Disease-

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more of your joints. The main
symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age.
The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than
just your joints. In some people, the condition can damage a wide variety of body
systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels.
An autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system
mistakenly attacks your own body's tissues.
Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the
lining of your joints, causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone
erosion and joint deformity.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include:
 Tender, warm, swollen joints
 Joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity
 Fatigue, fever and loss of appetite

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone,
makes too little bone, or both. As a result, bones become weak and may break from
a fall or, in serious cases, from sneezing or minor bumps. Osteoporosis means
“porous bone.” Viewed under a microscope, healthy bone looks like a honeycomb.
how osteoporosis develops even without knowing the exact cause of why it
develops. Your bones are made of living, growing tissue. The inside of healthy
bone looks like a sponge. This area is called trabecular bone. An outer shell of
dense bone wraps around the spongy bone. This hard shell is called cortical bone.
When osteoporosis occurs, the "holes" in the "sponge" grow larger and more
numerous, which weakens the inside of the bone. Bones support the body and
protect vital organs. Bones also store calcium and other minerals. When the body
needs calcium, it breaks down and rebuilds bone. This process, called bone
remodeling, supplies the body with needed calcium while keeping the bones
strong.
Up until about age 30, you normally build more bone than you lose. After age 35,
bone breakdown occurs faster than bone buildup, which causes a gradual loss of
bone mass. If you have osteoporosis, you lose bone mass at a greater rate. After
menopause, the rate of bone breakdown occurs even more quickly.

Bone Fracture

A crack (not only a break) in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can
occur in any bone in the body. There are several different ways in which a bone
can fracture; for example, a break to the bone that does not damage surrounding
tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture.
Healthcare providers can usually categorize a bone fracture based on its features.
The categories include:
 Closed or open fractures: If the injury doesn’t break open the skin, it’s called
a closed fracture. If the skin does open, it’s called an open fracture or
compound fracture.
 Complete fractures: The break goes completely through the bone, separating
it in two.
 Displaced fractures: A gap forms where the bone breaks. Often, this injury
requires surgery to fix.
 Partial fractures: The break doesn’t go all the way through the bone.
 Stress fractures: The bone gets a crack in it, which is sometimes tough to
find with imaging.

Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood
when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves diverting blood to a
machine to be cleaned.
Hemodialysis is a procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an
artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood. To get your blood into
the dialyzer, the doctor needs to make an access, or entrance, into your blood
vessels. This is done with minor surgery, usually to your arm. For more
information on hemodialysis access.

Nephritis is a condition in which the nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys,
become inflamed. This inflammation, which is also known as glomerulonephritis,
can adversely affect kidney function.
Most types of nephritis are caused by your body's immune system reacting to an
'insult' of some sort. This might be a medication, poison, infection or a change in
the way your immune system behaves. Your immune system makes antibodies to
attack bacteria or poisons.

Pyelonephritis
The majority of pyelonephritis cases results from E.coli bacterial infections. This
type of bacterium is primarily found in the large intestine and is excreted in your
stool. The bacteria can travel up from the urethra to the bladder and kidneys,
resulting in pyelonephritis.

Although bacterial infection is the leading cause of pyelonephritis, other possible

causes include:
urinary examinations that use a cystoscope, an instrument that looks inside the
bladder surgery of the bladder, kidneys, or ureters the formation of kidney stones,
rocklike formations consisting of minerals and other waste material.
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and
swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them. It can affect people of
any age and is sometimes spotted in unborn babies during routine pregnancy
ultrasound scans. This is known as antenatal hydronephrosis.

Hydronephrosis is usually caused by a blockage in the urinary tract or something

disrupting the normal workings of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is made up of
the kidneys, the bladder, the ureters (the tubes that run from the kidney to the
bladder) and the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlargement —
is a common condition as men get older. An enlarged prostate gland can cause
uncomfortable urinary symptoms, such as blocking the flow of urine out of the
bladder. It can also cause bladder, urinary tract or kidney problems.

BPH is considered a normal condition of aging. Although the exact cause is

unknown, changes in male sex hormones that come with aging may be a factor.
Any family history of prostate problems or any abnormalities with your testicles
may raise your risk for BPH.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce
extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling
sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath.
For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem
that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack.
Asthma can't be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often
changes over time, it's important that you work with your doctor to track your signs
and symptoms and adjust your treatment as needed.

Asthma signs and symptoms include:

 Shortness of breath
 Chest tightness or pain
 Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children
 Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
 Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such
as a cold or the flu.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The
air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm
or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including
bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:
 Cough, which may produce greenish, yellow or even bloody mucus
 Fever, sweating and shaking chills
 Shortness of breath
 Rapid, shallow breathing
 Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or
cough
 Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
 Nausea and vomiting, especially in small children
 Confusion, especially in older people
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects
the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person
through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.

Many tuberculosis strains resist the drugs most used to treat the disease. People
with active tuberculosis must take many types of medications for months to get rid
of the infection and prevent antibiotic resistance.

Latent TB. You have a TB infection, but the bacteria in your body are inactive and
cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, isn't
contagious. Latent TB can turn into active TB, so treatment is important.

Active TB. Also called TB disease, this condition makes you sick and, in most
cases, can spread to others. It can occur weeks or years after infection with the TB
bacteria.

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through

microscopic droplets released into the air. This can happen when someone with the
untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or
sings.

Although tuberculosis is contagious, it's not easy to catch. You're much more likely
to get tuberculosis from someone you live or work with than from a stranger. Most
people with active TB who've had appropriate drug treatment for at least two
weeks are no longer contagious.