Skeletal

System
Univ. Ovidius
Facultatea de medicina
Iosub Elena
Iordache Cristina
Sursa:Wikipedia
 Summary

1. Introduction
2. Cartilage
3. Ligament
4. Joint
5. Diseases of the skeletal system
 Purpose
Support framework
Protects vital organs
Works with muscles to
produce movement
Produces blood cells
 Facts
Your skeleton is made up of 206 bones
Bones start out as flexible cartilage but within
a few weeks begin to develop into hard
deposits of calcium through ossification.
It takes roughly 20 years for the ossification
process to be completed
Bones are made up of types of material:
compact and porous bone.
Bone marrow forms red and white blood cells
 Cartilage
Acts as a cushion where bones
meet
Soft, connective tissue on the
end of some bones
Vertebrae
Knee and hip joints
End of your nose
 Ligament
Tough fiber that connects bones
together
Sprained ankles and knees are
caused by stretched or torn
ligaments
 Joint
Point where two bones
meet
Ball and socket: hip and
shoulder
Hinge: fingers, elbows,
and knees
Pivot: Neck
Gliding: wrist
 Seven ways to keep your
skeletal system healthy
1.Eat food and beverages rich in calcium,
phosphorus, and vitamin D
2.Wear protective equipment when playing
sports
3.Exercise regularly to strengthen joints and
ligaments
4.Sit, stand, and walk with correct posture
5. Warm up before participating in physical
activity
6. Get screened for scoliosis
7. Wear properly fitting, well-cushioned
shoes
 Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease

that occurs when the body loses
too much bone, makes too little
bone, or both. As a result, bones
become weak and may break from
a fall or, in serious cases, from
sneezing or minor bumps.
 Osteoporosis-signs and
symptoms
Osteoporosis itself has
no symptoms; its main
consequence is the
increased risk of bone
fractures. Osteoporotic
fractures occur in
situations where healthy
people would not
normally break a bone;
they are therefore
regarded as fragility
fractures. Typical
fragility fractures occur
in the vertebral column,
rib, hip and wrist.
 Causes

The main cause of osteoporosis is a deficiency

of certain hormones, especially androgen in
men and estrogen in women. Women who
older than 60 years, often diagnosed with this
disease. Menopause is a main factor that cause
lower estrogen levels and increase womens
risk for osteoporosis. Another factor that may
contribute to osteoporosis including insufficient
intake of calcium and vitamin D, lack of
physical activity, and other related age
changes in endocrine function.
 Management
Lifestyle
Weight-bearing endurance
exercise and/or exercises
to strengthen muscles
improve bone strength in
those with osteoporosis.
Aerobics, weight bearing,
and resistance exercises
all maintain or increase
BMD in postmenopausal
women.Fall prevention can
help prevent osteoporosis
complications. There is
some evidence for hip
protectors specifically
among those who are in
care homes
 Prognosis

Although osteoporosis patients have an

increased mortality rate due to the
complications of fracture, it is rarely lethal.
Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and
additional risks of numerous complications
(such as deep venous thrombosis and/or
pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia). The six-
month mortality rate following hip fracture is
around 13.5%, and a substantial proportion
(almost 13%) of people who have suffered a hip
fracture need total assistance to mobilize after a
hip fracture.
 Arthritis

Arthritisis a group ofdiseaseswhere a

person bodyjointsare damaged. "Arthritis"
meansinflammationof bone or bodyjoint.
Arthritis can cause pain, swelling, and
stiffness. It can hurt to move with arthritis.
Arthritis is a condition that lasts for a long
time.[1]
 Arthritis-signs and
symptoms
Pain, which can vary in severity, is
a common symptom in virtually
all types of arthritis. Other
symptoms include swelling, joint
stiffness and aching around the
joint(s). Arthritic disorders like
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can
affect other organs in the body,
leading to a variety of symptoms.
Symptoms may include:
Inability to use the hand or walk
Stiffness, which may be worse in
the morning, or after use
Malaise and fatigue
Weight loss
Poor sleep
Muscle aches and pains
Tenderness
Difficulty moving the joint
 Causes

Cartilage is a firm but flexible

connective tissue in your joints. It
protects the joints by absorbing the
pressure and shock created when you
move and put stress on them. A
reduction in the normal amount of this
cartilage tissue cause some forms of
arthritis.
 Management

Physical therapy involving exercises that help

strengthen the muscles around the affected
joint is a core component of arthritis
treatment.
A healthy diet, when combined with exercise,
can help you achieve and maintain a healthy
weight. Also, adding foods with anti-
inflammatory properties and that are rich in
antioxidants can help control inflammation.
 Prognosis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) does not have a

cure. It is a progressive disease that leads to
steady joint damage and severe debility. The
main outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis include:
continuing and persistent joint inflammation
progressive joint damage
progressive decline in joint movement and
function
 Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a condition that causes the

spine to curve to the side. It can affect
any part of the spine, but the most
common regions are the chest area
(thoracic scoliosis) and the lower
section of the back (lumbar scoliosis).
 Signs and Symptoms

One shoulder is higher than the other

One shoulder blade sticks out more than
the other
One side of the rib cage appears higher
than the other
One hip appears higher or more
prominent than the other
The waist appears uneven
The body tilts to one side
One leg may appear shorter than the
other
 Causes

There are many types and causes of

scoliosis, including:
Congenital scoliosis.Caused by a bone
abnormality present at birth.
Neuromuscular scoliosis.A result of
abnormal muscles or nerves.
 Degenerative scoliosis.This may result from
traumatic (from an injury or illness) bone
collapse, previous majorback surgery,
orosteoporosis(thinning of the bones).
Idiopathic scoliosis.The most common type of
scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, has no specific
identifiable cause. There are many theories,
but none have been found to be conclusive.
There is, however, strong evidence that
idiopathic scoliosis is inherited.
 Management

Braces-It may provide a temporary correction,

but usually the curve will assume its original
magnitude when bracing is eliminated.
Surgery-During the procedure, metallic
implants are utilized to correct some of the
curvature and hold it in the correct position
until a bone graft, placed at the time of
surgery, consolidates and creates a rigid
fusion in the area of the curve.
 Prognosis

In general, the severity of the scoliosis depends on

the degree of the curvature and whether it
threatens vital organs, specifically the lungs and
heart:
Mild Scoliosis (less than 20 degrees).Mild scoliosis
is not serious and requires no treatment other than
monitoring.
Moderate Scoliosis (between 25 and 70 degrees).It
is still not clear whether untreated moderate
scoliosis causes significant health problems later on
 Severe Scoliosis (over 70 degrees).If the
curvature exceeds 70 degrees, the severe
twisting of the spine that occurs in structural
scoliosis can cause the ribs to press against the
lungs, restrict breathing, and reduce oxygen
levels
Very Severe Scoliosis (Over 100 degrees).
Patients with this degree of severity are
susceptible to lung infections and pneumonia.
Curves greater than 100 degrees increase
mortality rates, but this problem is very
uncommon in America.