A without trip IE >10 kA
IE limited, with trip
3I0max IE >30 A rather with trip with trip
XCE
Z0source of total network very high » 3·RN » 3·XN (2 ... 4)·Z1source
(except prot. line)
Umax Ph-E » Un ph-ph < 0.8·Un ph-ph

U0 » Unphase -N < 0.73 Unphase -N
Topics of this course

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F4 of 63
ABB
Distance Protection in medium voltage networks
Distance Protection
Limits of overcurrent protection

Where is distance protection preferred ?

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F5 of 63
ABB
Open Ring
I> non-directional
The direction of the short-circuit
current is toward the fault.
No return current is possible
0.6s 0.8s
IKS
0.4s 0.6s
0.4s

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F6 of 63
0.2s 0.2s
ABB
Open ring with two parallel lines
I> non-directional
current leaving the bus is toward
the fault.
0.6s 0.8s 0.8s
I> directional
0.1s 0.1s
Two directions are
possible, due to
0.4s 0.6s parallel lines
0.4s

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F7 of 63
0.2s 0.2s
ABB
Closed ring departing from
one common bus
I> non-directional
current leaving the bus is toward 1.0s 1.0s 1.0s
the fault.
0.2s 0.1s 0.1s

I> directional
Two directions are possible, 0.8s 0.8s
due to the closed ring
0.4s
0.6s
0.4s 0.6s
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F8 of 63
ABB
Directional overcurrent is not applicable in meshed networks
0.4 s
0.2 s
0.2 s
TRIP Infeed right
0.4 s
Infeed left
0.4 s
0.2 s
0.2 s
TRIP
0.4 s
TRIP
No selectivity possible
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F9 of 63
ABB
Distance protection solves the problem in the meshed network
Zone 3, t3 » 0.6 .. 0.9 s
Zone 2, t2 » 0.4 .. 0.5 s

Zone 1, t1 = 0
Infeed right
Infeed left TRIP TRIP

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F10 of 63
ABB
Distance-zone grading
The two conditions can be contradictory.
Compromises are often necessary.
Considering infeed-factors may help.
time [sec.]
Z3 = 0.85 (a +b2) approx. 1.8·a
1.2 a < Z2 < 0.85 (a + b1)

b2
Z1 = 0.85 • a
b1
a Z [W/phase]
A B C

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F11 of 63
ABB
Principle of the distance function (simplified)
I Relay
ZS ZL
UG » U
UG Uph - ph Uph - ground

I= ZL = ZL =
ZS + ZL IR - IS Iph + 3I0 × k0
for 2- and 3-phase faults for single-phase to
ground faults
Relay will trip for:
I > Iset AND ZL < Zset AND Fault forward

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F12 of 63
ABB
Distance protection consists of two main functions
Starter Measurement
• General fault criteria • Accurate impedance measurement
• Phase-selection • Directional
• Non-directional minimum impedance • Several zones and timers for

or overcurrent impedance/time grading
- used for switch-on-to-fault function
- back-up trip
j·X
• Start of the zone-timers Reactance
j·X Direction
Resistance
R
R

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F13 of 63
ABB
Distance protection with overcurrent starter
30
[W/phase]
20 Zone 4
Zone 3
j·X
10
Zone 2
0 Zone 1
-10
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 [W/phase]

Distance-zones Ohm/Phase = positive sequence Ohms
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F14 of 63
ABB
Distance protection with minimum-impedance starter
30
Starter
[W/phase]
20
Zone 3
j·X 10
Zone 2
0 Zone 1
R
-10
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 [W/phase]
Distance-zones Ohm/phase = positive sequence Ohms

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F15 of 63
ABB
Polygonal distance protection j·X1
5 directional zones Starter
1 non-directional zone
Zone 3
REL316 Overreaching-
zone
Medium voltage distance Zone 2

Zone 1
protections require many
zones.
Remote back-up has to
R1
be provided for the
adjacent lines, since
redundant protection is
not usual in such
networks.
Reverse directed zone

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F16 of 63
ABB
Limits of the distance protection
On very short overhead-lines and on most cable lines a reasonable zone grading
is not possible
• Several sections have to be protected together
• A directional comparison scheme gets imperative
Distance protection requires powerful CT’s
If communication links are available between the two line ends, the following
alternatives are possible:
• Line-differential protection
• Comparison schemes with directional overcurrent relays

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F17 of 63
ABB
Single-phase to ground fault

in networks with directly grounded neutrals or neutrals grounded over current
limiting reactors
Inductive zero sequence source,

the short-circuit current is high

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F18 of 63
ABB
In Networks with direct grounding

or grounding over current limiting reactors (some kA)
the distance relays are able to detect
phase-to-phase faults and phase-to-ground faults
A separate ground fault protection is an option
To detect phase-to-ground faults the protection shall be able to work

even for fault currents below max. load current.
The starter shall use a minimal impedance characteristic or
other voltage dependent characteristics.

