I

ABSTRACT

In today’s life, with the increase in demand of electricity its generation in huge
amount has also become very important. In today’s era, electricity is generated by
burning the fossil fuels, but these fossil fuels will soon get depleted and this critical
situation gives rise to the use of renewable sources of energy for generation of
electricity. The main objective of the attempt is to produce electricity by using the force
of air created by the moving vehicle on highways. On highways the vehicles face the
problem while travelling at night due to less lightning. This problem can be overcome
by using the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This is one of the methods of power
generation. Wind exerts force on the blade and this force will rotate the vertical turbine
blade and this blade is coupled with the generator through shaft and this generator will
produce electricity. Wind is an unconventional source of energy, by which the
electricity can be obtained by converting kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy
by using wind turbine. The current attempt describes vertical axis wind turbine and its
importance in energy production.
This attempt describes briefly the design consideration of vertical axis wind turbine
with the aim to start or work in very low speed of wind. The model has been develop
and fabricated. The aim is to make vertical axis wind turbine which can be installed at
rural areas where electricity crises is the main problem. The effort has been taken to
design the VAWT which can work at very low wind speed of 1-1.5 m/s. Hence in the
current attempt, the property of magnets that like poles of different magnet repel other
and unlike poles attracts each other is taken into consideration. This attraction-repulsion
property gives the good starting torque so that the turbine will tend to rotate
continuously

III
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
If the efficiency of a wind turbine is increased, then more power can be generated
thus decreasing the need for expensive power generators that cause pollution. This
would also reduce the cost of power for the common people. The wind is literally
there for the taking and doesn't cost any money. Power can be generated and
stored by a wind turbine with little or no pollution. If the efficiency of the common
wind turbine is improved and widespread, the common people can cut back on
their power costs immensely.

Ever since the Seventh Century people have been utilizing the wind to make their
lives easier. The whole concept of windmills originated in Persia. The Persians
originally used the wind to irrigate farm land, crush grain and milling. This is
probably where the term windmill came from. Since the widespread use of
windmills in Europe, during the Twelfth Century, some areas such as the
Netherlands have prospered from creating vast wind farms. The towers without
guy wires are called freestanding towers. Something to take into consideration
about a tower is that it must support the weight of the windmill along with the
weight of the tower.

The first windmills, however, were not very reliable or energy efficient. Only half
the sail rotation was utilized. They were usually slow and had a low tip speed
ratio but were useful for torque.

Since its creation, man has constantly tried to improve the windmill. As a result,
over the years, the number of blades on windmills has decreased. Most modern
windmills have 5-6 blades while past windmills have had 4~8 blades. Past
windmill also had to be manually directed into the wind, while modern windmills
can be automatically turned into the wind. The sail design and materials used to
2
create them have also changed over the years.

In most cases the altitude of the rotor is directly proportional to its efficiency.
As a matter of fact, a modern wind turbine should be at least twenty feet above and
three hundred feet away from an obstruction, though it is even more ideal for it to
be thirty feet above and five hundred feet away from any obstruction.

Different locations have various wind speeds. Some places, such as the
British Isles, have few inhabitants because of high wind speeds, yet they are
ideal for wind generation. Did you know that the world's largest wind farm is
located in California, and the total wind power generated there exceeds 1,400
megawatts of electricity? (A typical nuclear power plant generates 1,000
megawatts.)
Some geographic features such as mountains also have an influence upon
wind. Mountains can create mountain breezes at night, because of the cooler air
flowing down the mountain and being heated by the warmer valley air causing a
convection current. Valleys are affected in much the same way. In the daytime, the
cooler air is above the valleys and the hot air is above the mountains. The hot air
above the mountain rises above the valleys and cools, thus creating a convection
current in the opposite direction and creating a valley wind. The oceans create
convection currents, as well as they mountains or valleys. In the day, the hotter air
is above the same and the cooler air is above the ocean. The air heats up over the
sand and rises above the ocean and then cools, creating the convection current. At
night, the cooler air is above the sand and the warmer air is above the ocean, so the
air heats up over the ocean and cools over the sand. As you can clearly see, the
time of day also affects the wind.

