Nawroz university

College of engineering
Architecture department
First stage

Name of Report
Wind Turbine Power Plant

Prepared by: Rojin kamiran hussein

Supervised by:Diler Abdlqadr
Stage: first Stage

Table Content:
Keywords………………………………………..………………1
Abstract ………………………………………..………………..1
Introduction…………………………………………..…………1
What is the Wind Power:………………………..……………..3
Types of wind power plants:.………………………………......3
What is A Wind Turbine?..............................................…….....4
Types of Wind Turbine:...……....…………………………..….5
Wind Turbine Components and Funct6
How do wind turbines work when it not windy?......................8
Why do wind turbines have 3 blades?......................................8
How Do Wind Turbines Works?..……………………………9
How a Wind Plant Works…………………...….……….…....9
Advantages of Wind Power?……………………………..…..10
Disadvantages of Wind Power?....………………….………..11
Conclusion…………………………………………….………11
References ………………………………………………....…12
Keyword: Wind, Wind Power ,Wind Turbine, Energy
Abstract:
Wind power is a well-proven and cost-effective technology and expected to be the
main way in which industry responds to the Government’s targets – so becoming
an important source of electricity in years to come.

Wind power is the generation of electricity from wind. Wind power harvests

the primary energy flow of the atmosphere generated from the uneven heating of
the Earth’s surface by the Sun. Therefore, wind power is an indirect way to
harness solar energy. Wind power is converted to electrical energy by wind
turbines.

Introduction:
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface.
Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes,
to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to
global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between
the climate zones on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric
circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the
rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect). Within the tropics and subtropics, thermal
low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In
coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that
have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can prevail.

Wind energy is defined as a form of energy in which turbines convert the kinetic
energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be used in
generating energy, and it is an indirect form of solar energy resulting from a group
of factors that include the disproportionate heating of the Earth's atmosphere by
radiation. The sun and the differences in topography and the rotation of the earth.
Wind power was used in windmills, sail boats and water pumps. Its purpose is to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels to generate energy and also to generate energy in
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a less wasteful manner, using the kinetic energy of the wind, which drives the
turbine blades and rotates a motor that converts kinetic energy into electrical
energy for consumer use Wind energy is a source of renewable energy that comes
from the air flowing through the surface of the earth And wind turbines harvest
this kinetic energy and convert it into usable energy that can provide electricity to
homes, farms, schools, or business applications on small and medium scale
housing that is represented by society or large scale that is represented in the
facilities, and wind energy is one of the pioneers of the technological boom that It
may lead to an increase in the efficiency of energy production, and its future looks
promising, as the kinetic energy of the wind is used to create mechanical energy,
and the generators convert this energy into electricity so that it can be used for the
benefit of humanity, and there are many people who rely on windmills, which
represent an innovative and creative technical skill. It depends on the wind,
because wind energy is clean and endlessly renewable. Also, the wind force is not
constant, it changes from time to time, and it ranges from a force of zero to the
strength of the storm, and this means that wind turbines do not generate or produce
the same amount of electricity all the time, but there are times that do not generate
electricity energy at all. It is an evolution of classic windmills that can be seen in
more rural areas than in the year.

What is the Wind Power:

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 Wind power is the generation of electricity from wind. Wind power harvests
the primary energy flow of the atmosphere generated from the uneven heating of
the Earth’s surface by the Sun. Therefore, wind power is an indirect way to
harness solar energy. Wind power is converted to electrical energy by wind
turbines.

Types of wind power plants:

Despite the many types of wind turbines, wind power plants (wind farms) can be
divided into two types:

1- Wind farms on land: Onshore wind farms consist of a number of turbines that
occupy an area of land and are connected to each other by connection stations,
and from there they are connected to the electrical grid.
The area occupied by a single wind farm varies according to the type of turbines
used and the capacity to be obtained, and the nature of the land also has an impact
on the farm area.

2- Wind farms in the water: Wind turbines on this type of farm are installed in the
water, and they can be lake water but are often created in the ocean.
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These farms rely on offshore winds, which are often stronger than winds on land,
which increases the volume of electrical production.

