URBAN DESIGN ;-

U R B A N D E S I G N IS T H E P R O C E S S O F GIVING F O R M , S H A P E , A N D
CHARECTER TD G R O U P OF BUILDINGS, TD WHOLE
N E I B H O R H D O D S A N D T H E CITY. U R B A N D E S I G N B L E N D S
A R C H I T E C T U R E , L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E , A N D C I TY
PLANNING TOGETHER TD MAKE URBAN PLAN FUNCTIONAL AND
AT T R A C T I V E .

TO W N P L A N N I N G :-
T H E T O W N P L A N N I N G I S S C I E N C E A N D A R T T O O .T H E SCIENCE
C O N S I S T S IN C O L L E C T I N G , C O R R E L AT I N G A N D
A N A LY S I N G T H E F A C T S A B O U T A T O W N .T H E A R T L I E S
I N A R R A N G I N G T H E C O M P O N E N T S O F A T O W N I N A WAY
T H AT T H E F I N A L R E S U LT I S IN T H E F O R M O F A B E A U T I F U L ,
C O N V E N I E N T , E C O N O M I C A L A N D E F F I C I E N T U N I T.
EvoLUTI o N :-
THE STUDY O F ANCIENT TDWNS,HOWEVER,HELPS
C O S I D E R A B LY I N S O L V I N G T H E C O M P L I C A T E D P R O B L E M S
O F T O W N P L A N N I N G E V E N O F TO D AY. T H E T W O I L LU S T R A T I O N S O F
ANCIENT TOWNS ARE WORTH MENTORING

SPECIFIC P U R P O S E B E F O R E 2 5 0 0 B.C.
IT W A S D E S I G N E D To A C C O M M O DAT E WO R K M E m A N D OFFICIALS
E N G A G E D IN T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N O F T H E P Y R A M I D.
- T H E A N O T H E R E X A M P L E IS F R O M A N C I E N T INDIA IN
T H E V A L L E Y O F T H E O F T H E R I V E R I N D U S I N S I N O , N O W I N PA K I S TA N
□8 .J E CT I V E S :
T H E F O U R O B . J E C T I V E S (□ R l I D E A L S O F A N Y T O W N
PLANNING
SCHEME ARE - BEAUTY
CONVENIENCE ENVIRONMENT

P r i n c I P L E S o F T O W N P L A N N I N G :-
T H E T O W N S H O U L D N O T B E D E S I G N E D O N LY T D S AT I S F Y T H E
N E E D S O F T H E F U T U R E G E N E R AT I D N S . BUT THE PROBABLE
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF T H E T O W N S H O U L D B E S U I TA B LY
CONCEIVED BY THE T O W N P L A N N E R A N D IT S H O U L D B E S E E N T H AT
THE
T O W N D O E S N O T D E V E L O P IN A N Y H A P H A Z A R D FA S H I O N .

- G R E E N B E LT H O U S I N G
- PUBLIC BUILDINGS
- R E C R E AT I O N C E N T R E S
- ROAD SYSTEMS
- T R A N S P O R T FA C I L I T I E S
- ZONING

