Efficiency

By: E.M. Morales, REE

• Pinput – is the power received by the dynamo
• For Generator: Mechanical Power (HP)
• For Motor: Electrical Power (Watts)
• Poutput – is the power delivered by the dynamo
• For Generator: Electrical Power (Watts)
• For Motor: Mechanical Power (HP)
• Note:
• Pinput in a dynamo is always more than its Poutput. Why?
• Answer: Because a dynamo (motor or generator) can’t convert all power it
received into usefull power. Why again?
• Answer: Losses
Power Loss
• Is the difference between the power input to a dynamo and power
output.
• Is always produces heating thus, the greater the power loss the
HOTTER the machine tends to become.
• CLASSIFICATION of LOSSES:
• 1. Rotational Losses (Stray Power Loss, SPL)
• Losses caused by the rotation of the armature.
• a. Mechanical Losses
• a.1. Brush Friction Loss
• a.2. Bearing Friction Loss
• a.3. Wind Friction Loss
These losses are about 10 to 20% of full load losses.
• b. Core Loss or Iron Loss (Ph+e)
• As the armature core is made of iron and it rotates in a magnetic field, a small current
gets induced in the core itself too. Due to this current, eddy current loss and hysteresis
loss occur in the armature iron core. Iron losses are also called as Core losses or
Magnetic losses.
• Is the continuous change in position of the iron particles causes the magnetic particles to
friction and produces heat.
• b.1. Hysteresis Loss (Ph)
• takes place in the revolving armature core because the magnetic polarity in the iron changes
in step with the changing positions of the magnetic materials under the various poles.
• is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core. When the core passes under one
pair of poles, it undergoes one complete cycle of magnetic reversal. 
• b.2. Eddy Current Loss (Pe)
• as the armature core revolves, voltage are generated in the iron exactly as they are in the
copper wires. The current flows in the iron core alone.
• Though this induced emf is small, it causes a large current to flow in the body due to the
low resistance of the core.
• Remedy:
• 1. Laminating the iron core.
• 2. Coating each laminations with a high resistance varnish.
• 2. Electrical Losses:
• those that results from a current flow in the various parts of the machine.
• a. Copper Loss (Pcu):
• always occur when there is a current flow in the various copper circuits.
• a.1. Shunt-field copper loss = If2Rf
• a.2. Series-field copper loss = Is2Rs
• a.3. Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra
• a.4. Interpole or commutating field copper loss = Ia2Rin (If exist)
• a.5. Compensating Winding copper loss = Ia2Rcw (If exist)
• All in watts unit.
• b. Stray Load Loss (SLL):
• Very difficult to determine, also known as miscellaneous loss.
• It results from such factors:
• 1. The distortion of flux due to armature reaction.
• 2. Lack of uniform division of current in the armature winding through various
path.
• 3. Short-circuit current in the coil undergoing commutation.
• In practice, SLL is
• 1% of the KW output
• For generator: 150 kw above
• For Motor: 200 HP and above
• Sample problem:
• 1. A shunt generator has 720 inductors on its armature wound simplex lap. The generator
has 6 poles and operates at a full-load speed of 1,200 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.025
weber and the armature resistance inclusive of the brushes is 0.05 Ω. The shunt-field
resistance including the rheostat is 70 Ω. Full load current is 200 A. and SPL is 1,000 watts.
• Calculate:
• a. Eg
• b. Pg
• c. Output voltage
• d. Pouput
• e. Assuming constant shunt field current, Find % VR
• f. Pinput
• g. Efficiency (ŋ)
• Solution:
*****END*****
• Practice Exercises:
• 1. A 400 kw, 600 V. shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.03 Ω inclusive
of brushes and a field resistance of 48 Ω. The SPL at rated power is 7,200 watts.
• Solve for
• a. Eg
• a. 500 V b. 600 V. c. 620 V. d. 520 V.
• b. Pg
• a. 421,343 w. b. 521,434 w. c. 7,200 w. d. 221 kw.
• c. ŋ
• a. 93.34 % b. 83.34 % c. 100 % d. 10 %
• d. % VR
• a. 9.12 % b. 35 % c. 2.5 % d. 3.4 %
• 2. The field circuit of a 200,000 watts, 230 V., shunt generator is 8 A.
when running at full-load at rated terminal voltage. If the combined
brush and armature resistance is 0.03 Ω, solve for the electrical
efficiency of the generator.
• a. 88.9 %
• b. 85.7 %
• c. 93.5 %
• d. 81.7 %