We know that for windmills to operate there must be wind, but how do they
work? Actually there are two types of windmills -- the horizontal axis windmills
3
and the vertical axis windmills.
-The horizontal axis windmills have a horizontal rotor much like the classic Dutch
four-arm windmill. The horizontal axis windmills primarily rely on lift from the
wind. As stated in Bernoulli's Principle, "a fluid will travel from an area of higher
pressure to an area of lower pressure." It also states, "as the velocity of a fluid
increases, its density decreases." Based upon this principle, horizontal axis
windmill blades have been designed much like the wings of an airplane, with a
curved top. This design increases the velocity of the air on top of the blade thus
decreasing its density and causing the air on the bottom of the blade to go towards
the top ... creating lift. The blades are angled on the axis as to utilize the lift in the
rotation. The blades on modern wind turbines are designed for maximum lift and
minimal drag.

1.1 BACKGROUND

Vertical axis windmills, such as the Savonius (built in 1930) use drag instead of
lift. Drag is resistance to the wind, like a brick wall. The blades on vertical axis
windmills are designed to give resistance to the wind and are as a result pushed by
the wind. Windmills, both vertical and horizontal axis, have many uses. Some of
them are: hydraulic pump, motor, air pump, oil pump, churning, creating friction,
heat director, electric generator, Freon pump, and can also be used as a centrifugal
pump.

There are many types of windmills, such as: the tower mill, sock mill, sail
windmill, water pump, spring mill, multi-blade, Darrieus, savonis, cyclo-turbine,
and the classic four-arm windmill. All of the above windmills have their
advantages. Some windmills, like the sail windmill, are relatively slow moving,
have a low tip speed ratio and are not very energy efficient compared to the cyclo-
turbine, but are much cheaper and money is the great equalizer.
4
There have been many improvements to the windmill over the years. Windmills
have been equipped with air breaks, to control speed in strong winds. Some
vertical axis windmills have even been equipped with hinged blades to avoid the
stresses at high wind speeds. Some windmills, like the cyclo-turbine, have been
equipped with a vane that senses wind direction and causes the rotor to rotate into
the wind. Wind turbine generators have been equipped with gearboxes to control
[shaft] speeds. However, Europeans had been experimenting with curved blades on
vertical wind turbines for many decades before this. Wind turbines have also been
equipped with generators which convert shaft power into electrical power. Many of
the sails on windmills have also been replaced with propeller-like airfoils. Some
windmills can also stall in the wind to control wind speed. But above all of these
improvements, the most important improvement to the windmill was made in 1745
when the fantail was invented. The fantail automatically rotates the sails into the
wind.

Most wind turbines start to generate power at 11 m/s and shut down at speeds
near 32m/s. Another variable of the windmill's efficiency is its swept area. The
swept area of a disk--shaped wind wheel is calculated as: Area equals pi times
diameter squared divided by four (pi equals 3.14).

Another variable in the productivity of a windmill is the wind speed. The wind
speed is measured by an anemometer. Savonius and other vertical-axis machines
are good at pumping water and other high torque, low rpm applications and are
not usually connected to electric power grids.

Another necessity for a windmill is the tower. There are many types of towers.
5
Some towers have guy wire to support them and others don't. The towers without
guy wires are called freestanding towers. Something to take into consideration
about a tower is that it must support the weight of the windmill along with the
weight of the tower. Towers are also subject to drag.

Scientists estimate that, by the 21st Century, ten percent of the world's electricity
will come from windmills.

1.2 SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE

Savonius wind turbines are a type of vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), used for
converting the force of the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. The turbine consists
of a number of aerofoils, usually—but not always—vertically mounted on a rotating
shaft or framework, either ground stationed or tethered in airborne systems.
The Savonius wind turbine was invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd Johannes
Savonius in 1922. However, Europeans had been experimenting with curved
blades on vertical wind turbines for many decades before this. The earliest mention
is by the Italian Bishop of Czanad, who was also an engineer. He wrote in his 1616
book Machinae novae about several vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V-
shaped blades. None of his or any other earlier examples reached the state of
development made by Savonius. In his Finnish biography there is mention of his
intention to develop a turbine-type similar to the Flettner-type, but autorotationary.
He experimented with his rotor on small rowing vessels on lakes in his country.
The Savonius turbine is one of the simplest turbines.