O R I GI N O F T O W N S :-

IF A S U R V E Y C A R R I E D O U T R E G A R D I N G T H E O R I G I N O F S O M E O F T H E
I M P O R TA N T E X I S T I N G T O W N S A N D C I T I E S O F T H E W O R L D , IT C A N B E E A S I LY
E S TA B L I S H E D T H AT A N Y T O W N D R C I TY H A S O R I G I N AT E D B E A U S E O F
C E R TA I N S P E C I F I C C A U S E . THE CONTRIBUTING F O R C E S F O R THE ORIGIN
O F TO W N S A N D CITIES C A N B E
B R O A D LY D I V I D E D I N T O T W O C A T E G O R I E S N A M E LY T D P D G R A P G I C A L A N D
FUNCTIONAL.
RIBBON DEVELOPMENT - S AT E L L I T E G R D W T H :-
IT H A S B E E N O B S E R V E D T H AT
T O P O G R A P H I C A L F E AT U R E S CON T R I B UT I N G T D T H E ORIGIN O F BECAUSE OF IMPROVEMENT OF W H E N A TOWN R E A C H E S A
R OA D S U R FAC E A N D C E R TA I N S I Z E , S O M E S O R T
TOWNS A R E A S F D L L D W :-
G R O W T H O F M O T O R TRAFFIC,IT IS
- CONDITIONS FAVO U R A B L E F O R INDUSTRIAL UNITS O F S AT E L L I T E G R O W T H I S
N AT U R A L
- H I L LY A R E A S T D A C H I E V E T H E O B . J E C T O F D E F E N C E TENDENCY OF EVERY O N E TD B O N D E D T D TA K E P L A C E .
- P L A I N A R E A S U S E F U L F O R B U S I N E S S ACTIVITIES BUILD A S NEAR AS POSSIBLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
- RIVER BANKS, A N D S AT E L L I T E T O W N I S M A I N LY
TD THE MAIN ROAD.
- SEA DR OCEAN FRONTS. DUE TD THE METROPOLIS
T H E B U I L D I N G ACT I V I TY
- THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS A N D T H E T E R M S AT E L L I T E I S
THEREFORE E X P A N O S IN
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ORIGIN O F TO W N S
N A T U R A L WAY A L O N G T H E SIDES U S E D T D I N D I C AT E A B O D Y
ARE AS FDLLDWS : OF MAIN R OAD A N D LO N G UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
- E D U C AT I O N H E A LT H R E S D R T S POLITICAL FINGERS DR RIBBONS OF MORE POWERFUL
- RELIGIOUS BODY BUT P O S S E S S I N G
HOUSE S, FAC TOR I E S, I T S O W N I □ENTITY.
G R O W T H O F T O W N S :-
T H E G R O W T H O F TO W N S A N D CITIES ACCORDING TD THE
ORIGIN C A N B E D I V I D E D IN T WO C AT E G O R I E S .
- N AT U R A L G R D W T H
- PLANNED GROWTH
N AT U R A L GROWTH
M O S T O F T H E T O W N S I N T H E P A S T G R O W N I N N A T U R A L WAY,
D E V E L O P M E N T O F T H E TO W N A S S U C H H A S TA K E N P L A C E W I T H O U T A N Y
FUTURE P L A N N I N G . T H E P R OV I S I O N S O F VARIOUS E S S E N T I A L AMENITIES
SUCH AS
R O A D S Y S T E M , PA R K S , P L AY G R O U N D S , S C H D O L S , I N D U S T R I A L
U N I T S , C O M M E R C I A L C E N T R E S , H O S P I TA L , C I N E M A S , E TC . A R E M A D E IN
I R R E G U L A R WAY W I T H O U T A N Y C O N S I D E R A T I O N S F O R F U T U R E E X P A N S I O N O F
T H E T □W N .
JT H E N AT U R A L G R O W T H O F A TOWN
M AY B E I N T H E F O R M O F T H E
FOLLOWING F O U R TY P E S -
- RIBBON DEVELDPMET
- S AT E L L I T E G R O W T H
- CONCENTRIC GROWTH
- S C AT T E R E D G R O W T H

SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN A N U CA P SUBMITTED BY

LITERATURE STUDY ST U D I O A R 4 2 5 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113
 SCATTERED SPREAD :--
CONCENTRIC SPREAD :- - IN THIS CASE, THE GROWTH
OF A TOWN TAKES PLACE IN A VERY
- IT IS THE NATURAL TENDENCY 1nnLr""""I II An \A/A'V'lr"iii.r"iii.L..L..JL..JL..r-
OF THE PEOPLE TD BE AS NEAR AS POSSIBLE '\r"iii. VYr-'\I■
TD THE TOWN DR CITY AND AS A RESULT OF - IT RESULTS INTO TRAFFIC
THIS TENDENCY,THE TOWN DEVELOPS IN THE CONGESTIDN,ENCROACHMENT OF
FORM OF CONCENTRIC RINGS WITH INDUSTRIES ON RESIDENTIAL
NUCLEUS AS TOWN. AREAS,SLUMS,LACK OF PARKS AND
- SUCH A GROWTH CREATES MANY VARIOUS OTHER PROBLEMS WHICH PROVE
COMPLICATED PROBLEMS SUCH AS TD BE TDD DIFFICULT TD BE SOLVED IN
TRAFFIC CONGESTION , NARROW FUTURE.
STREETS , CONCENTRATION OF
PDPULATIDN,IMPRDPER HOUSES , ETC.

