Chapter :4

Turning effect of force

Q 1: Define like and unlike parallel forces?

Ans:Like Parallel forces:

If direction of parallel forces is same, they are called like parallel forces.
R = F1 + F2

Unlike Parallel Forces:

If directions of parallel forces are opposite to one another,
they are called unlike parallel forces.
R = F1 – F2
Q 2: Explain addition of vectors by head to tail rule.
→ →
Ans: Two or more vectors can be added by head to tail rule. Consider two vectors and in order get their
A B
resultant vector by head to tail rule; we must follow following steps.
→
(i). Draw representative line of vector A.
OA
→
(ii). Draw representative line of vector B, such that tail of vector B coincides with the head of vector A.
AB
→ → →
(iii). Join ‘O’ and ‘B’. represents the resultant vector of given vectors and .
OB AB B
(iv). The direction of resultant vector is directed from the tail of vector A to the had of vector B.
→ → →
= +
OB OA AB
→= → + →
R A B

Q 3: Discuss the principal of Moment?

Ans: The principal of Moment states that when a body is balanced, the total clockwise moment about
a point equals the total anticlockwise moment about the same point.
Equation Moment = force F× perpendicular distance from the pivot d.
Moment = Fd
Q 4: How is a see – saw balanced?
Ans: Seesaws are governed by as simple equation stating that to
achieve balance. the force exerted on one end of the seesaw times the
distance between the force and the pivot should equal the force exerted on
the other of that force from the pivot.
Q 5 : Give examples in which principal of moment is observed?
Ans: A person pushing a swing will make the swing rotate about its pivot.
 A worker applies a forces to a spanner to rotate a nut.
 A person removes a bottle’s cork by pushing down the bottle opener’s lever.
 A force is applied to a door knob and the door swings open about its hinge.
 A driver can turn a steering wheel by applying a force on its rim.
Q 6: Define Centre of gravity?
Ans: Centre of gravity: The point inside or outside the body where the whole weight of the
body appears to act is called the Centre of gravity of the body.
Q 7: What is couple? Calculate the moment of the couple?
Ans: Couple:
A pair of equal, parallel and unlike forces having different lines of action, is called a
couple.
Derivation for moment of couple:
Consider two equal, unlike parallel forces, each of magnitude F, acting at A and B.
Torques of both forces are given by.
Both torques are counter clockwise, so total torque is equal to sum of both torques. Torque of
the couple= (F x OA) + (F x OB)
F (OA +OB ¿
⃗
F × AB
Conclusion:
Moment of couple is equal to product of one of the forces and perpendicular
distance between the line of action of both forces.

Q 8: What is equilibrium? State and explain two conditions of equilibrium.

Ans: Equilibrium:
It is defined as
(1). If a body remains at rest or moving with uniform speed, it is said to be in state of
equilibrium.
(2). If no net force is acting on a body, the body is said to be in equilibrium.
Conditions of Equilibrium:
(1). First Condition of Equilibrium:
It states that
“The resultant of all the forces acting on the body should be zero”.
Sigma (∑)∑ F=Ois a greek letter which indicates the sum.
Explanation:
An electric bulb hanging from the ceiling, doesn’t move towards floor or ceiling.
weight of bulb pulls it towards the floor and wire pulls it upward towards ceiling due to
tension in wire. Both forces cancel each other and bulb remains in equilibrium position.
In a tug-of-war contest two teams pull the rope towards each other. If both teams
apply equal forces, the rope will not move and we say the rope is in equilibrium.
Above observations show that the body is in equilibrium if resultant of all the
forces acting on it is zero.
(2). Second Condition of Equilibrium:
“The resultant of all the torques acting on the body should be
zero”.
∑ ❑T =0
Explanation: Suppose two forces of equal magnitude are acting on a body, length of each of the
moment
arms of these forces is “d”. So torques of these forces are equal but opposite in direction. The
torque of one force is clockwise and other one is counter clockwise. So their algebraic sum is zero,
and the body will be in state of equilibrium.

Conclusion:
 If these two conditions are satisfied, the body is completely in equilibrium.
Q 9: Explain three states of Equilibrium?
Ans: There are three states of Equilibrium.
(1). Stable Equilibrium:
A body is said to be in state of stable equilibrium if it comes back to its original position when it is slightly
displaced.
Explanation:
A cone is standing on its base, its centre of gravity
is nearer to base. When this cone is displaced its centre
of gravity is raised. For stable equilibrium its centre of
gravity should be as low as possible. The vertical line through its
centre of gravity should be within its base when cone is
disturbed. If the vertical line through the centre of gravity is within
the base, a torque due to weight brings back to its original position.
(2). Unstable Equilibrium:
A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if it does not come back to its original position when it is
slightly displaced.

Explanation:
A cone balanced on its apex is in unstable equilibrium. When this come is disturbed, its centre of gravity is
lowered. The vertical line through its centre of gravity is outside the base. The torque due to weight of the
cone toppled the cone down. So the cone does not regain its original position.
(3). Neutral Equilibrium:
a body is said to be in neutral equilibrium if on being slightly displaced, it does not come back to its
original position but occupies a new position similar to its original position.. The centre of gravity of the
body remains at the same height a cone resting on its side, is in neutral equilibrium. If the cone is pushed
slightly, its centre of gravity is neither raised nor lowered but it remains at the same height.
Q 10: What do understand by Stability?
Ans : Stability
Stability is a measure of how likely it is for an object to topple over when pushed or moved.
Stable objects are very difficult to topple over , while unstable objects topple over very easily. An
object will topple over if its Centre of gravity is “outside” the base , or edge , on which it balance.
Q 11: (a) Discuss torque or moment of a force in detail.
(b) Write are the factors on which torque depends?
(c) Write the unit of torque.
Ans: (a) Torque or moment of force
The turning effect of a force on a body is called torque or moment of force and is equal to the
product of force and moment arm”.
Moment Arm.
The moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of the
action of the force.
Whereas the axis of rotation is the axis about which a body is free rotate.
Explanation : consider an example of a rotating wheel which can rotate about its centre O as as
show in the figure.
Here the moment arms of forces acting. At A,B are OA and OB respectively.
Where the moment arm of force acting at C is zero . Because the line of action is passing through
the axis of rotation ‘O’ and the perpendicular distance from the applied force is zero.
Al through the forces acrting at A and B are the same but turning effect (torque) at will be
greater than the torque acting at B because the moment arm OA is greater than OB.
(b) The factors on which torque depends.
Torque depends on the following factors:
1 magnitude of force 2 length of moment arm
torque = force × moment arm σ = f×d
If the torque produces an anticlockwise rotation, it is considered as positive. If the torque
produces a clockwise rotation , it consider as nedative.
( c ) the unit of torque.
The unit of torque in S.L units is Newton __ metre ( N-m):