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F19 of 63
ABB
Distance protection in networks with isolated or resonant
grounded neutrals cannot detect single-phase-to-ground
faults
In networks with isolated or resonant grounded neutrals

the fault current for a single-phase-to-ground fault
amounts from some 10 up to just over 100 Amps
In such networks the distance protection operates for
faults between phases only
For ground faults the small fault current does in most cases not allow a
distance measurement and the capacitive source impedance might fool
the distance measurement
If single-phase to ground shall be detected, a separate protection
becomes necessary

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F20 of 63
ABB
Requirements to distance protection in isolated
and compensated networks
As starter criteria overcurrent-functions are preferred.
This will avoid non-desired starts for single ground faults
The overcurrent starter is set above the maximal load current and
well above the maximal capacitive earth-fault current
Other advantages of the overcurrent-starter :

• No fast fuse-failure blocking-function is required
• In case of double-buses and VT’s on the buses only, no blocking of the
distance function is required during the switching over procedure from one
bus to another

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F21 of 63
ABB
Cross-country faults
in networks with neutrals isolated or
resonant grounded

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F22 of 63
ABB
“Cross-country” faults in networks with isolated
or resonant grounded neutrals
are short circuits and have to be tripped by the distance
protection
Two subsequent single-phase to ground faults

with footing points in different locations

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F23 of 63
ABB
Cross - country fault on radial lines
R S T Ground
Infeed Line1
Ground
Line 2
Ground

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F24 of 63
ABB
Phase preference logic for distance protection

In networks with isolated neutrals or with Petersen coil grounding
some clients specify a so called “phase preference logic”.
In case of cross-country faults in a meshed network, it is the aim of
this logic to trip only one line.
To reach this goal, “phase-switched” measurement is used
(in case of “full-scheme” relays the 5 non-relevant loop-measurements are blocked)

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F25 of 63
ABB
Cross - country fault in a meshed network
R S T Ground Ground R S T
Currents used for distance
measurement
if phase preference is R - T - S Line1
Ground
Line 2
Ground
To trip only one line, all distance protections have to measure in one and the same type of
fault loop (R-E in above example). The protection needs a Phase-Preference Logic.
All distance protections in the network shall use identical logic's.
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F26 of 63
ABB
Phase preferences
Phase preferences R - T - S acyclic means : R
R has preference over T
For a fault R - Ground - T the line with the fault R to ground will trip
T has preference over S acyclic
For a fault S - Ground - T the line with the fault T to ground will trip
T S
R has preference over S
For a fault R - Ground - S the line with the fault R to ground will trip
Phase preferences R - T - S - (R) cyclic means : R

R has preference over T
For a fault R - Ground - T the line with the fault R to ground will trip
cyclic
T has preference over S
For a fault S - Ground - T the line with the fault T to ground will trip
T S
S has preference over R
For a fault R - Ground - S the line with the fault S to ground will trip
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F27 of 63
ABB
Phase preferences
Modes with acyclic phase-preference

R-T-S [mechanical relay LI4]
R-S-T
T-S-R
T-R-S
S-R-T
S-T-R
Modes with cyclic phase-preference

R - T - S - (R) [mechanical relays LH1, L3, LZ3]
T - R - S - (T)

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F28 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection in
medium voltage networks

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F29 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Measurement of 3I0 is not influenced by phase-currents
3I0> IT> IS> IR> 3I0> IT> IR>
3 phase-currents + earth-current 3I0 2 phase-currents + earth-current 3I0

Measurement of 3I0 allows a low setting for ground-faults
The setting is independent on load current

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F30 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection with definite time overcurrent relays
Radial network, neutral grounding in infeed station only
110 kV
16 kV
On consumer ends, neutrals on MV-level are NOT grounded

Note: Every grounded neutral behaves like an earth-fault current source !!
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F31 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection with non-directional IDMTL overcurrent relays
Radial network, neutral grounding in infeed station only
Example: 100
Normal inverse
Tripping time in seconds

BS 142
0.14s × k
t[s] =
0.02 10
æ IE ö
ç ÷
è I set ø
k is settable (typically 0.05 .... 1.1) t-min
The t-min setting allows time-grading 1

1 10 100
with the main short-circuit protection,
i.e. overcurrent, distance, line-differential. IE / Iset

