Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

ABSTRACT

Wind power turbines come in handy in the market today. VAWTs are one of the most
popular and widely converted wind turbines. It is also more practical, reliable and cost
effective and has the best longevity and durable features. Wind turbines represent a start in
society's effort to reduce pollution, damage to the world by avoiding the use of polluting
energy sources. The turbine is also designed in a unique way that enables it to work
efficiently in urban and suburban areas. This project presents effects of design factors on
mechanical performances of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs), which are suitable to
low wind speeds conditions. Main objective is to evaluate performance of the various rotor
geometries of VAWT using 3D printed model. Design factors include types/patterns, and
design modifications in this study. The performance curves of
each VAWT are represented by plots of wind speed against output power. It is found that the
types/patterns and design modifications have significant effects on mechanical. We found
that among 3 blades of wind turbine, conventional pattern blade has produced more output
power with both theoretical and experimental values. This is due to the variation in
geometrical parameters considered for the design of blades. The turbine area played an
important role in the generation of output power from the blades. The proposed methodology
can be used in designing VAWTs to improve mechanical performance before physical
fabrication.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The demand of renewable energy sources has been increasing due to the rise in
environmental pollution, increase in energy demand and due to depletion of fossil fuels. The
concept of on-site renewable energy generation is to extract energy from renewable sources
close to the populated area and also in ruler area where energy is required. A hybrid system
consisting of wind and solar renewable sources is more beneficial than a system that only
depends on one source of energy. Also power supply from a hybrid system is more stable and
reliable. In addition, optimization of hybrid renewable energy system is crucial for
researchers to maximize the energy output from the system with lowest cost and highest
reliability. The hybrid system has some beneficial advantages that why we have used these
systems for power generation some as below:

 Supplying load demand under varying weather conditions.

 Overall costs for self-powered system may be reduced drastically.

 High reliability without backup power source.

Due to the advantages of a hybrid system and to further improve the performance of small
wind turbine, this paper presents the urban Eco- Greenery hybrid wind- solar generation
system. The design of the system is adopted from the larger building integrated Omni-
Direction Guide-Vane (ODGV). The ODGV was originally designed to be installed on top of
a high-rise building. Shrouding a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) that covers much of
the roof area of the building. Hence, we are introducing a small scale Eco-Greenery hybrid
wind-solar system that employs the ODGV integrated with VAWT and solar Photo Voltaic
(PV) panel for on – site standalone energy generation. This minimizes the risks posed by the
large scale system, and with reduced cost. This is achieved by using the control system have
become cheaper and more advanced, new profiles for the rotor blades can extract more power

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from the win, and new power electronic equipment makes it possible to use variable speed
and to optimize the capacity of the turbine.

1.1 Wind Energy

Wind is the simple are in motion. Today wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity.
Wind energy is called a renewable energy source because the wind will blow as long as the
sun shines. When the efficiency of wind turbine is increased the more power can be
generated thus decreasing the need for expensive power generator that caused pollution. This
wind is free of cost power can be generated and stored by a wind turbine without pollution. If
the efficiency of common wind turbine is improved and widespread. There are two type of
wind turbine first is the horizontal axis wind turbine and second is the vertical axis wind
turbine. The vertical axis wind turbine is purely operates based on the drag force, but in
horizontal axis wind turbine, lift and drag force play the role to operate the wind turbine. The
vertical axis wind turbine has less efficiency compare to the horizontal axis wind turbine, but
it has high maintenance cost and investment cost to overcome this issues, become vertical
axis wind turbine are the best choice for wind generation.

1.2 Type of Wind Turbine

Collecting wind energy in surrounding environment due to its advantages such ecofriendly,
renewable nature and unlimited availability of wind source; for generation of electrical
energy. The basic need for generating electrical energy from wind energy is that to rotate the
turbine which coupled to generator with shaft with flow of wind. Turbine is the device which
play vital role in wind mill generator. Turbine is the device which convert mechanical energy
in the wind flow into electrical energy with generator. There are two types turbine
configuration used in wind mill which is

1) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

2) Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

a. Darrieus type of VAWT

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b. Savonius type of VAWT.

c. Helix 900 Pattern Turbine

1.2.1 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT):

The horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) is a wind turbine in which the main rotor shaft is
pointed in the direction of the wind to extract power. The principal components of a basic
HAWT are shown in Figure 1.

The rotor receives energy from the wind and produces a torque on a low-speed shaft. The
low-speed shaft transfers the energy to a gearbox, high-speed shaft, and generator, which are
enclosed in the nacelle for protection.