Savonius turbines are used whenever cost or reliability is much more important
than efficiency. Most anemometers are Savonius turbines for this reason, as
efficiency is irrelevant to the application of measuring wind speed. Much larger
Savonius turbines have been used to generate electric power on deep-water
6
buoys, which need small amounts of power and get very little maintenance.
Design is simplified because, unlike with horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWTs), no pointing mechanism is required to allow for shifting wind direction
and the turbine is self-starting. Savonius and other vertical-axis machines are good
at pumping water and other high torque, low rpm applications and are not usually
connected to electric power grids. They can sometimes have long helical scoops, to
give smooth torque.
The most ubiquitous application of the Savonius wind turbine is the Flettner
Ventilator, which is commonly seen on the roofs of vans and buses and is used as a
cooling device. The ventilator was developed by the German aircraft engineer
Anton Flettner in the 1920s. It uses the Savonius wind turbine to drive an extractor
fan. The vents are still manufactured in the UK by Flettner Ventilator Limited.
Small Savonius wind turbines are sometimes seen used as advertising signs where
the rotation helps to draw attention to the item advertised. They sometimes feature
a simple two-
frame animation.
1.3 PRINCIPLE OPERATION

Aerodynamically, it is a drag-type device, consisting of two or three scoops.

Looking down on the rotor from above, a two-scoop machine would look like an
"S" shape in cross section.
Because of the curvature, the scoops experience less drag when moving against the
wind than when moving with the wind. The differential drag causes the Savonius
turbine to spin. Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract
much less of the wind's power than other

7
similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a Savonius rotor may
be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an extended post, making the
overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds found at
lower heights.

1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF VAWT

Wind Speed
This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine only
generates power with the wind. The wind rotates the axis (horizontal or vertical)
and causes the shaft on the generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an
electric current.
Blade Length
This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional to the
swept area. Larger blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with
each revolution. Because of this, they may also have more torque.
Base Height
The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a windmill
is, the more productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases
so does the winds speed.
Base Design
Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the construction of the
windmill because not only do they have to support the windmill, but they must also
be subject to their own weight and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is subject
to these elements, then it will surely collapse. Therefore, the base must be identical
so as to insure a fair comparison.

8
LITERATURE REVIEW

9
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nilesh N. Sorte & S. M. Shiekh dealt with the design and development of micro
vertical axis wind turbine for rural application. This paper explains the various design
parameters like swept area, number of blades, tip speed ratio, power coefficient and
blade chord of micro vertical axis wind turbine along with their formulas. This paper
also gives the idea about how to make the model of the prototype by using computer
aided design software. Hence, this research paper helped in fulfilling few basic
requirements of our project.

S.V.Saravanan, M. Varatharaj, L. Ayyadurai, S. Palani & D. Prem worked

together and published a research paper which deals with the design and fabrication of
vertical axis highway windmill. This research paper gives the design methodology for
blades so that the efficiency of the wind turbine is increased. This paper gives the idea
of shape of blade, tower height and design of blade etc. Hence, this research paper
suggested the various parameters required for the blades, which is the center of
attention of our project. This also gave us the idea about the application of our project
that is; if our turbine is mounted near to the dividers of the highways then it can
generate electricity by using the wind which blows as the vehicle passes on the
highways .
Dinesh N. Nagarkar & Dr. Z. J. Khan told about the concept of magnetic
levitation. It deals with the explanation of working of wind power plant using magnetic
levitation wind turbine. In this paper the complete construction and working of wind
power plant with magnetic levitation is given. But, in our project this magnetic
levitation concept is not used. We have just use the concept of magnetic repulsion to
reduce the self starting wind speed and to improve the speed of rotation of the turbine
which in turn will keep the turbine continuously in rotation even with less speed .
10
COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION

11
 CHAPTER III
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
S Type Blade
The Savonius turbine is one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, it is a
drag-type device, consisting of two or three scoops.Looking down on the rotor from
above, a two-scoop machine might resemble the letter "S" in cross section. Because of
the curvature, the scoops experience less drag when moving against the wind than when
moving with the wind. The differential drag causes the Savonius turbine to spin.
Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the wind's
power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. In practice, much of the swept area
of a Savonius rotor may be near the ground if it has a short mount without an extended
post, making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds
found at lower heights. They have several advantages over horizontal axis wind
turbines, notably, low noise levels, the ability to operate with low wind speeds and
relative independence on the wind direction.