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F32 of 63
ABB
CT in Holmgreen connection, measurement of 3I0
Ratio depends on Ratio depends on Ratio Independent
load current load current of load current
2000/1A 65/1 (=195/1 related
to 3I0)
2 secondary
windings
3 I0 I0
Same errors
(IR + IS + IT) + (DIR + DIS + DIT) as std. Holmgreen
Error due to load current cancelled out,
in case all CT's produce identical errors.
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F33 of 63
ABB
Toroidal CT's are used to achieve a correct measurement
of low ground currents.
Accuracy and CT ratio are independent of load current
Grounding cable routed isolated

back through the CT, since
the shield current may not
influence the measurement. 3 I0
3 I0 = IR + IS + IT
Load current has no influence on measurement

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F34 of 63
ABB
Phase - CT‘s
CT for measurement of
3·I0 = earth-fault current
by use of a toroidal
cable-CT

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F35 of 63
ABB
Required blocking of sensitive earth-fault protection, in case phase-

CT’s are used for ground-current measurement (Holmgreen)
Since the the current-setting is low, the earth-fault protection should be blocked by
the ph-ph start of the short-circuit protection (overcurrent, distance or line-differential)
or alternatively be delayed for a couple of seconds.
Reason:
During high current phase-to-phase faults, secondary spill-currents in the neutral of
the CT’s can be produced, due to unequal CT errors in the individual phases. Such
currents might fool the sensitive ground fault protection.

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F36 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault detection in networks with isolated or
compensated neutrals
C0 3 C0
High impedance zero sequence source,
ABB
the short-circuit current is small
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F37 of 63
Phase-to-ground voltages in isolated or compensated networks
RF = 0 W During a single-phase to ground fault
URN
R URN
USN U0 = UNE
N S = - URN
UTN
T UTN USN
U0
U0 U0
UTE USE
URE
USE + UTE = 3 U0
USE
UTE
UNE = U0
UTE USE
U0
E E
The positive sequence voltage remains unchanged U0

The negative sequence voltage = 0 URN
The zero sequence voltage USE
= URE
U0 = - pos. seq. voltage of the grounded phase
No-fault condition

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F38 of 63 UTN = UTE USN = USE
ABB
VT‘s in not effectively grounded systems,
i.e.isolated neutral, Petersen coil compensated or grounding over resistance
Rated voltage factor = 1.9 for (8) hours.

Un Specify VT for not effectively grounded
network.
3
Un-e = U0 = voltage neutral to earth
100V
n = neutral displacement voltage
3
e For a metallic single-phase to ground fault
100V in a not effectively grounded system
3 U0max = UnPhase -Neutral
U0
Un - e = 3 = U0 = 100V
3
Other standard secondary voltages are:
2 secondary windings 110 V, 115 V, 125 V

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F39 of 63
ABB
Admissible step- and touch-voltages
as specified by the Swiss-authorities (SEV)
I [A] at 1.6 Ohm station ground resistance
Fault-duration 0 .... 0.9 s Fault-duration over 0.9 s

1000
80
U
U 70
100
I 60
50
40
30
I
10
U [V]
20
10
1 0
0,0 0,1 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time [s] 0.9 0.9 Time [s]
RE = 1.6 Ohm = measured value

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F40 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault detection
in networks with isolated neutrals
C0 3 C0
Capacitive source impedance,

the short-circuit current is small

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F41 of 63
ABB
Radial lines are preferred, I> directional required for lines
110 kV
16 kV
I> non-
directional
I> I> I> I> I>

directional directional directional directional directional

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F42 of 63
ABB
R S T Ground
Earth-fault Line with ground-fault
3·I0 = IE » 0
Ground
IT
URE=0
Line(s) without fault
3·I0 = IE
IS
UTE USE
3·U0 Ground
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F43 of 63
ABB
Network with isolated neutrals Single-line diagram
Distribution of capacitive DEF

Line # 1
ground currents
IC1
DEF
IF = S IC Line # 2
IC2
DEF
Use functions Line # 3
I0>
Isinj or U0
IC3
I0*U0*sinj
DEF
C = 3 C Phase to ground Line # 4
C
IC4

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F44 of 63
ABB
Neutrals isolated Equivalent diagram in symmetrical
components
Single line diagram G Positive sequence U1 = URN
Line #1
Negative sequence U2 » 0
C01 Line #2 Line #3
I01
C02
C03
UF 3 RF
RF I02 I03
isolated Ground-fault C01 C02 C03 U0 IF/3

R-E
Zero sequence

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F45 of 63
ABB
Phase-to-ground voltages in isolated or compensated networks
at different neutral displacement voltages U0 = f(RF)
Phase to ground voltages [p.u.]