Figure 1.1: Basic Parts of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine

Notice how the blades are connected to the rotor and to the shaft. This shaft is called the low-
speed shaft because the wind turns the rotating assembly at a leisurely 10 to 20 revolutions
per minute (rpm) typically.
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The low-speed shaft connects to the gearbox, which has a set of gears that increase the output
speed of the shaft to approximately 1,800 rpm for an output frequency of 60 Hz (or a speed
of 1,500 rpm if the frequency is 50 Hz). For this reason, the shaft from the gearbox is called
the high-speed shaft.

The high-speed shaft is then connected to the generator, which converts the rotational motion
to AC voltage. This speed is critical if it is used to turn the generator directly because the
frequency of the ac from the generator is related directly to the rate at which it is turned.

Almost all horizontal-axis wind turbines have similar components to those discussed in this
article, but there are some exceptions. For example, direct-drive wind turbines do not have a
gearbox, and they usually have a DC generator rather than an AC generator. These may or
may not include a converter to AC (which can be located at the tower base).

In commercial turbines, a computer or programmable logic controller (PLC) is the controller.

The controller takes data from an anemometer to determine the direction the wind turbine
should be pointed, how to optimize the energy harvested, or how to prevent over-speeding in
the event of high winds.

1.2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT):

Vertical-axis wind turbines were tested and used more extensively in the 1980s and 1990s
because they were quieter and could operate without requiring yaw controls, regardless of the
wind’s direction.

The Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is a wind turbine that has its main rotational axis
oriented in the vertical direction it as shown in the figure 2.

VAWTs were innovative designs that have not proven as effective in general as HAWTs, but
they have a few good features, including quiet operation.

Because they are not as efficient as HAWTs, they are rarely used in large units. Most
VAWTs are smaller units that can be located in residential and commercial locations because
they are much quieter than the horizontal-axis turbines.

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The two types of vertical-axis

axis wind turbines are the Darrieus wind turbine,
turbine which turns a
shaft using lift forces, and the Savonius wind turbine
turbine, whose cups are pushed by direct wind
forces.

Figure 1.2: Vertical -Axis Wind Turbine

a. Darrieus Type of VAWT:

Darrieus VAWT are generally known as an “Eggbeater” turbine due its shape looks
like egg. It was invented by “Georges Darrieus” in 1931. It is a high speed low torque
turbine. It consists vertically oriented two blades rotates around a vertical shaft. Due
to shape and area it has high efficiency. But required external push for starting. So
external arrangement is required for starting this turbine machine
machineit
it as shown
sh in the
figure 3.

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Figure 1.3: Internal Parts of the Darrieus Wind Turbine

b. Savonius type of VAWT:

Savonius turbine was invented by Finnish engineer S.J. Savonius in 1922. Its main
advantage for selection are slow rotating and high torque turbine. It starts at low wind
speed because it required very low starting torque. Another advantage is it work in
both directions. Its construction is simplest in form of two cups or half drums fixed to
a central shaft in opposition direction as per shown in fig.2. In operation process of
this turbine the flow of wind strike on the cups of turbine it competing its rotation,
this happen repeat manner and turbine start rotating. The direction of the wind flow
doesn‟t effect on operation of turbine. This rotating process we applied to drive
generator for generation energy. In modern Savonius turbine generally use fluted
blade devices, which have highly reliable and highly efficient with less jerk or
vibration than twin cup or half drum turbine bladeit as shown in the figure 4.

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Figure 1.
1.4: Savonius Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

Figure 1.5: Helix 900 Pattern Wind Turbine

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CHAPTER-2

HISTORY OF WIND TURBINE

Wind power was first used long time ago by many civilizations during mankind history to
produce mechanical energy or for navigation. Only with the use of coal and oil in the last
two centuries its importance decreased, but during the last decades the interest on this
topic grew as much as the possible business around it. Since the beginning, two types
type of
windmills and turbines have been built to use this renewable source: some machines with
horizontal axis of rotation (HAWT) and some other with vertical axis (VAWT). The firs
type is the most common today, but growing market asks for machines with different
diff
proprieties
ties to fit different requests.

The first known use of wind power is placed, according to various sources, in the area
between today’s Iran and Afghanistan in the period from 7th to 10thcentury. These
windmills were mainly used to pump water oorr to grind wheat. They had vertical axis and
used the drag component of wind power: this is one of the reason for their low efficiency.
Moreover, to work properly, the part rotating in opposite direction compared to the wind
had to be protected by awall.

Figure 2.1: Dutch Windmill

Obviously, devices of this type can be used only in places with a main wind direction,

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because there is no way to follow the variations.The first windmills built in Europe and
inspired by the Middle East ones had the same problem, but they used an horizontal axis.
So they substitute the drag with the lift force, making their inventors also the
t unaware
discoverer of aerodynamics.

