Chapter # 2

Solar Dish Power Plant Also called dish-engine, this type of CSP technology uses a gigantic
parabolic dish lined with mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a fixed receiver. The fixed receiver
contains a working fluid such as hydrogen. The liquid can be heated to at least 1,200 degrees
Fahrenheit or 749 degrees Celsius.
Parabolic trough power plants use concentrated sunlight, in place of fossil fuels, to provide the thermal
energy required to drive a conventional power plant. These plants use a
large field of parabolic trough collectors that track the sun during the day
and concentrate the solar radiation on a receiver tube located at the focus
of the parabolic shaped mirrors. A heat transfer fluid passes through the
receiver and is heated to temperatures required to generate steam and
drive a conventional Rankine cycle steam power plant.
Chapter # 3
Chapter # 4

Wind Energy
Introduction:
Wind is called a renewable energy resources, because the wind is blow as long as the sun will shine. Use
of wind power produce electricity on a commercial stage have to be come one of the fastest growing
energy technologies. Economically and technologically factors are emerging to compose wind power a
viable source of energy. In remote areas wind energy can be used for power supply or can be combine
with diesel engine to save the whenever wind is available. In addition, wind energy can be utilized for
purification of water in coastal areas. The price of electricity produce by wind energy is much cheaper as
compare to the price of conventional power plant.

One of the drawbacks of wind energy is that wind mill create noise. In modern wind turbine
manufacturer have reduce the mechanical noise, but still aerodynamic noise if rotating blade is stilled to
be solved.

Another disadvantage is that power can only be produce when the wind has the certain value of
speed/cut off speed. (70 % of wind available for wind turbine).

Wind Power Potential In Pakistan:

Pakistan has great potential, but at the present power unit for power generating electricity from wind
energy is very less as compare to the potential in the country. Pakistan has nearly 1000km long cost line
which could be consume for installation of wind turbine.

In the same geographically background, India has setup his first power plant it consists of 10 unit of
5.5kw wind turbine at the Gujrat in 1986.ministry of non -conventional energy sources of India projected
that India has the potential of45000MW.currently India is generatng more than 20000MW.electric
energy from wind sources.

Pakistan started working on the potential of wind energy in coastal areas were studied in 2002.
Recording to this report Pakistan has around 50000MW energy in the coastal areas. Pakistan with the
help of New Zealand established some plants in remotely located villages of Baluchistan. These plants
are for hybrid system windmills and diesel engines. Different private power plants are also established at
Thatha and Badin district of Sindh and currently they are generating around 800 MW.

Types of wind turbines:

There are different classifications of wind turbines.

Classification depending upon amount of power generating is classified into four categories.

1. Small wind turbine (less 25KW).

2. Medium wind turbine (25KW-100KW).
3. Large wind turbine (100KW-1MW).
 4. Very large wind turbine (more than 1 MW).

Wind turbine are also classified into two categories by the direction of the rotation.

I. Horizontal axis wind turbine.

II. Vertical axis wind turbine.
1. Horizontal axis wind turbine:
A horizontal axis wind turbine has axis of rotation is horizontal to the ground and parallel to the wind
stream. Horizontal axis wind turbine required low cut in wind speed to work and they can be installed
easily. Horizontal axis wind turbine has relatively high-power coefficient, however generator and gear
box of these turbines are to be position above the tower and due to this its design is more complex.
depending upon the number of blades these turbines are further divided into single blade, double blade,
triple blade and multiblade. most of the most commercial turbine use for electric generator has three
blades, because the aerodynamic loading will be relatively uniform. Machine with more blades are also
available.

 Cut in speed is the value of wind speed which wind turbine starts to produce power.

Types of horizontal axis wind turbine.

There are two types of horizontal axis wind turbine.

I. Off shore wind turbines.

II. On shore wind turbines.
 Features of off shore wind turbines.
I. Roughness of water surface is very low, so large number of turbines can be installed.
II. Noise pollution created by the wind turbines is not effective because these turbines are located
too far from population.
III. Less effected to turbulence in the wind.
IV. Installing the off-shore wind turbines is much more complex and costlier.
V. Connection to the electric grid is also complex.
VI. Operation and maintenance of off shore wind turbine is also expensive and complex.
 Features of on shore wind turbines.
I. Foundation of on shore wind turbine is cheaper and easy to install.
II. Easily integrated with electrical grid.
III. Cheaper installation and access during the construction phase.
IV. It can be operated and maintenance easily.
V. Negative visual impact and noise.
VI. Limited availability of land for installation at large scale.
VII. Restriction associate with obstruction like building, mountains, forests and so on.
VIII. Affected to more turbulence.

