Advance studies in Intellectual and

Physical impairment and Autism

Presented by:
Aaliya Nazeer
S2020189004
Orthopedic Disorders
• According to the federal Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
an orthopedic impairment is defined as a bone-, joint-, or muscle-related
disability that is so severe that it negatively affects a child's educational
performance.
• Orthopedic conditions are injuries and diseases that affect the musculoskeletal
system. This body system includes the muscles, bones, nerves, joints, ligaments,
tendons, and other connective tissues.
• IDEA specifies that this term “includes impairments caused by a congenital
anomaly [birth defects], impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis,
bone tuberculosis), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy,
amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures).
Causes:

• Long-term use of some medications (such as taking corticosteroids or cortisone

orally), and other medications such as heparin (an anticoagulant), as well as
epilepsy medications (such as phenytoin);
• Some endocrine disorders such as: hyperactivity of the thyroid and parathyroid
glands, Cushing's syndrome, and deficiency of estrogen;
Neurological Conditions:
1. Result of damage of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).Neurological conditions
often effect:
2. the child's movement and posture
3. if the impairment is more diffuse, cause other associated impairments such as speech and language
difficulties, vision or hearing impairments, mental retardation or learning disabilities, and deficits in
academic or self-help skills.

Musculoskeletal Conditions:
4. as a result of damage of the muscles or bones. conditions may result from defects in
structure/function or diseases of the muscles or bones.
5. effect the child's joints and muscles and effect the individual's ability to move about, sit, stand, and
possibly use their hands or arms
Congenital Malformations
1. are conditions that result in malformations of the body.
2. The congenital malformations are a result of a genetic defect

3. virus or bacteria,
4. simply a developmental accident.
5. Congenital malformations may result in an improperly formed limb, or the absence
of part of the whole limb
Orthopedic problems:
• Scoliosis
• ostogenesis
• Amputation
• Acute injuries:
• Arthritis:
• Muscle atrophy:
• Osteomalacia,:
• Osteomyelitis:
• Osteoporosis:
Scoliosis:
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral
palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown.

ostogenesis:
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones. The term
"osteogenesis imperfecta" means imperfect bone formation. People with this condition have bones that
break (fracture) easily, often from mild trauma or with no apparent cause.
• Amputation:

Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it
is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene.
• Acute injuries:
such as traumatic bone fractures and dislocated joints

• Arthritis:
which is joint inflammation causing pain, joint damage, and loss of joint
function. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,
• Muscle atrophy:
which is loss of muscle tissue causing weakness and difficulty moving. It can occur
with lack of use, such as being bedridden, or from damage to the nerves controlling the muscle
movement.
• Osteomalacia,:
Which causes an adult’s bones to soften. It results in muscle weakness, bowed
legs, bone pain, and fractures. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause of this
condition.
• Osteomyelitis:
which is an infection in the bone

• Osteoporosis:
which is loss of bone density making the bones weak and brittle. This increases
the risk of fractures.
Symptoms:

•Pain in the lower back (caused by braking or dislocation of a

vertebra);
•Deformities or unusual appearance of a joint
•Fatigue combined with joint pain or swelling
•Joint stiffness and limited range of motion
• Numbness, tingling or weakness
•Pain, which may be mild, moderate or severe and sharp
• Swelling of the injured or diseased area
•Warmth and redness in case of infection or inflammation
Risk factors:
• Drinking alcohol, smoking and excessive caffeine use;
• Family history of osteoporosis-associated fractures;
• Aging;
• Loss of weight;
• Deficiency of calcium or Vitamin D;
• Lack of physical activity
• Being overweight or obese, which puts extra pressure on bones, joints, and joint
structures
When to see a doctor?
• When getting old (+60 years old);
• After menopause, or undergoing an oophorectomy surgery;
• If you take cortisone for several months;
• If you take medications like cortisone, anticoagulant and epilepsy medications.
Complications:
• Fractures:
• particularly hip and spinal fractures:
• They are the most serious bone fractures. Hip fractures are usually caused by
falls. They may result in the patient’s paralysis, or even death, owing to the
complications that may occur after surgeries, especially in the elderly.
Spinal fractures:

• Fractures of the spinal bones, or spinal fractures,

may occur without injuries or falls. The weight
pressure on the spinal bones (vertebrae) causes
them to collapse on one another, causing a
severe back pain.
• Multiple such spinal fractures may lead to the
loss of some centimeters from the patient's
height, and the appearance of roundback
(kyphosis).
Diagnosis:
• Family history: examination of the risk factors (such as family history), symptoms
and complications;
• Measuring how the bones are able to absorb X-ray, through DEXA scan, to measure
the density of bones, especially the hip and spinal bones.
Treatment:
• Following preventive precautions is necessary for the preservation of bone density,
and hence avoid osteoporosis, in addition to avoiding falls and fractures. If a patient
is diagnosed with osteoporosis, though, the physician shall determine the treatment
method, based on the symptoms that the patient develops.
Prevention:
• Prevention of osteoporosis should begin at an early age, through to all the
subsequent age stages. Osteoporosis prevention depends on the following:
• A healthy diet:

• an adequate intake of proteins, calories, in addition to calcium and Vitamin D,

• all of which are necessary for preserving the bone formation and density;
• Calcium is necessary for all women post-menopause (the intake should not be less
than 1000mg a day), whether from natural dietary sources, such as dairy products
(milk, cheese, leben, etc.), and vegetables (turnip, broccoli, etc.), or by taking calcium
supplements. The daily intake of calcium, however, should not be more than 2000mg,
to avoid the calcium-associated side-effects;
• Quit smoking and stop drinking alcohol;
• Take regular exercise:

• exercising is an optimal way to preserve the bone density, strengthen muscles,

preserve body balance, and, hence, reduce the risk of fractures;
• Avoid falls: falling increases the risk of fractures. To avoid falls:
• Remove robes and cables, as well as carpets, which may lead to stumbling and
falling;
• Make sure to keep the house well-illuminated, including stairs and doorways;
• Avoid walking on slippery surfaces, such as: ice, and wet or slippery floor
• See your doctor on a regular basis, to assess the visual acuity.
Thank you