. PLANNED GROWTH :-
- -A TOWN DEVELOPS IN A PREDETERMINED LINE AS CONCEIVED BY THE TOWN PLANNER
- THE OVERALL GROWTH OF THE TOWN IS CONTROLLED BY THE ENFORCEMENT OF SUITABLE RULES AND
REGULATIONS.

GROWTH ACCORD! NG TD DIRECTION ;-

- WITH RESPECT TD DIRECTIDN,THE GROWTH OF TOWNS AND CITIES CAN TAKE PLACE IN THE FOLLOWING TWO WAYS
- 1. HORIZONTAL GROWTH
- 2. VERTICAL G RDWTH 2. VERTICAL GROWTH ;--
IN CASE OF VERTICAL GROWTH , THE BUILDING OF
1. HORIZONTAL GROWTH :- THE TOWN ARE DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED AS
2. IN CASE OF HORIZONTAL GROWTH,THE TOWN MULTI-STOREYED FLATS.
EXPANDS AND DEVELOPS HORIZONTALLY IN -IT IS QUITE EVIDENT THAT SUCH A GROWTH WILL
ALL DIRECTIONS. BE POSSIBLE AT PLACES WHERE LAND IS COSTLY.
IT IS CLEAR THAT SUCH A GROWTH WILL BE
POSSIBLE AT PLACES WHERE LAND IS AVAILABLE IN
PLENTY AT NOMINAL COST

CLASSIFICATION PE URSAN
ROADS :-
1. ARTERIAL ROADS
2. SUB ARTERIAL ROADS
3. LOCAL ROADS
1 . ARTERIAL ROADS :-1. - THE ROAD
4. STREETS WHICH CONNECTS THE A STATE HIGHWAY DR
NATIONAL HIGHWAY IS TERMED AS AN ARTERIAL
5. PATHWAYS ROAD

2. S LIB ARTERIAL ROADS :-- THE

ROADS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE MA.JDR ROADS
.THEY ARE CONTAINED WITH IN CITI LIMITS AND
THEY CONNECT IMPORTANT TOWN CENTRES
TYPES OF STREET
SYSTEM : - 3. LOCAL ROADS :-- THESE ROADS ALSO
KNOWN AS THE MINOR ROADS .THEY COLLECT
1. RECTANGUR WITH TRAFFIC FROM VARI D LIS PARTS D F THE TOWN
AND LEAD IT T â–¡ ANOTHER MINOR DR MA.JDR
SUPERIMPOSED DIAGONALS ROAD.

4. STREETS :-- THE ROADS WHICH SERVES

STREET SYSTEM THE NEEDS
OF AN INTERNAL PORTION OF A LOCAL AREA IS
2. RECTANGUR STREET SYSTEM KNOWN AS STREET. BE SERVED MAY EITHER BY
RESIDENTIAL,C□MMERCIAL, DR INDUSTRIAL
3. CD.NCENTRIC STREET SYSTEM
5.PATHWAYS:--THERE ARE ALSO KNOWN AS
4. RADIAL STREET SYSTEM THE PEDESTRIAN WAYS AND THEY ARE IN THE
FORM OF ACCESSES LEADING TD INDIVIDUAL
5. TOPOGRAPHICAL STREET SHOPS DR PREMISES. THE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC IS
NOT ALLOWED TD MOVE ON THE PATHWAYS.
SYSTEM

EKISTICS ALESNA :-
• THE TERM EKISTICS WAS COINED BY GREEK ARCHITECT AND URBAN PLANNER K□NSTANTIN□ S AP□ ST □ L□
S D□XIADIS IN 1 942.
• IT IS THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
• INCLUDES REGIONAL, CITY, COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DWELLING DESIGN. THIS SCIENCE, TERMED
EKISTICS, WILLTAKE INT□ CONSIDERATION
• IT PERSPECTIVES IN TERMS OF SIZE AND c;JUALITY,