DC Geared Motor
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which
already had its Insight details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear
assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of
the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps in increasing the
torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor,
its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the
speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This Insight
will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and hence the
working of geared DC motor.

12
External Structure
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight
expansion over the simple DC ones.The lateral view of the motor shows the outer
protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft which helps in mounting the
motor to the other parts of the assembly.
Also, an internally threaded hole is there on the shaft to allow attachments or
extensions such as wheel to be attached to the motor.
Outer Body of Gear Head & Rear View
The outer body of the gear head is made of high density plastic but it is quite
easy to open as only screws are used to attach the outer and the inner structure. The
major reason behind this could be to lubricate gear head from time to time.The plastic
body has a threading through which nut can be easily mounted and vice versa from the
gear head.

Rear View
The rear view of the geared motor is similar to the DC motor and it has two wires
soldered to it.
Internal Structure
On opening the outer plastic casing of the gear head, gear assemblies on the top
as well as on bottom part of the gear head are visible. These gear assemblies are highly
lubricated with grease so as to avoid any sort of wear and tear due to frictional forces.
Shown below is the top part of the gear head. It is connected to rotating shaft and has
one gear that allows the rotation. A strong circular imprint shows the presence of the
gear that rotates the gear at the upper portion.
The cap that accommodates the gear has an arc cut from its side to avoid
frictional resistance forces with the bottom gear assembly. The bottom houses the gear
mechanism which is connected to the DC motor through screws. This mechanism
13
rotates the gear at the top which is connected to the rotating shaft.
Bottom Gear Assembly
A closer look at the bottom gear assembly shows the structure and connection
with other gears. The gear assembly is set up on two metallic cylinders whose working
can be called as similar to that of an axle. A total of three gears combine on these two
cylinders to form the bottom gear assembly out of which two gears share the same axle
while one gear comes in between them and takes a separate axle.
The gears are basically in form of a small sprocket but since they are not
connected by a chain, they can be termed as duplex gears in terms of a second cog
arrangement coaxially over the base. Among the three gears, two are exactly same
while the third one is bigger in terms of the number of teeth at the upper layer of the
duplex gear. The third gear is connected to the gear at the upper portion of the gear
head.
Working
Working of the DC Geared Motor
The DC motor works over a fair range of voltage. The higher the input voltage
more is the RPM (rotations per minute) of the motor. For example, if the motor works
in the range of 6-12V, it will have the least RPM at 6V and maximum at 12 V.
In terms of voltage, we can put the equation as:
RPM= K1 * V, where,
K1= induced voltage constant
V=voltage applied
The working of the gears is very interesting to know. It can be explained by the
principle of conservation of angular momentum. The gear having smaller radius will
cover more RPM than the one with larger radius. However, the larger gear will give
more torque to the smaller gear than vice versa. The comparison of angular velocity
between input gear (the one that transfers energy) to output gear gives the gear ratio.
14
When multiple gears are connected together, conservation of energy is also followed.
The direction in which the other gear rotates is always the opposite of the gear adjacent
to it.
In any DC motor, RPM and torque are inversely proportional. Hence the gear
having more torque will provide a lesser RPM and converse. In a geared DC motor, the
concept of pulse width modulation is applied. The equations detailing the working and
torque transfer of gears are shown below:

In a geared DC motor, the gear connecting the motor and the gear head is quite
small, hence it transfers more speed to the larger teeth part of the gear head and makes
it rotate. The larger part of the gear further turns the smaller duplex part. The small
duplex part receives the torque but not the speed from its predecessor which it transfers
to larger part of other gear and so on. The third gear’s duplex part has more teeth than
others and hence it transfers more torque to the gear that is connected to the shaft.