Why Wind Farms make more Power over Water than Land?
That means that it's less windy on the other side of the turbine. Eventually, rows of
turbines on land lose so much wind they become ineffective, so there's a maximum
amount of energy a land-based farm can create. Researchers already knew there
was more wind over water, and that smooth ocean surfaces had less friction.

What is A Wind Turbine?

A wind turbine is a rotating device that extracts energy from the wind and is also a
form of energy in which turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical or electrical energy that can be used to generate energy. In other words,
wind turbines are used to extract wind and generate electricity from it. About 2 %
of the sunlight that falls on the surface of the globe is converted into kinetic energy
for the winds. This amount is considered a very large amount of energy, and it
exceeds the world's need of consumption. I will describe in this report a detailed
explanation of wind turbines and their parts and capabilities that may impede them
in the future to meet the current energy demand and how to convert the kinetic
energy of wind into mechanical energy or electricity that can be used.

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 Types of Wind Turbine:
There are two main types of wind turbines that can be seen in design and
implementation in the wind energy industry today.

1- Horizontal axis wind turbine: The first and most common type is the horizontal
axis wind turbine, which depends on a horizontal column that runs perpendicular to
the blades that rotate vertically, the horizontal axis turbine is the one whose axis of
rotation is parallel to the surface of the earth and can be placed either facing or
opposite to the direction of the wind. In the face of the wind that the wind affects
them directly and this type of turbine is the most commonly used, these wind
turbine systems can be seen in use in the main wind farms as well as individual
operations.

Vertical axis wind turbine: The second type less common among the wind
energy industry is the vertical axis wind turbine, and one might also be able to
conclude that the vertical axis turbine has a vertical shaft in which the blades or
rotor connect and rotate horizontally, whose axis of rotation is perpendicular to the
surface of the earth. There are many differences in vertical axis wind turbines but
the main advantage is that maintenance is easier. This is because the gearbox and
alternator are easily accessible.

Modern Wind Turbine:

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Commercial wind energy is one of the most economical sources of new electricity
available today. Wind turbines can be set up quickly and cheaply compared with
building new coal-fired generating stations or hydroelectric facilities. Modern wind
generating equipment is efficient, highly reliable, and becoming cheaper to
purchase. The environmental impact of large wind turbines is negligible compared
with an open pit coal mine or a reservoir, and during their operation produce no air
pollution. Because of these factors, wind energy is recognized as the world's
fastest-growing new energy source.

Wind Turbine Components and Functions

1- Wind Direction: Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like
the one shown here—face into the wind while downwind turbines face away.

2- Rotor: The rotor is made of blades that are attached to a center piece. The blades are
shaped such that when the wind pushes against them they turn.

3- Pitch: Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to
keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.

4- Low-Speed Shaft: Attaches to the rotor and turns as the rotor turns on a 1:1 ratio.

5- Gear Box: Serves the same function as a car, the rotor spins slowly as the wind
pushes against it and the gearbox or transmission increases that rotational speed for the
generator.
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6- Generator: Actual mechanism that converts the rotational kinetic energy into
electricity.

7- Controller: Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour
(mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind
speeds above about 55 mph because they may be damaged by the high winds.

8- Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the
controller.

9- Wind Vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to
orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind.

10- Nacelle: Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land
on.

11- High-Speed Shaft: Attaches to the gearbox and generator and spins at a higher
speed than the rotor or low-speed shaft.

12- Tower: Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports
the structure of the turbine. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers
enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity.

13- Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.
Most turbines have either two or three blades.

14- Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.

15- Yaw Drive: Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the
direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind
manually blows the rotor away from it.

16- Brake: Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.

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A wind turbine is a complex system to control because the source of power (wind)
is not in our control. Wind speed can continuously change, even from one second
to the next. The power output from a turbine, therefore, must be adjusted to the
variation of wind at all times.

All new turbines are equipped with pitch control, which implies that their blades’
pitch angle can be adjusted so that the power output from a turbine is maximized at
all times, while it does not overload the generator and mechanical structures of the
blades, tower, and the rotor shaft.