During the following centuries many modifies were applied for the use in areas where the
wind direction varies a lot: the best examples are of course the Dutch windmills, used to
drain the water in the lands taken fro
fromm the sea with the dams, could be oriented in wind
direction in order to increase the
theefficiency.

Figure 2.2: Dutch Windmill

The wind turbines used in the USA during the 19 th century and until the ’30 of 20th
century were mainly used for irrigation. They had an high number of steel-made
steel blades
and represented a huge economic potential because of their large quantity: about 8 million
were built all over the country
country.

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Figure
ure 2.3: American multi blade Windmill

The first attempt to generate electricity were made at the end of 19thcentury, and they
become more and more frequent in the first half of the following century. Almost all those
models had an horizontal axis, but in the same period (1931) Georges Jean Marie
Darrieus designed one of the most famous and common type of VAWT, that still bears
hisname.

Figure 2.4:ÉoleDarrieus wind Turbine, Quebec

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The recent development led to the realization of a great variety of types and models, both
with vertical and horizontal axis, with rated power from the few kW of the beginning to
the 6 MW and more for the latest constructions. In the electricity generation market the
HAWT type has currently a large predominance.

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CHAPTER-3

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Chedid et.al:This paper presents a decision support technique to help decision makers
study the influencing factors in the design of a hybrid solar-wind power system (HSWPS) for
grid-linked applications. These factors relate mainly to political and social conditions, and to
technical advances and economics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to
quantify the various divergencies of opinions, practices and events that lead to confusion and
uncertainties in planning HSWPS. The trade-off hisk method is used to generate multiple
plans under 16 different futures and obtain the corresponding trade-off curves. Unlike the
traditional 2-D simulation, a novel modelling of a trade-off surface in 3-D space is presented
where the knee set is determined using the minimum distance approach. Robust and inferior
plans are segregated based on their frequent occurrence in the conditional decision set of
each future and hedging analysis to reduce risk is performed in order to assign alternati5.e
options in case risky futures occur.

[2] Shekhanabi B Chalageri et.al:Energy from wind is the fastest growing source of
electricity in the world. In this project wind energy isused to generate electricity with the help
of aero leaves. Several leaf shaped aero leaves are placed in the form of tree,called Wind
Tree. Wind Tree uses tiny blades housed in the aero leaves to generate power from wind
energy. Thesewind trees are able to generate power regardless of the wind direction and with
minimum wind speed of 7Kmph.In thisproject we have used tree shaped structure, covered
with leaf shaped mini turbines called aeroleaves which are ofsavonius type turbine and
designed to produce the power which will catch the wind from all the directions. All
cablesand generators are integrated into the leaves and branches. Artificial leaves operate as
mini vertical turbines all aroundthe tree. When the wind blows, the leaf turbines rotate and
quietly produce the energy. This project concludes that, thepower generated from wind tree is
environmental friendly, mainly it generates power with least noise and it can beinstalled at
different locations.

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[3] S.Manavalan, Dr.VenkateshBabu:From the recent surge in fossil fuels price,demands

for cleaner energy sources and governmentfunding incentives, wind turbine is becoming
moreviable technology for electrical power generation.Fortunately, there is an abundance of
wind energy to beharnessed. Today, wind turbines have to compute withmany other energy
sources. It is therefore important tobe cost effective and for that there need to meet anyload
requirements and produce energy at a minimumproduction cost. In our project in order to
increase theefficiency as well to increase the power production rate,we have modified the
system of vertical axis windturbine to wind tree power generation in which numberof wind
turbines are coupled in a single arrangementand due to the reduced size of blades so they can
beeasily rotated due to the impact of forced air. With thehelp of generators power is
generated and stored withthe help of battery. The main advantage is that; it iseconomically
eco-friendly.

[4] A.A. Kadam, et al:has studied about Savonius wind rotorsand identify the various
performance parameters toincrease its efficiency.[13] The experimental results showthat two
blades rotor is more stable in operation than threeor more rotor blades, the power coefficient
increases withincreasing the aspect ratio. The rotor blades with end platesgave higher
efficiency than those of without end plates.CFD analysis was carried out to study the flow
behaviorofa rotating two bucket Savonius rotor. Model the complexflow physics around the
rotating rotor was carried out byFluent 6.3.26 software. For this purpose, data were
takenfrom the experiments conducted earlier on the rotor in asubsonic wind tunnel for five
different overlap conditionsare 16.2%, 20%, 25%, 30% & 35%.and results shows thatthe
maximum pressure drop is found in case of 16.2%overlap and minimum in case of 35%
overlap, means thatat 16.2% overlap condition power extraction is maximumfrom the wind.