15
METHODOLOGY

16
 CHAPTER IV

METHODOLOGY

Design Methodology

Wind power, Pw is defined as the multiplication of mass flow rate, ρAV and the
kinetic energy per unit mass, ½ V2 (Musgrove, 2010). The wind power is denoted
by the equation of:

Pw = ½ ρAV3 (1)

Hayashi, et al. (2004) found that the swept area for Savonius Wind Turbine is
calculated by multiplication of rotor diameter, D and the rotor height, H. The larger
the swept area, the larger the power generated.

A = D.H (2)

The wind power in Equation (3) represents the ideal power of a wind turbine, as in
case of no aerodynamic or other losses during the energy conversion processes.
However, as stated by Manwell et al., (2009) there is not possible for all energy
being converted into useful energy. The ideal efficiency of a wind turbine is known
as Betz limit. According to the Betz limit, as supported by Musgrove (2010) there
is at most only 59.3 % of the wind power can be converted into useful power. Some
of the energy may lose in gearbox, bearings, generator, transmission and others
(Jain, 2011). The maximum power coefficient, Cp for Savonius rotor is 0.30.
Hence, the Cp value used in this project is 0.30 and the power output, P with
considering the power efficiency is:

P = 0.15 ρAV3 (3)

17
Parameters

Wind speed is the major element that affects the power output. The three wind
speed parameters involve in this project is cut-in speed, rated wind speed and cut-
out speed. Jain (2011) stated that the three wind speed parameters related to the
power performance are as follow:

Vcut-in = 0.5 Vavg (4)

VRated = 1.5 Vavg (5)

Vcut-out = 3.0 Vavg (6)

All these parameters depend on the value of average wind speed. The average
wind speed, Vavg was found by gathering the data of wind speed from march 2013
to feburary 2014 from windfinder.com website and the average wind speed was
found to be 3m/s in Indore. Table 1 summarizes the value of these three wind
speed parameters.

Table 4.1: Value of cut-in speed, rated wind speed, and cut-out speed.
Wind Speed Parameter Equation Calculation
Cut-in speed, Vcut-in Vcut-in = 0.5 Vavg 1.5 m/s
Rated wind speed, VRated VRated = 1.5 Vavg 4.5 m/s
Cut-out speed, Vcut-out Vcut-out = 3 Vavg 9 m/s

Selection
Aspect ratio is a crucial criterion to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of
Savonius rotor. Johnson (1998) suggests the Savonius rotor is designed with rotor
height twice of rotor diameter and this lead to better stability with proper
efficiencies.
18
DIAGRAM

19
CHAPTER V
DIAGRAM

20
WORKING PRINCIPLE
21
 CHAPTER VI
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working of vertical axis wind turbine is simple. Whenever wind flow though
the turbine blades, it exerts some force on the blades. This imparts the movement of
blades in the direction of wind flow, which ultimately results in the rotation of turbine.
As our vertical axis wind turbine comprises of guide blades to create repulsion force in
the direction of rotation of turbine, these gives benefits in the performance. When wind
flows to the turbine, first it has to flow through the casing. As the casing blades are kept
300 inclined to the tangent drawn to inner diameter of casing disc, they direct the wind
directly to the turbine blades. This gives better impact of wind on turbine blades which
results in increasing the applied force by wind on the turbine blades and hence torque
has also increased.
In the mean time, it helps to increase the speed of wind flow. This creates the
repulsion force in the direction of rotation of turbine. Due to this force, the turbine
rotates or tends to rotate. This repulsion force also reduces the force required to start the
rotation of turbine further. Hence, the wind speed required for self starting of turbine
gets lowered. In this way, casing guide blades and magnetic repulsion helps turbine to
rotate at faster speed and with less self starting wind speed as compared to other normal
turbine. This rotational motion of turbine can be used for electricity generation if
generator is coupled to the shaft

22
SELECTION OF
MATERIALS

23
 CHAPTER VII
SELECTION OF MATERIALS

1.Properties:
The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish,
rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life,
reliability etc. The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively
affect their selection
− Physical
− Mechanical
− From manufacturing point of view
− Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,
specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity,
magnetic purposes etc. The various Mechanical Properties Concerned are strength in
tensile, Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance,
impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness,
wear resistance and sliding properties. The various properties concerned from the
manufacturing point of view are,
− Cast ability
− Weld ability
− Surface properties
− Shrinkage
2. Manufacturing Case
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

24
qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the
use of special materials.
3. Quality Required
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components
which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4. Availability of Material
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute
for the material designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product
should also be kept in mind.
5. Space Consideration
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces
involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. Cost
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an
important part and should not be ignored. Sometimes factors like scrap utilization,
appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials.

