Me 321: Fluid Mechanics-I: Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I
Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka
Lecture-05
01/06/2021
Fluid dynamics
• Conservation of Mass
(Continuity Equation)
toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd
toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd
© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 1
Recap
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) for a fixed, nondeforming control volume (CV)
d
dt
Bsyst   d
dt
 CV
 dV   
CS


  V  nˆ dA 
This relation permits to change from a system
approach to control volume (CV) approach.
where
Bsyst  any property of fluid (mass, momentum, enthalpy, etc.)
  intensive property of fluid (per unit mass basis)
  density of fluid
dV  elemental volume

 
V  nˆ dA  elemental volume flux
CV
 volume integral over the control volume (CV)
CS
 surface integral over the control surface (CS)
Similar expression adopted by other books:

D
Dt
Bsyst   
t
CV
 dV   
CS



  V  nˆ dA
Conservation of Mass
A system is defined as a fixed quantity of mass, denoted by m. Thus, the mass of the system is
conserved and does not change except nuclear reaction . so the conservation of mass principle for a
system is simply stated as
m syst  const.
dm syst
 0 (i )
dt
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) with B = mass and so, β = 1; accordingly

mass
 1
d
dt
Bsyst   d
dt

CV
 dV   CS


  V  nˆ dA  mass

d
dt
msyst   d
dt

CV
dV    
CS


 V  nˆ dA

d
dt
 CV
dV   CS



 V  nˆ dA  0
Control volume expression for conservation of
mass, commonly known as continuity equation.
d
For steady flow i.e.   0
dt
=0

d
dt  CV
ρ dV  
CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0

 
CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0 (ii )
The integrand in the mass flow rate integral represents the product of the component of velocity, V
perpendicular to the small portion of the control surface and the differential area, dA.
As shown in figure (dot product)

 
V nˆ   ve ; +ve for flow out from the control volume

 
V nˆ   ve ; -ve for flow in to the control volume
Equation (ii) states that in steady flow, the mass flows entering and leaving the control
volume (CV) must balance exactly.
When all of the differential quantities are summed over the entire control surfaces;

 CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0    AV out    AV in
  m out   m in 0
  m in   m out
Mass continuity equation
For incompressible flows, (ρ =constant through the flow system)
   AV  in    AV  out
 Q in  Q out
volume continuity equation
Problem
Water flows steadily through a nozzle at the end of a fire hose as

illustrated in Fig. According to local regulations, the nozzle exit
velocity must be at least 20 m/s.
Determine the minimum pumping capacity of the pump, Q,
required in m3/s.
Ans: 0.0251 m3/s
Problem (Unsteady flow)
The tank in Fig. is being filled with water by two one-dimensional inlets. Air
is trapped at the top of the tank. The water height is h.
(a) Find an expression for the change in water height dh/dt.
(b) Compute dh/dt if D1 = 25 mm, D2 = 75 mm, V1 = 0.75 m/s, V2 = 0.60
m/s, and At = 0.2 m2.
Solution:
General Continuity Equation in integral form applied to the shown control volume

d
dt 
CV
ρ dV  CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0 Unsteady,
d
dt 
CV
ρ dV  0
d
dt
 CV

 dV  1 AV
1 1   2 A2V2  0
Now, =0
d
dt
 CV
 dV   d
dt
d
(  w At h)  [  a At ( H  h)]
dt
(air is trapped, no change
of air mass with time)

d
dt
 CV

 dV   w At
dh
dt
Thus,
dh 1 AV
1 1   2 A2V2

dt  w At
dh AV  A2V
  1 1
dt At
dh Q1  Q2
  Ans. (a)
dt At
dh Q1  Q2
 
dt At
dh  4 D12 V1   4 D22 V2
 
dt At
dh
  0.015 m/s Ans. (b)
dt
A 1.5 m high, 1 m diameter cylindrical water tank whose top is open to
the atmosphere is initially filled with water. Now, the discharge plug near
the bottom of the tank is pulled out, and a water jet whose diameter is
0.01 m streams out (Fig.). The average velocity of the jet is given by:
V jet  2gh m/s
where h is the height of water in the tank measured from the center of
the hole and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine
(i) How long it will take for the water level in the tank to drop to 0.75 m
from the bottom?
(ii) How long it will take to empty the tank?
Solution:
General Continuity Equation in integral form applied to the shown control volume

d
dt 
CV
ρ dV  CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0 Unsteady,
d
dt 
CV
ρ dV  0

  
d
Now,
dt CV
ρ dV 
CS
 V  nˆ dA  0
d
 m CV    AjetV jet  0 No inflow; only out flow through the
dt hole (+ve)
 2 
m CV   V    D tank  h h  h (t ) ; m CV  f (t )
4 
 2  V jet  2 gh  f (t )
 A jet V jet    D jet  2 gh
 4 
Then,
d   2   2 
    D tank  h      D jet  2 gh  0
dt   4  4 

d
2
D tank  
 h   D jet
2
 2 gh 
dt Unsteady,
t 
CV
ρ dV  0
dh  D jet
2

   2  2 gh
dt D 
 tank 
2
1 D tank dh
 dt   2
2 g D jet h
Now, integrating from t = 0 at which h = h0 to t = t at which h = ht

2
t 1 D tank ht dh
0
dt   2
2 g D jet 
h0
h
ht
  1 1 
2
1 D tank  h 2 
t 2  1 
2 g D jet    1
 2  h0
2
1 D tank ht
t 2
h
g 2 D jet h0
h0  ht D tank
2
t 2
g 2 D jet Time required to reduce the water height from h0 to ht
Time required for the water level in the tank to drop to 0.75 m from the bottom:
h0  ht D tank
2
t 2
g 2 D jet
1 .5  0 .75 12
 t ht  0.75   1619 .7 s  27 min
g 2 0 .01 2
Time required to empty the water tank:
1 .5  0 12
 t ht  0  2
 5530 s  9 2 min
g 2 0 .01
Time requirement is NOT linear (rather non-linear)
(AN UNSTEADY PROBLEM)
Homework:
Plot the water height, h versus time, t

Me 321: Fluid Mechanics-I: Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

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ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I

Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Similar expression adopted by other books:

Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) with B = mass and so, β = 1; accordingly

For incompressible flows, (ρ =constant through the flow system)

Water flows steadily through a nozzle at the end of a fire hose as

Ans: 0.0251 m3/s

Now, integrating from t = 0 at which h = h0 to t = t at which h = ht

Time required to empty the water tank:

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