[5] Manoj M Koushik et al:In the contemporary world the population is increasing and the
demand for conventional source ofenergy is also increasing. Also these sources are
diminishing in the near future. This leads to increase in cost ofconsumption. There is increase
in cost of electricity due to less supply and more demand. So there is a need foralternate
sources of energy. In this regard a new approach is made to harness the wind energy from the
moving vehiclesin highways, railway tracks and truck application to generate electricity.

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Turbine tree is a concept in which a number ofsmall vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are
mounted on a single arrangement and coupledto obtain high poweroutput. Presently metals
and composites are being used as material for bladesin turbines. So,use of alternate
materialsother than metals in wind turbines yet to be researched. Also Integration of wind
turbines in vehicles and road yet to bethoroughly researched and tested.

[6] S. Saravanan et al:The wind energy is used to rotate thewind blades. This blade coupled
to the shaft. At the end ofshaft the flywheel is placed. The eccentric arrangement isprovided
in the flywheel. When the blade rotatesautomatically fly wheel also rotates. Due to the
eccentricarrangement the rotation motion of the flywheel is convertedinto linear motion. This
reciprocating motion is given to thehandle of the pumping system. The up down motion of
thehandle is given to the piston, where the water is sucked usingpressure variation from
lower ground. Finally the water issupplied to the outlet. Wind blade provides the
continuousmotion which helps to supply the water continuously. Sincetime immemorial, the
main source of energy has been coal, oil,natural gas, nuclear energy, wood and coal.
However, all thesesources are limited and are the main cause of pollution andthis has led to
developmentand more focus on sustainableenergy supply with minimum pollution effects.
Henceresearch and analysis has shown that wind energy, solarenergy and biomass are the
most prominent solutions to theabove problems because they are eco-friendly and
readilyavailable in nature.

[7] V. Venkkatrami Reddy, K. Srinivasa Rao:The Rural Electrification via hybrid system
which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact
enough to be installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine
(VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT
are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance
and reacts to wind from all directions. The wind turbine designed to generate electricity
sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery
and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with
minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas.

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[8] ShubhamNandurkaret al: With the increase in demand of electricity its generation in
huge amount has also become very important. In today’s era, electricity is generated by
burning the fossil fuels, but these fossil fuels will soon get depleted and this critical situation
gives rise to the use of renewable sources of energy for generation of electricity. The main
objective of the attempt is to produce electricity by using the force of air created by the
moving vehicle on highways. On highways the vehicles face the problem while travelling at
night due to less lightning. This problem can be overcome by using the vertical axis wind
turbine (VAWT). This is one of the methods of power generation. Wind exerts force on the
blade and this force will rotate the vertical turbine blade and this blade is coupled with the
generator through shaft and this generator will produce electricity. Wind is an
unconventional source of energy, by which the electricity can be obtained by converting
kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy by using wind turbine.

[9] Manoj Kumar Chaudhary et al: This research paper presents a design and
fabrication of 100 Watt smallhorizontal axis wind turbine with 0.24 m and 0.35 m rotor
radius and tip speed ratiovaries from 2to 10was designed and development for operated at
low wind speed withLow Reynolds number. In this paper, a new airfoil profile was
designed and developed, it’s denoted by MK115. The numerical and experimental analysis
for 6 airfoils using Xfoil software was conducted with a view to evaluating the lift-to-drag
ratio and angle of attack by means of the SD7024, SG6043, NACA2412, S1210, E213,
and New Airfoil (MK115) tested. In simulation, new MK115 airfoil was the most
convenient airfoil to start high energyproduction for low-wind applications, onthe
Reynoldsnumber 25000, 50000, 75000, and 100000 in improved airfoil (MK115) tests an
Open type wind tunnel. AnXfoil analysis to obtain further data on the flowcharacteristics was
also conducted. (MK115)airfoilhave CLmaxof 0.92, 1.25,1.69, 1.67 at Re=25k, 50k, 75k and
100k for an angle of attack is equal to 100.A maximum lift to drag ratio (Cl/Cd) of
7,16,50,63 at Re=25k, 50k, 75k and 100k for New airfoil (MK115) at angle of attack(α)
=40, 40, 80, 80. SG6043, NACA2412, E214, SD7034, S1210 and MK115 (New airfoil)
have the Maximum Cp=0.37, 0.36, 0.4, 0.39, 0.44, and 0.44 at tip speed ratio (λ) =6 for
Reynolds number is equal to 100000MK115, Maximum Torque obtained 0.9744 Nm,
1.389Nm and 2.4866Nm at blade angle=0, 15 and 30

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degreesrespectively.Powercoefficient (Cp)=0.51, 0.5, 0.46, and 0.4 at Rotor shaft

angle=0, 50, 100, and 150respectivelyfor the new airfoil results.

