Engr.

Mark Alvin Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics

 FLUID STATICS

1. Force on a plane area

2. Center of pressure
3. Buoyancy

Engr.Mark
Engr. MarkAlvin
AlvinNogales
Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics
 FLUID STATICS-BOUYANCY
Concepts for Submerged Body:

A body DHCK submerged in a fluid below, From the figure,

𝐹𝑧 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐷 Eqn. 1
Free Surface
𝐹𝑧′ = 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐾𝐷 Eqn. 2

𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐾𝐷 − 𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐷 Eqn. 3

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑍′ − 𝐹𝑍 Eqn. 4

“Equation 4 tells that the buoyant force (FB) on any

body is equal to the weight of fluid displaced”

Thus, equation 4 result to equation 5,

Figure 1 Eqn. 5 W = 𝐹𝐵 “it tells that the densities of
body and fluid are equal”

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics

 FLUID STATICS-BOUYANCY
Concepts for Submerged Body:
continuation, In mathematical form,
Scenarios Remarks
If W > FB The body will sink 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑎 Eqn. 6
If W < FB The body will rise until
its density and that of where,
the fluid are equal
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
If W = FB The densities of body
and fluid are equal 𝑊𝑜 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

BUOYANT FORCE is defined also as equal to the 𝑊𝑎 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

difference between the weight of the object in air
and the weight of the object in liquid. The weight of
the object in the liquid is sometimes called apparent
weight.

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics

 FLUID STATICS-BOUYANCY
Concepts for Floating Body:

As shown below the two floating bodies, (a) stable
floating body, and (b) unstable floating body.
Point/s to consider,
• For a body in a liquid with a free surface, if tis
weight W is less than that of the same volume of
liquid, it will rise and float on the surface so that
W = FB.
• For stable body, the center of buoyancy (B) is
above the center of gravity (‘C).
• For unstable body, the center of buoyancy (B) is
below the center of gravity (‘C).

(a) (b)

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics

 FLUID STATICS-BOUYANCY
Concepts for Floating Body:

As shown below a section of a hull ship that is stable For equilibrium,

and its center of buoyancy is below its center of
gravity. • Forces W and FB must be equal and must lie in
the same vertical line.
• For the case at b, W and FB constitute a couple of
magnitude W x a. This is a righting couple since it
tends to restore the body to the upright position.

(a) (b)

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics

 FLUID STATICS

Example:
A stone weighs 105 lb in air. When submerged Thus, compute FB;
in water, it weighs 67.0 lb. Find the volume
and specific gravity of the stone. 𝐹𝐵 = 105 𝑙𝑏 − 67.0 𝑙𝑏
Solution:
𝐹𝐵 = 38 𝑙𝑏
Applying equation 6 (definition for buoyant
force), Then applying equation 3,

𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑎 Eqn. 6
Multiplied by specific weight of water (from note in equation 5),
where,
γℎ2𝑜 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = γℎ2𝑜 (𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑉𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 )
𝑊𝑜 = 105 𝑙𝑏
γℎ2𝑜 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹𝐵
𝑊𝑎 = 67.0 𝑙𝑏

Engr.Mark
Engr. MarkAlvin
AlvinNogales
Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics
 FLUID STATICS

Continuation,

γℎ2𝑜 𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹𝐵 Thus,

105 𝑙𝑏
s.g = 𝑙𝑏
Solve for volume of body/object, (0.609 𝑓𝑡3)(62.4
𝑓𝑡3
)

𝐹𝐵
𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = s.g = 2.763 Answer.
γℎ2𝑜

38.0 𝑙𝑏
𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 =
𝑙𝑏
62.4 3
𝑓𝑡

𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 0.609 𝑓𝑡3 Answer.

Then, specific gravity is defined as,

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
s.g =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Engr.Mark
Engr. MarkAlvin
AlvinNogales
Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics
 Practice Problems:

1. A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300.N in air. When the metal is completely submerged in water, it weighs
232.5 N. Find the volume of metal.
2. A 4-in diameter solid cylinder of height 3.75 in in weighing 0.85 lb is immersed in liquid ( = 52 lb/ft3) contained in a tall,
upright metal cylinder having a diameter of 5 in. Before immersion the liquid was 3 in deep. At what level will the solid
cylinder float?

3. Determine the submerged depth of a cube of steel 0.30m on each side floating in mercury. The specific gravities of steel
are 7.8 and 13.6, respectively..

4. A barge is loaded with 150 tons of coal. The weight of the empty barge in air is 35 tons. If the barge is 18 ft wide, 52 ft
long, 9 ft high, what is its draft (i.e., its depth below water surface)?

5. A concrete cube 0.5m on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a light foam buoy to it. What
minimum volume of foam is required? The specific weights of concrete and foam are 23.58 kN/m3 and 0.79 kN/m3,
respectively.

Engr.Mark
Engr. MarkAlvin
AlvinNogales
Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics
 Engr.Mark
Engr. MarkAlvin
AlvinNogales
Nogales CVL 412a| Basic Fluid Mechanics