25
COST ESTIMATION

26
 CHAPTER VIII
COST ESTIMATION

S.No Component Qty Price

1 Base frame - Rs.800

2 Blade 1 Rs.600

3 DC Motor 1 Rs.400

4 Rod 1 Rs.200

Total Rs. 2000

LABOUR COST
➢ welding

➢ Grinding

➢ Power hacksaw

OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived by ”manufacturing cost”
Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost
= 2000 + 1500
= Rs. 3500/-
Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost
= Rs. 700 /-

27
TOTAL COST
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
= 2000 + 1500 + 700
= 4200
Total cost for this project = 5880/-

28
FEATURES

29
 CHAPTER IX
FEATURES

Safety for workers: Maintenance workers do not have to climb as high to reach parts
of the tower. Not only are VAWTs shorter. They also have major components closer
to the ground. Maintaining generators, gearboxes, and most of the mechanical and
electrical parts of the structure do not require scaling the tower because these aren’t
mounted on top. Lifting equipment and climbing gear aren’t needed either.
Scalability: The design can be scaled down to small sizes, even as small as what will
fit on an urban rooftop. In cities, there may not be room for all renewable energy
technologies, but vertical turbines provide a viable alternative to hydrocarbon energy
sources.
In addition, VAWTs are:

• Cheaper to produce than horizontal axis turbines.

• More easily installed compared to other wind turbine types.

• Transportable from one location to another.

• Equipped with low-speed blades, lessening the risk to people and birds.

• Function in extreme weather, with variable winds and even mountain

conditions.

• Permissible where taller structures are prohibited.

• Quieter to operate, so they don’t disturb people in residential neighborhoods.

30
CONCLUSION

31
 CHAPTER X
CONCLUSION
In the current attempt, solidity, number of blade, chord length of blade etc. are the
basic design consideration for design and development. All the efforts were made to
develop the model which can generate the output even at low wind speed. Parts were
developed and fabricated with light materials. The magnets are used to increase the
starting torque by using the repulsive force. Finally, the testing of the model was the
main area towards the success of project and outcome of the project of input decided
while designing and development of the product.

32
REFERENCES

33
 REFERENCES.

Becker, W. S. ―Wind Turbine Device.‖ US Patent # 7,132,760 B2. Filed (Jul.

29, 2003).
Benesh, A. ―Wind Turbine System Using Twin Savonius-Type Rotors.‖
US Patent # 4,830,570. Filed (Dec. 15, 1987).
Bertony, J. ―Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with Twisted Blade or Auxiliary
Blade.‖ US Patent Application # 2008/0095631 A1. Filed (Oct. 19,
2005).
Cleanfield Energy. V3.5 ―Vertical Axis Wind Turbine System: Product
Overview and Key Benefits‖. Retrieved From:
http://www.cleanfieldenergy.com/site/sub/p_we_overview.php.
Cooper, P. & Kennedy, O. ―Development and Analysis of a Novel
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine‖. University of Wollongong. Filed (March,
2003).
Savonius, S. J. Wind Rotor. US Patent #1,766,765. Filed (Oct. 11, 1928).

Mario Pozner, ―Early history through 1875‖ Retrieved From:

http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html

Mike Bernard, ―Why aren’t vertical-axis wind turbines more popular?‖

Retrieved From: http://barnardonwind.com/2013/02/23/why-arent-vertical-
axis-wind-turbines-more- popular/
James F. Manwell, Jon G. McGowan, Anthony L. Rogers ―Wind
Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application‖ December 2009:
published by: Wiley.
Ion Paraschivoiu ―Wind Turbine Design: With Emphasis on Darrieus
Concept‖, Presses inter Polytechnique, 2002

34