[10] ShafiqurRehman et al:Among renewable sources of energy, wind is the most widely
used resource due to its commercial acceptance, low cost and ease of operation and
maintenance, relatively much less time for its realization from concept till operation, creation
of new jobs, and least adverse effect on the environment. The fast technological development
in the wind industry and availability of multi megawatt sized horizontal axis wind turbines
has further led the promotion of wind power utilization globally. It is a well-known fact that
the wind speed increases with height and hence the energy output. However, one cannot go
above a certain height due to structural and other issues. Hence other attempts need to be
made to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines, maintaining the hub heights to
acceptable and controllable limits. The efficiency of the wind turbines or the energy output
can be increased by reducing the cut-in-speed and/or the rated-speed by modifying and
redesigning the blades. The problem is tackled by identifying the optimization parameters
such as annual energy yield, power coefficient, energy cost, blade mass, and blade design
constraints such as physical, geometric, and aerodynamic. The present paper provides an
overview of the commonly used models, techniques, tools and experimental approaches
applied to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines. In the present review work, particular
emphasis is made on approaches used to design wind turbine blades both experimental and
numerical, methodologies used to study the performance of wind turbines both
experimentally and analytically, active and passive techniques used to enhance the power
output from wind turbines, reduction in cut-in-speed for improved wind turbine performance,
and lastly the research and development work related to new and efficient materials for the
wind turbines.

[11] R. Naren Shankar et al:Wind energy is one of the promising renewable energy, used to
generate electric power. The search for environmental friendly, sustainable energy has
promoted in this industrial world. The present global technological society is depended on
the availability of energy. The development of industry, agriculture and transportation, etc. is
totally depended on the availability of power. The cost of energy is increasing day by day

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due to the increase in the demand of power and depletion of the conventional energy
resources, which are used in the generation of electricity. So, it is very essential to make use
of the non- conventional sources of energy like wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, etc.
Wind is considered to be one of the most promising resources in the renewable energy
portfolio. Wind energy is used to generate electrical power by rotating the rotor shaft by the
conversion of kinetic energy of wind into rotational energy of the shaft. The objective of this
work is to develop a domestic wind turbine which works at low wind speeds and which can
be made available to the common man at a very low price. Polyvinyl chloride, which is easily
available, has been utilized to fabricate the blades. In the design process, basic aerofoil
section is considered with various forces acting on the blades are calculated theoretically and
the design is optimized to get the optimum power output. The rotational speed of the wind
turbine is maximized by using a gear ratio. A DC dynamo which acts as generator is used to
extract power.

3.1 Problem Statement

From the recent surge in fossil fuels price, demands for cleaner energy sources and
government funding incentives, wind turbine is becoming more viable technology for
electrical power generation. Fortunately, there is an abundance of wind energy to be
harnessed. Today, wind turbines have to compute with many other energy sources. It is
therefore important to be cost effective and for that there need to meet any load requirements
and produce energy at a minimum production cost.

3.2 Objective

In order to increase the efficiency as well to increase the power production rate, the system of
vertical axis wind turbine is to be modified to wind tree power generation in which number
of wind turbines are coupled in a single arrangement and due to the reduced size of blades
they can be easily rotated due to the impact of forced air. With the help of generators power
is generated and stored with the help of battery. Therefore, the main objective is to design
and develop the Wind Tree with VAWT.

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

Based on the literature survey conducted and defining the objective, the present work is
carried out to design and fabricate the wind mill tree. In order to fulfill the objective defined,
a systematic methodology is followed as represented in fig. 4.1.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

DETAILED DESIGN

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

FABRICATION & ASSEMBLY OF WIND TREE

EXPECTED OUTCOME

CONCLUSION

Figure 4.1: Methodology

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4.1 Problem identification

The use of wind turbines has risen rapidly in recent years because of the potential that they
offer for carbon free power generation. Winds are usually unsteady with high levels of
turbulence for significant proportions of the time, resulting in air flows characterized by rapid
changes in speed and direction. It has been pointed out several times in literature that vertical
axis wind turbines (VAWT) may be more appropriate for urban applications because of
several distinct advantages it presents over the conventional horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT). These advantages include no need to include a yawing mechanism to adjust the
rotor to the changing wind direction, ease of maintenance due to the location of the gearbox –
generator system at the base of the turbine, as well as potentially better performance in
unsteady and skewed wind conditions. Also, as turbines are becoming bigger, the
maintenance of equipment’s grows more complex and costs much higher. Compared with
HAWTs, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have more technological advantages,
providing an alternative for the wind power technology, hence VAWTs are catching more
eyes.