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine:

These are classified as drag and lift device base on operating principle. Lift and drags are the
components of the force perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the relative wind respectively. It
is much more efficient to use lift as compared to drag when extracting power from the wind. Vertical
axis wind turbine can receive wind from any direction. Hence complicated direction management
system which is in horizontal axis wind turbine, can be eliminated from vertical axis wind turbine. The
generator and gear box of a such system can be held at the ground level, which makes the tower design
simple and more economical.

The major disadvantage of vertical axis is that they are not self-starting. Therefore, even the most
common type of vertical axis wind turbine has not been commercialized.

Types of vertical axis wind turbine.

Many types of vertical axis wind turbine are being introduced, but the main and fundamentals types are

I. Darrieus
II. Savonius
III. Giromill
1. Darrieus:
French aeronautical engineer George Jean Marie Darrieus design one of the most famous and common
type vertical axis wind turbine, which was named after him. The Darrieus turbine consists of curve
shaped blades mounted on the vertical rotating shaft. The curve shaped of the blades allow to be
stressed only in tension of high rotating speed. The blades are away in such a manner that they are
symmetrical. This arrangement is equally effective, no matter which direction wind is blowing. When the
Darrieus motor is spinning the blades moving forward to the air in a circular path. Relative to the blade
this on coming air flow is added as the vector to the wind, that the resultant air flow creates changing
positive angle of attack to the blades.

Main problem of this design is that the angle of attack changes as the turbine blades speed, so each
blade generates its maximum toque at two points in one cycle. This leads to a sinusoidal power cycle
that complicate the design, this is its drawback. Another problem arises because the majority of the
mass of rotating mechanism is in the center rather than hub. This leads to very high centrifugal stressed
on the mechanism and therefore the shaft must be stronger and heavier to withstand these stressed.

There were so many accidents due to the breaking of the shaft. The most common shape is called egg
beater shape. There are some designs in which instead of curve blades, straight blades are used.

2. Savonius:
The savonius wind turbine were invented by Phillis Engineer Sigurd J. Savonius in 1922. First attempt to
with this kind win mill was in 1745 by a German Elias Besseler. The savnius is drag type vertical axis wind
turbine, so it cannot rotate faster than wind speed. These types of turbine are not suitable for power
generation. More over the efficiency is very low as compared to the other type, so it can be used for
other applications, such as pumping the water, grinding the grains. Much of the swept area of the rotor
near the ground making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speed at
lower height. Its best qualities are simplicity, reliability and very low noise production. Also, it can
operate at low wind speed, because the operating torque is very high in these conditions.

3. Giromill:
The straight bladed wind turbine is called giromill and some time is called H-rotor. Giromill also was
developed by Darrieus in 1927. In these turbines the curve shape blades of the darrieus mill are replaced
by with straight vertical blades attached to the horizontal suppl. These turbines normally have two or
more vertical blades. The giromill blade design is much simpler to build, but results in more massive
structure than the traditional arrangement and required stronger blades. The operation of the giromill is
hot different from common darrieus turbines. The wind hits the blades and the velocity is split into lift
and drag components. The resultant vector sum of the two components make the turbine to rotate. The
aerodynamic of giromill is also same as the darrieus turbine.

Advantages of vertical axis wind turbines:

1. They can be placed closer in the wind farm along more wind mill in a given space.
2. They are omni directional and less noise generator.
3. They don’t require as much wind to generate power.
4. Their generator and gear box system are closer to the ground therefore they are easy to
maintain.
5. They can be installed on chimneys and similar tall structures.

Disadvantages of vertical axis wind turbines:

1. Vertical axis wind turbines have very low starting torque and therefore required external torque.
2. They have dynamic stability problem (shaft have more stress).
3. The vertical axis wind turbines are sensitive off-design condition and have low installation
height, limiting the operation to lower wind speed environment.
4. The blades of the vertical axis wind turbines spin around the central axis, this cause the blades
to crack. Over the time blades grow apart leading to the accident.