Chapter 9

Internal Flow
Asst. Prof. Krongkaew Laohalidanond (Dr.-Ing.)
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
 Content
• Introduction
• Laminar and Turbulent Flow
• Head Loss
• Steady Flow Energy Equation
• Minor Losses
Introduction
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
 Head Loss
• Head loss is a main loss occur in pipe
• It is due to the friction of fluid
Head Loss

-hL
 Head Loss
• How much of head loss?
Type of flow
Type of tube material

• f is friction factor can be determined by using Moody

Chart
Head Loss
Head Loss
Steady Flow Energy Equation
(wT – wP)

Pump head, hP Turbine head, hT hL

Steady Flow Energy Equation
Steady Flow Energy Equation
 Minor Loss
• Loss due to the entrance effect, exit effect, bending, etc.

Figure 9.13 (p. 430)

Entrance flow conditions and loss coefficient: (a) reentrant, KL = 0.8, (b) sharp-edged, KL = 0.5, (c)
slightly rounded, KL = 0.2, (d) well-rounded, KL = 0.04.
 Minor Loss
• Loss due to the entrance effect, exit effect, bending, etc.
 Minor Loss
• Loss due to the entrance effect, exit effect, bending, etc.

Figure 9.14 (p. 431)

Exit flow conditions and loss coefficient: (a) reentrant, KL = 1.0, (b) sharp-edged, KL = 1.0, (c)
slightly rounded, KL = 1.0, (d) well-rounded, KL = 1.0.
 Minor Loss
• Loss due to the entrance effect, exit effect, bending, etc.
 Minor Loss
• Loss due to the entrance effect, exit effect, bending, etc.
Minor Loss