4.2 Concept development

Based on the problem identified, it was observed that by placing multiple turbines on a single
tree the power output could be increased. Therefore, wind tree is a concept based on vertical
axis wind turbine for power generation in which number of wind turbines are coupled in a
single arrangement and due to the reduced size of blades and impact of forced air, they can
be easily rotated. With the help of generators power is generated and stored with the help of
battery. The main advantage is that; it is economically eco-friendly.

In this project,Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine is used.Savonius turbine is one of the
simplest turbines and is a type of vertical-axiswind turbine (VAWT), used for converting the
force of the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. Aerodynamically, it is a drag-type device,
consisting of two or three scoops. A two-scoop machine would look like an "S" shape in
cross section andbecause of the curvature, the scoops experience less drag when moving
against the wind than when moving with the wind. The differential drag causes the

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Savoniusturbine to spin. Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much
less of the wind's power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines.

Figure 4.1: Savonius type wind turbine

The concept sketch of wind tree is shown in figure 2. The concept of wind tree can overcome
the drawback of unidirectional flow of wind. When turbines are placed alternately it rotates
for any direction of the wind i.e. wind tree becomes omnidirectional.

Figure 4.2: Concept sketch of Wind Mill

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4.3 Detail design and development of drawings

According to the developed concept, the detail design and 2D/3D drawings are developed
using CAD modeling software such as Solidworks.

Characteristics of VAWT required for the design development are studied in detail.

Wind Speed: This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine only
generates power with the wind. The wind rotates the axis (horizontal or vertical) and causes
the shaft on the generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an electric current.

Blade Length: This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional to the
swept area. Larger blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with each
revolution.

Base Height: The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a windmill
is, the more productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases so does the
winds speed.

Base Design: Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the construction of the
windmill because not only do they have to support the windmill must also be subject to their
own weight and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is subject to these elements, then it will
surely collapse.

Detailed 2D drawing of turbine blade has been developed using Solidworks software.

4.4 Product subsystems and components:

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are one whose axis of rotation is vertical with respect to
ground. The main components of this turbine are:

a) Shaft or Tree
b) Base frame
c) Wind turbine blades

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Other components of wind tree such as DC generators, Battery and LED bulb will be
outsourced according to the specifications required.

a) Shaft: A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular cross-section either solid or

hollow, which transmits power and rotational motion. It is connected to the generator
within the main housing and turbine blades are mounted on the shaft.

Figure 4.3: Shaft design

b) Base frame: A base frame is a component mounted on the shaft to hold the turbine
blades.
c) Turbine blades:
To get the better power output we have used the 3 different pattern of blades. Those
are
 Savonius blades or Conventional Blade
 Cover Added Pattern Blade
 Helix 900 Pattern Blade

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Savonius blades are a crucial and basic part of a wind turbine. They are mainly made of
aluminum, fiber glass or carbon fiber. These blades take the energy out of the wind; they
capture the wind and convert its kinetic energy into the rotation of the hub.

Figure 4.5: Conventional blade design

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Fig 4.6: Cover Added Pattern

Fig 4.7: Helix 900 Pattern Blade

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Fig 4.8: 3D Model of Blades

Fig 4.9: Motor Mounting Holder

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Figure 4.10: Assembly of Wind Mill

Electrical Parts: The turbines are connected to electrical parts in order to get the required
power. The table 4.1 describes the electrical parts with its specifications used for wind mill
tree.

Table 4.1: Electrical parts with their specifications

DC Motor
Specification:
 RPM: 700
 Operating Voltage: 12V DC
 Shaft Dia: 6mm With Internal Hole
 Torque: 0.5 kg-cm
 Load Current: 300mA (Max)

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

CHAPTER 5

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

5.1 Theoretical Calculations of wind power

The wind power increases as a function of the cube of the velocity of the wind and this power
is calculable with respect to the area in which the wind is present as well as the wind
velocity. When wind is blowing the energy available is kinetic due to the motion of the wind
so the power of the wind is related to the kinetic energy.

Blade 1:

Fig. 5.1: Conventional Pattern

1
Kinetic Energy = mv
2

Where, m = mass, kg

v = velocity, m/s

Since Power is Energy per time, we can formulate kinetic energy as

1
Power = ṁv
2

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Where, ṁ, mass flow rate

ṁ = = ρAv

where, ρ = Air density =1.23kg/m ,

A = turbine area, m

v = wind velocity, m/s

Therefore, power of the wind is,

1
Wind Power = ρAv
2

The Betz’s law calculates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind,
independent of the design of a wind turbine. According to Betz’s law, no turbine can convert
more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a
rotor. The theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.593 (i.e.
no more than 59.3% of the energy carried by the wind can be extracted by a wind turbine).
This is called the “power coefficient” and is defined as: C = 0.593.