UR 2
1.8
1.6
1.4 UT
1.2 Earth-fault
1 US
0.8 indication only
0.6
U0 0.4 Phase indication
UT 0.2 UR possible
US 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Neutral displacement voltage U0 [p.u.]

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F46 of 63
ABB
VT’s with damping resistor against ferro-resonance
Specify also the long-time permitted

Un current in the open delta winding.
3
n
100V
3 e R
100V In small a network exists the danger of ferro-resonance

3 due to resonance between the network capacity
phase to ground and the VT reactance.
Generator buses or other buses not yet loaded with lines,
are likely to produce ferro-resonance.
R will damp ferro-resonance.
Note: In Petersen compensated networks the angular error of the VT,
loaded with R, meight harm the wattmetric protection.
Use non-linear device or feed relays from another VT.
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F47 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault in networks with resonant
grounded neutrals
L 1
C0 L 3 C0 wL »
3wC0
High impedance zero sequence source,

the ground current is small

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F48 of 63
ABB
Network with resonant Single-line diagram
grounded neutrals Line # 1

Distribution of capacitive
IC1
ground currents
Line # 2
IF << S IC IC2
Line # 3
IF IC3
S IC
Petersen Line # 4
coil IC4

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F49 of 63
ABB
Petersen-coil compensated network (resonant grounding)
Equivalent diagram in
Single line diagram symmetrical components
Line 1
G Positive sequence system U1 = URN
C01 Line 2 Line 3
C02 C03
RF Negative sequence system U2 » 0
R L I01
Ground fault R-E UF 3 RF
I02 I03
3R U0
3L C03 IF/3
C01 C02
Zero sequence system

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F50 of 63
ABB
Amplitude-error Fi and angular-error di of CT‘s
Ohmic burden Reactive burden
Ip P1 S1 Is Ip P1 S1 Is
Rw Rw
Im Rb Zb Im Xb
P2 S2 P2 S2
Us = Ip (Rw+Rb) Im
Us = Ip (Rw+j Xb) Fi
Im
Fi » 0
di di
Is Ip Is Ip
Is leads Ip
The angular error di might fool the earth-fault protection in

a resonant grounded network
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F51 of 63
ABB
Compensated network with ohmic neutral resistor
Distribution of the ground currents
Line # 1
IF »I resistive IC1
Use functions Line # 2

Icosj or
IC2
I0*U0*cosj
Line # 3
IF IC3
S IC
R
Line # 4
Iresist. IC4
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F52 of 63
ABB
Injection of ohmic current by means of three single phase
transformers
I0Watt I0Watt I0Watt

3 single-phase transformers
IWatt = 3 I0Watt primary
t1 t2
U0>
t1 avoids pick-up in case of self-extinguishing faults

I0Watt secondary
t2 limits the time the resistor is loaded

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F53 of 63
ABB
Other principles for directional earth-fault functions
Functions using 5th harmonics
The ground currents of the 5th harmonics are not compensated by the Petersen-
coil.
Directional functions measuring U0250Hz·I0250Hz·sin j can be used.
Condition which allow application: The amount of 5th harmonics must be relevant
and the capacity phase-to ground of the total network shall be relatively high.
Transient measurement (Wischer-Relay)

At fault inception the polarities of the rate of change of zero-sequence current and
voltage is compared, this comparison is used to determine the direction.
Disadvantages: Only suitable for alarm, not for tripping
Only one measurement at fault inception is possible

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F54 of 63
ABB
Industrial plant with high-voltage motors
In industrial networks with high-voltage motors a minimal value

of ground-fault current is welcomed to realise a stator-earth-
fault protection by simple I0> functions.
However, the earth-fault current is limited to avoid high
damages in the faulted motor.
A protection range of 70 - 80% of full winding is aimed for
i.e. 20 - 30% of the winding, located towards the neutral, are not protected.
The ground fault current for the not protected part is 70 - 80% reduced.
To achieve the necessary current, the neutrals of the infeed-

transformers are grounded over resistors.

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F55 of 63
ABB
Damages on high-voltage motors due to stator ground-faults
(Source : Leroy Sommer)
80
70
60
Fault-current [A]
50
high damages
considerable
40
damages
30
20
small damages
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ABB
Fault time [seconds]
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F56 of 63
Earth-faults protection in network with isolated neutrals:
Earth-fault directional relays for lines and sensitive zero-

sequence overcurrent relays for machines and transformers.
Earth-faults protection in network with resonant grounding :
The protection system has to be carefully planned and set.