How do wind turbines work when it not windy?

If the atmosphere is not windy or if there is too little wind and the blades move
slowly, the wind turbine may not produce any electricity. There is a ‘cut-in speed’
at which the turbine starts to produce electricity. Power output continues to grow
as the wind speed increases.
Why do wind turbines have 3 blades?
Fewer blades in a turbine reduce drag. But turbines with two-blades will vibrate
when they turn to face the wind. The angular momentum stays constant in a turbine
with three blades. This is because when one blade is up, the other two point at an
angle and the turbine can rotate into the wind smoothly.

How Do Wind Turbines Works?

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Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make
wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the
propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which
creates electricity.

Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:

1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere

2. Irregularities of the earth's surface
3. The rotation of the earth. 

A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from
the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When
wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases.
The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and
drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin.
The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it's a direct drive turbine) or
through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the rotation and
allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of aerodynamic force to
rotation of a generator creates electricity.

How a Wind Plant Works

Wind power plants produce electricity by having an array of wind turbines in the
same location. The placement of a wind power plant is impacted by factors such as
wind conditions, the surrounding terrain, access to electric transmission, and other
siting considerations. In a utility-scale wind plant, each turbine generates
electricity which runs to a substation where it then transfers to the grid where it
powers our communities.

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Advantages of Wind Power?
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green
House gases or other pollutants.
3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of
land. This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the
case in agricultural areas as farming can still continue.
4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of landscape.
5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use
wind turbines to produce their own supply.
6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.
7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of
people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and
villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today.

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Disadvantages of Wind Power?
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm
force This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of
electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity
at all.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without
these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its
natural.form for everyone to enjoy.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a
family car travelling at 70 mph.
4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant
or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally
ugly.
5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is
Produced.Therefore wind power does produce some pollution.
6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enought
electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only
provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity.
How many would be needed for a town of 100 000 people?

Conclusion:
Wind power is emerging as an environment friendly alternative to meet the ever
increasing world demand for electricity, at an affordable price.

Finally, I want to say the advantages of wind energy are more than the
disadvantages so my opinion that wind energy which has many benefits, such as it
is less expensive than factories, less space, are easily available all over the world
and non-polluting to the environment. So wind energy is also more useful than
traditional methods to create energy. Meaning that it is getting cheaper and cheaper
to produce wind energy.

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References:
1- HENDERSON, Andrew R., et al. Offshore wind energy in Europe—a review of the state‐of‐
the‐art. Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power
Conversion Technology, 2003, 6.1: 35-52.

2- VEERS, Paul, et al. Grand challenges in the science of wind energy. Science, 2019,
366.6464: eaau2027.

3- COTTON, William R., et al. RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions. Meteorology
and Atmospheric Physics, 2003, 82.1: 5-29.

4- BARROS, Tárcio A. dos S.; SGUAREZI FILHO, Alfeu J.; RUPPERT FILHO, Ernesto. Direct
power control for switched reluctance generator in wind energy. In: Modeling and Control
Aspects of Wind Power Systems. IntechOpen, 2013.

5- PARASCHIVOIU, Ion. Wind turbine design: with emphasis on Darrieus concept. Presses

inter Polytechnique, 2002.

6- MATHEW, Sathyajith. Wind energy: fundamentals, resource analysis and economics. Berlin:

Springer, 2006.

7- MATHEW, Sathyajith. Wind energy: fundamentals, resource analysis and economics. Berlin:

Springer, 2006.

8- CAO, Han. Aerodynamics analysis of small horizontal axis wind turbine blades by using 2D
and 3D CFD modelling. 2011. PhD Thesis. University of central Lancashire.

9- HAU, Erich. Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics. Springer

Science & Business Media, 2013.

10- KALDELLIS, J. K.; APOSTOLOU, D. Life cycle energy and carbon footprint of offshore wind
energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart. Renewable Energy, 2017, 108: 72-84.

11- BIRD, Lori, et al. Policies and market factors driving wind power development in the United
States. Energy Policy, 2005, 33.11: 1397-1407.

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