Now considering the power coefficient, wind power is given as,

1
Wind Power = ρAv C
2

The turbine/propeller area is considered as the height x diameter

We consider height = 120mm and diameter =180mm

Hence, turbine area is 0.12 x 0.18 = 0.0216m

By considering maximum wind velocity as 10m/s, the theoretical output wind power
obtained is,

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

1
Wind Power = ρAv C
2

1
Wind Power = x1.23 x 0.0216 x 10 x 0.593
2

Wind Power =7.88 Watts

The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremelyimportant factor in wind turbine design.
TSRrefers to the ratio between the wind speedand the speed of the tips of the wind
turbineblades.

The tip speed ratio of the rotor is defined by the equation:

Tip Speed Ratio =

If the rotor of the wind turbine spins too slowly, most of the wind will pass straight through
the gap between the blades, therefore giving it no power! But if the rotor spins too fast, the
blades will blur and act like a solid wall to the wind. Also, rotor blades create turbulence as
they spin through the air.

Wind turbines must be designed with optimal tip speed ratios to get the maximum amount of
power from the wind.

To determine tip speed ratio, tip speed of blade and wind speed are considered for maximum
velocity 10m/s.

ω
Tip Speed Ratio, λ=

Where, N = rotational speed of rotor, rpm

d = diameter of blade, m

V = wind velocity, m/s

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

π
ω=angular velocity = rad/s

π
ω= = 104.72 rad/s

ω
⸫ Tip Speed Ratio, λ =

. .
λ= = 1.88

Similarly, the calculations are conducted for various wind velocity to determine the output
power and tip speed ratio. Table 5.1 represents the theoretical output power and tip speed
ratio for different wind velocity.

Table 5.1: Theoretical output power for different wind velocity (Conventional Pattern
Blade)

Wind
Density, Turbine Power Output wind Tip Speed
velocity,
kg/𝐦𝟑 Area, 𝐦𝟐 coefficient power, W Ratio
m/s
1 0.0078 18.84
2 0.063 9.42
3 0.212 6.28
4 0.504 4.712
5 0.984 3.77
1.23 0.0216 0.593
6 1.701 3.141
7 2.701 2.692
8 4.033 2.35
9 5.742 2.1
10 7.877 1.89

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Blade 1
9
8
Wind Power, W 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind velcity, m/s

Fig. 5.2: Wind power vs Wind velocity of blade 1

The above calculations are carried out for a single Savonius vertical axis wind turbine. But
wind tree consists of more number of turbines mounted on the branches. Considering power
output from all the turbines, the total power output from the turbine tree is calculated by
making assumptions.

Assumptions for calculating power:

1. All the turbines are assumed to generate same power output.

2. The efficiency of all the turbines is assumed to be same.

3. Effect of rotation of one turbine on the other is neglected.

4. The mechanical losses of all the turbines are considered to be same.

5. Coefficient of performance for all the turbines is assumed to be same.

The power calculated for single turbine with wind speed of 10m/s is 7.88 W.

If the TSR is above 1, that means there is lift involved to make blades spin faster than the
wind speed. If the TSR is below 1, there is a lot of drag involved to make blades spin. Old

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

windmills used to lift weights, grind grain, or pump water probably had TSRs around 1.
Modern wind turbines have higher TSR values like 5.

Blade 2:

Fig. 5.3: Cover-Added Pattern

We consider height = 120mm and diameter =160mm

Hence, turbine area is 0.12 x 0.16 = 0.0192m

By considering maximum wind velocity as 10m/s, the theoretical output wind power
obtained is,

1
Wind Power = ρAv C
2

1
Wind Power = x1.23 x 0.0192 x 10 x 0.593
2

Wind Power =7 Watts

ω
Tip Speed Ratio, λ =

. .
λ= = 1.67

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Table 5.2: Theoretical output power for different wind velocity (Cover-Added Pattern
Blade)

Wind
Density, Turbine Power Output wind Tip Speed
velocity,
kg/𝐦𝟑 Area, 𝐦𝟐 coefficient power, W Ratio
m/s
1 0.007 16.76
2 0.056 8.38
3 0.19 5.86
4 0.44 4.12
5 0.875 3.35
1.23 0.0192 0.593
6 1.512 2.8
7 2.4 2.4
8 3.6 2.1
9 5.1 1.86
10 7 1.67

The power calculated for single turbine with wind speed of 10m/s is 7 W.

