BONES AND

ITS DISEASES
Project -
By Aditya Hiremath XI F
 What is a bone ?
◦ Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton. There are 3 types of bone tissue, including the
following:
◦
Compact tissue. The harder, outer tissue of bones.
◦ Cancellous tissue. The sponge-like tissue inside bones.
◦ Subchondral tissue. The smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of
tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is the specialized, gristly connective tissue that is present in adults. It
is also the tissue from which most bones develop in children.
◦ The tough, thin outer membrane covering the bones is called the periosteum. Beneath the hard outer
shell of the periosteum are tunnels and canals through which blood and lymphatic vessels run to
carry nourishment for the bone. Muscles, ligaments, and tendons may attach to the periosteum.
◦ Bones are classified by their shape—as long, short, flat, and irregular. Primarily, they are referred to as
long or short.
◦ There are 206 bones in the human skeleton, not including teeth and sesamoid bones (small bones
found within cartilage):
◦ 80 axial bones. This includes the head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.
◦ 126 appendicular bones. This includes arms, shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet.
What are the
function of bones

Bone provides shape and support for

the body, as well as protection for
some organs.

Bone also serves as a storage site for

minerals and provides the medium—
marrow—for the development and storage
of blood cells.
What are the different types of bone cells?

◦ he different types of bone cells include the following:

◦ Osteoblast.Found within the bone, its function is to form new bone tissue.
◦ Osteoclast.A very large cell formed in bone marrow, its function is to absorb and remove
unwanted tissue.
◦ Osteocyte.Found within the bone, its function is to help maintain bone as living tissue.
◦ Hematopoietic.Found in bone marrow, its function is to produce red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
◦ Fat cells are also found within the bone marrow.
◦ Because of the complexities of a bone's function, from providing strength and support for the
body, to serving as a site for development and storage of blood cells, there are many disorders
and diseases that can affect bone
 Bones and its diseases
◦ Osteoporosis1/15
◦ It’s when your bones get dangerously weak and more likely to break, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist.Your doctor can
test your bone density to see if you have it, which is more likely as you get older. Changing your diet and exercise habits m ay
help, and some medicines can slow bone loss. It’s also wise to work on your balance and strength to help prevent falls that
could break bones.
◦ Osteopetrosis 2/15
◦ This may sound like the flip side of osteoporosis because it means that your bones become too dense.They're not stronger.
In fact, they weaken and may break more easily.This condition can also affect the marrow inside your bones, which can make
it harder for your body to fight infection, carry oxygen, and control bleeding.Treatments include medication, supplements,
hormones, and sometimes surgery. Physical therapy can also help.
◦ Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis) 3/15
◦ This can happen when bone, often in the thigh, arm, knees, or shoulders, doesn’t get enough blood.Without it, the bone
tissue dies and collapses. It can lead to pain and make it harder to move.Your doctor will look for the cause, which may be an
injury, medication, or diseases such as cancer, lupus, and HIV.You may need drugs, surgery, or other treatments.
◦ Type 1 Diabetes 4/15
◦ It usually starts in childhood, when your bones are still growing.With this condition, your body makes little or no insulin, a
hormone that helps control blood sugar. It may also weaken your bones. Doctors aren’t sure why, but without enough insulin,
your bones may not grow as well or reach their peak bone mass.Your doctor can help you manage the condition with drugs,
diet, blood sugar tests, and lifestyle changes.