For measurements based on fundamental frequency,
toroidal cable CT‘s are required with low angular errors.

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F57 of 63
ABB
Special cases
and
explanation of some not obvious phenomena

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F58 of 63
ABB
Not-permitted scheme !!!
Never ground two neutrals of a transformer in a compensated network
Netz
CE Single line diagram
L
Equivalent diagram for the zero-sequence system
3 I0 >> IEnormal
XTransfo H-L
X0Source +j 3wL
U0 >> U0normal
-j X0C
>5 XTransfo H-L X»0 = -j / (wCE )
Series - resonance !!!

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F59 of 63
Þ very high U0
ABB
Isolated neutrals, only one outgoing line
Single line diagram

I00° I090°
IW
R
IC
Use directional I0> functions with 45° characteristic measuring angle

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F60 of 63
ABB
High capacitive ground-current in a network with isolated neutrals might produce
extensive U0-voltage for a fault at end of a long line
Netz Single line diagram

G
Equivalent diagram in the zero-sequence system

3·I0 > IEnormal j X0L
U0 > U0normal
U0normal
-j X0C

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F61 of 63
ABB
Compensated network, wrong watt-metric zero-sequence currents
due to different zero-sequence impedance’s of parallel lines
IE 1
IE
Overhead line
Cable
IE
IE 2
URN
IE 2 Overhead line
Iw’ IE
IE Iw’
-Iw’
IE Cable
IE 1
U0

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F62 of 63
ABB
Never use auto-transformers in a network with isolated or
compensated neutrals
6 kV 3 kV
R
S The zero-sequence voltage
T
is not transformed, because
URN(3)
URN(6)
USN(3)
URE(6)
URE(3)
UTN(3)
USN(6)
USE(6)
UTN(6)
USE(3)
UTE(6)
UTE(3)
the transformer-neutral is not
grounded.
UNE = U0
U0 = - URN(6)
N
The zero-sequence voltage
Ground of the 6kV side will be fully
U0 effective in the 3kV side.
URN(6)
U0 Motors might be damaged.
URN(3)
URE(6) =0
UTN(6) USN(6) UTN(3) USN(3)
URE(3)
U0 UTE(6) U0 U0 U0
USE(6)
UTE(3) USE(3)

T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F63 of 63
ABB

Very Excited Course From ABB About DistanceEF Protections

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Very Excited Course From ABB About DistanceEF Protections

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Distance Protection

Earth-fault protection in networks with isolated neutrals

ABB Power Automation Ltd

CE CE 5 ....300 A » 1500 A 10 ... 64 kA

3kV - 24kV 8kV - 24kV 3kV - 33kV 33kV - 132kV 33 kV - 800 kV

Different designations are used:

Topics of this course

CE CE 5 ....300 A » 1500 A 10 ... 64 kA

3 ... 24 kV (110 kV) 3 ... 24 kV 33 ... 132 kV 33 ... 800 kV

Umax Ph-E » Un ph-ph < 0.8·Un ph-ph

Topics of this course

Limits of overcurrent protection

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ABB Power Automation Ltd

0.6s 0.8s 0.8s

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0.2s 0.1s 0.1s

Zone 2, t2 » 0.4 .. 0.5 s

Infeed left TRIP TRIP

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Z3 = 0.85 (a +b2) approx. 1.8·a

1.2 a < Z2 < 0.85 (a + b1)

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UG Uph - ph Uph - ground

I > Iset AND ZL < Zset AND Fault forward

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• Non-directional minimum impedance • Several zones and timers for

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-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 [W/phase]

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 [W/phase]

Distance-zones Ohm/phase = positive sequence Ohms

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5 directional zones Starter

Medium voltage distance Zone 2

Reverse directed zone

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ABB Power Automation Ltd

Single-phase to ground fault

Inductive zero sequence source,

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In Networks with direct grounding

To detect phase-to-ground faults the protection shall be able to work

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In networks with isolated or resonant grounded neutrals

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Other advantages of the overcurrent-starter :

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ABB Power Automation Ltd

Two subsequent single-phase to ground faults

ABB Power Automation Ltd

ABB Power Automation Ltd

Phase preference logic for distance protection

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Phase preferences R - T - S - (R) cyclic means : R

Modes with acyclic phase-preference

Modes with cyclic phase-preference

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ABB Power Automation Ltd

3I0> IT> IS> IR> 3I0> IT> IR>

3 phase-currents + earth-current 3I0 2 phase-currents + earth-current 3I0

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On consumer ends, neutrals on MV-level are NOT grounded

Tripping time in seconds

k is settable (typically 0.05 .... 1.1) t-min