Blade 2
8
7
6
Wind power, W

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind velocity, m/s

Fig. 5.4: Wind power vs wind velocity of blade 2

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Blade 3:

Fig. 5.3: Helix 900 Pattern Blade

We consider height = 120mm and diameter =140mm

Hence, turbine area is 0.12 x 0.14 = 0.0168m

By considering maximum wind velocity as 10m/s, the theoretical output wind power
obtained is,

1
Wind Power = ρAv C
2

1
Wind Power = x1.23 x 0.0168 x 10 x 0.593
2

Wind Power =6.12 Watts

ω
Tip Speed Ratio, λ =

. .
λ= = 1.47

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Table 5.2: Theoretical output power for different wind velocity (Helix 90 0 Pattern
Blade)

Density, Turbine Wind Power Output wind Tip Speed

kg/𝐦𝟑 Area, 𝐦𝟐 velocity, m/s coefficient power, W Ratio
1 0.0061 16.76
2 0.049 8.38
3 0.165 5.86
4 0.39 4.12
5 0.765 3.35
1.23 0.0168 0.593
6 1.323 2.8
7 2.1 2.4
8 3.13 2.1
9 4.46 1.86
10 6.12 1.67

The power calculated for single turbine with wind speed of 10m/s is 6.12 W.

Blade 3
7
6
Wind power, W

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind velocity, m/s

Fig. 5.5: Wind power vs wind velocity of blade 3

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

5.2 Experimental calculations of wind power

After designing the components and structures desired for testing power output for wind
turbine, experimental set-up is created required to test the prototypes and structures. In order
to determine the effectiveness of the products that are manufactured, tests are performed to
evaluate them. Power output of turbine blades designed is tested by conducting the
experiment and procedure of calculating the power is counting the voltage & current. The
power gained can be calculated using the below equation.

P = IV

Where, I = current, Ampere and V = voltage, volts

Table 5.3 shows the values obtained from the experiment conducted for 3 different blades.

Table 5.3: Wind power obtained from experiment

Type of Blade Wind Velocity, m/s Voltage, V Current, I Wind Power, W

2 9.6 0.1 0.96
4 10.2 0.15 1.53
Blade 1 6 11.8 0.24 2.83
8 13.1 0.43 5.63
10 13.9 0.52 7.22
2 8.8 0.07 0.62
4 9.7 0.11 1.06
Blade 2 6 10.4 0.2 2.08
8 11.9 0.39 4.64
10 12.6 0.49 6.17
2 8.5 0.1 0.85
4 9.6 0.13 1.25
Blade 3 6 10.7 0.22 2.35
8 12 0.39 4.68
10 12.8 0.47 6.01

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

Experimental result
8
7
Wind power, W 6
5
4 Blade 1
3
Blade 2
2
Blade 3
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind Velocity, m/s

Fig. 5.6: Experimental result values of Wind power vs Wind velocity

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

CHAPTER 6

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

Wind energy is available without any cost and it does not emit any greenhouse gases. This
makes it a great source of energy production for any developing state. The field of wind
energy has tremendous scope for innovation, translating to real world applications and
tremendous economic opportunity. It is crucially important for India, as our economy
continues to evolve. For that we will need greater resources. Wind power has emerged as the
biggest source of renewable energy in the world. Hence, with better design and increasing the
number of turbines along with some advanced technology it is possible to implement this
project on a large scale. Table 6.1 represents the comparison of theoretical and experimental
values of wind power obtained with 3 different blades.

Table 6.1: Comparison of theoretical and experimental values of wind power

Type of Wind Power Theoretical Experimental

Blade Velocity, m/s coefficient Wind Power, W Wind Power, W
2 0.063 0.96
4 0.504 1.53
Blade 1 6 1.701 2.83
8 4.033 5.63
10 7.877 7.22
2 0.056 0.62
4 0.44 1.06
Blade 2 6 0.593 1.512 2.08
8 3.6 4.64
10 7 6.17
2 0.049 0.85
4 0.39 1.25
Blade 3 6 1.323 2.35
8 3.13 4.68
10 6.12 6.01

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

According to the comparison of theoretical and experimental values of wind power at a

velocity of 10 m/s, there exists a gap between the actual and ideal output power, where a
several factors have affected clearly on the actual performance, these factors are due to
external factors, process, geometrically, or due to human error. In addition, among 3 blades
of wind turbine, conventional pattern blade has produced more output power with both
theoretical and experimental values. This is due to the variation in geometrical parameters
considered for the design of blades. The turbine area played an important role in the
generation of output power from the blades.

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Even though we were able to improve on the early studies that had been handed down to our
group, there is always a way to improve on inventions and new concepts. Wind turbines
represent a start in society's effort to reduce pollution, damage to the world by avoiding the
use of polluting energy sources.

This project should hopefully help develop research and testing on VAWT systems, as well
as provide insight for other groups to complete additional testing and increase the efficiency
and performance of vertical axis wind turbines.

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

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 Design and Fabrication of Wind Mill Tree

[10] ShafiqurRehman, Md. MahbubAlam, Luai M. Alhems and M.

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