◦
◦ Lupus 5/15
◦ With immune system conditions like lupus, your defense system attacks your own body. Muscle pain, fever,
tiredness, rashes, and hair loss are common symptoms. So are swollen, painful joints.You’re also more likely
to develop osteoporosis and break bones.And the corticosteroids that you may take to treat lupus also can
cause bone loss. Your doctor will consider that when making your treatment plan.
◦ Osteoarthritis 6/15
◦ This is the “wear and tear” type of arthritis. It damages the slippery tissue that covers the ends of your
bones.That lets them rub together. Bone and cartilage can break off and cause pain and swelling. Over time,
it can even change the joint’s shape. Exercise and losing extra pounds can help curb the pain and stiffness.
Your doctor also may suggest medication and other treatments like electrical stimulation and sometimes
surgery.
◦
Rheumatoid Arthritis
◦ Like lupus, this is an autoimmune disease.Your body’s defense system attacks your joints and bones, often in
the hands and feet. Besides pain and swelling in your joints, you may feel tired and feverish.Your doctor can
help you manage it with medicine and in some cases surgery. It may also help to eat lots of anti-
inflammatory foods and exercise to strengthen your heart and other muscles and to improve your joints’
range of motion.
◦ Osteogenesis Imperfecta 9/15
◦ Also called “brittle bone disease,” you inherit genes from your parents that can make your bones weak
and misshapen.Your joints may separate too easily, and your spine may curve.You also may have hearing
loss, breathing problems, and dark color in the whites of your eyes. Although there’s no cure, you can
manage some symptoms with a healthy lifestyle, medication, and in some cases surgery.
◦ Hyperthyroidism 10/15
◦ It’s when your thyroid gland makes too much of the hormones that normally help your body use energy.
It can make you tired, sleepless, and shaky. It also speeds bone loss, and sometimes your body can’t
replace it fast enough. If it happens for too long, you can get osteoporosis.Your doctor can help get your
hormone levels back to normal with medication, surgery, or both.
◦ Paget’s Disease of Bone 11/15
◦ Your bones grow too large and become weak if you have this condition. It most often affects bones in
your leg, skull, pelvis, or spine. It may not hurt at first unless you break a bone or develop arthritis.And if
it affects your skull, you could lose hearing. Doctors don’t know why it happens, but your genes could play
a part.You may need medications and surgery to fix broken or misshapen bones.
◦ Fibrous Dysplasia
◦ 15/15
◦ Here, genes tell your body to replace healthy bone with other
types of tissue. Bones may become weak, oddly shaped, and
fracture more easily. Many children between 6 and 10 who have
this condition break bones. It often affects one side of the body,
usually in the arm, pelvis, face, leg, or ribs.To curb symptoms, you
may need medication, casts, and surgery.Ask your doctor about
diet and exercise changes that can help.
◦ Rickets
◦ Rickets is a childhood bone condition similar to osteomalacia, but
it occurs due to imperfect mineralization.
◦ It results in soft, weak bones, typically due to a vitamin D deficiency.
Without sufficient vitamin D, the body cannot metabolize calcium
and phosphorous, which are essential for proper bone
development and growth.Vitamin D deficiency may result
from inadequate nutrition, lack of sun exposure, or malabsorption.
◦ Symptoms
◦ Bone disease symptoms can vary depending on the condition, and some may
present no symptoms at all. For example, osteoporosis is known as a “silent”
disease because there are usually no symptoms until a broken bone occurs.
◦ General symptoms of bone disease may include:
◦ bone pain
◦ fractures from low impact, low energy activities
◦ sprains
◦ infections
◦ joint pain
◦ back pain
◦ weakness
◦ Diagnosis for bone diseases -
◦ A person will need to contact a doctor to receive a diagnosis of a bone condition.The doctor will normally
start by taking a person’s medical history.This may include questions about how long they have been
experiencing any symptoms and whether they have a family history of bone disease.
◦ The doctor may also carry out a physical examination to check for:
◦ loss of height or weight
◦ change in posture
◦ changes in balance or the way a person walks
◦ changes in muscle strength
◦ any redness or swelling, such as occurs with osteomyelitis
◦ The doctor may also order tests to diagnose the type of bone disease a person has, including:
◦ X-ray imaging:The most common type of X-ray imaging a doctor may use is a dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry scan.This uses a low amount of X-rays to measure the body’s bone mineral density.
◦ MRI scans:This test uses a magnet to create an image of the body and provides detailed images of bones
and other tissues, including cartilage and ligaments.
◦ Blood tests:A doctor may orderTrusted Source blood tests to help confirm a bone cancer diagnosis and
provide information on the stage of cancer.
◦ Biopsy:A doctor may take a small amount of bone tissue from the affected area to examine it under a
microscope for an accurate diagnosis.
 treatments
◦ The most appropriate treatment option will depend on the type of bone disease and how serious the condition is.
◦ For example, with osteoporosis and osteopenia, the goal of treatment is to stop further bone loss and prevent
fractures from occurring. Therefore, treatment may include:
◦ recommending nutritional guidance
◦ making lifestyle changes such as performing more physical activity and quitting smoking
◦ putting measures in place to reduce the risk of falls to prevent fractures
◦ prescribing medication
◦ Some conditions, such as OI, do not currently have effective treatments. Therefore, the goal of treatment is to prevent
or control symptoms and improve muscle strength and bone mass. In addition to taking medication, a person with OI
may have physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility.
◦ Certain conditions may require surgical options. For example, a person with osteonecrosis will generally
requireTrusted Source surgery to preserve the joints. A person with a bone tumorTrusted Source may require
surgery for its removal.
◦ People with bone cancer may also need additional therapies, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on
how advanced the bone cancer is.
summary
◦ Summary
◦ Bone diseases refer to conditions that alter
the strength or flexibility of bones.They can
result in symptoms such as bone pain, difficulty
moving, and a higher risk of bone fractures.
These conditions can have many potential
causes, including aging, genetics, hormonal
changes, and nutritional deficiencies. Lifestyle
factors such as low levels of physical activity,
smoking, and alcohol consumption can also
increase the risk of bone disease.
◦ A doctor can perform tests to identify bone
diseases. After diagnosis, a doctor can suggest
a suitable treatment plan, which may include
medication, lifestyle changes, and surgery.
 ◦ Bibliography
◦ https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/we
llness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-bone

Thank you ◦ https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-

topics/surgeon-generals-report-bone-
health-and-osteoporosis-what-it-means-you
◦ https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles
/bone-diseases#diagnosis