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS:

MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS -1N A CERTAIN AREA, MAN WILL SELECT THE
LOCATION WHICH PERMITS A MAXIMUM OF POTENTIAL CONTACT
• MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS -A MINIMUM OF EFFORT, TERMS OF ENERGY, TIME AND COST MAN
SELECTS THE MOST CONVENIENT ROUTES
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN'S PROTECTIVE SPACE
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN'S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT
• OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRENCIPLES

SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN A N U CA P SUBMITTED BY

LITERATURE STUDY ST U D I O A R 4 2 5 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113
URBAN DESIGN ELEMENTS
THERE ARE FIVE ELEMENTS IN URBAN DSIGN
- BUILDINGS.
- PUBLIC SPACES.
- STREETS.
- TRANS PO RT.
- LANDSCAPE.

BUILDINGS:
- RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.
- COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.
- EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS.
- INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS.
- GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS.
- INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS.

PUBLIC SPACES: STREETS

- GREAT PUBLIC SPACES ARE THE LIVING ROOM OF
THE CITY -THE PLACE WHERE PEOPLE COME
-STREETS ARE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SPACESAND PLACES, AS WELL AS
BEING SPACES THEMSELVES. -THEY ARE DEFINED BY THEIR PHYSICAL DIMENSION
TOGETHER TO EN.JOY THE CITY AND EACH OTHER.
AND CHARACTER AS WELL AS THE SIZE, SCALE, AND CHARACTER OF THE
- PUBLIC SPACES RANGE FROM GRAND CENTRAL
BUILDINGS THAT LINE THEM. -THE PATTERN OF THE STREET NETWORK IS PART OF
PLAZAS AND S4iUARES, TO SMALL, LOCAL
WHAT DEFINES A CITY AND WHAT MAKES EACH CITY UNl4iUE
NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS.

TRANSPORT:
LANDSCAPE : --TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CONNECT THE PARTS OF CITIES AND HELP SHAPE THEM AND
THE LANDSCAPE IS THE GREEN PART OF THE CITY ENABLE MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE CITY.
THAT WEAVES - THEY INCLUDE ROAD, RAIL, BICYCLE, AND PEDESTRIAN NETWORKS, AND TOGETHER
-1N THE FORM OF URBAN PARKS, STREET TREES, FORM THE TOTAL MOVEMENT SYSTEM OF A CITY.
PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND WATER IN MANY FORMS. - THE BALANCE OF THESE VARIOUS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IS WHAT HELPS DEFINE THE
THE LANDSCAPE HELPS DEFINE THE CHARACTER 4iUALITY AND CHARACTER OF CITIES, AND MAKES THEM EITHER FRIENDLY OR
AND BEAUTY OF A CITY AND CREATES SOFT, HOSTILE TO PEDESTRIANS.
CONTRASTING SPACES AND ELEMENTS. - THE BEST CITIES ARE THE ONES THAT ELEVATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE
-GREEN SPACES IN CITIES SUCH AS CENTRAL PARK - PEDESTRIAN WHILE MINIMIZING THE DOMINANCE OF THE PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE
TO SMALL INTIMATE POCKET PARKS.

KEVIN LYNCH THE CITY IMAGE AND ITS ELEMENTS

1. PATHS
2. EDGES
3. DISTRICTS
4. NODES.
5. LANDMARKS

1. PATHS.:
-PATHS ARE THE CHANNELS ALONG WHICH THE OBSERVER CUSTOMARILY,
OCCASIONALLY OR POTENTIALLY MOVES.
-THEY MAY BE STREETS, WALKWAYS, TRANSIT LINES, CANALS, RAILROADS.
-PEOPLE OBSERVE THE CITY WHILE MOVING THROUGH IT, AND ALONG
THESE PATHS THE OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED
AND RELATED.
-INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS.

2 . EDGES.
EDGES ARE THE LINEAR ELEMENTS NOT USED OR CONSIDERED AS
PATHS BY THE OBSERVER.
- THEY ARE THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN TWO PHASES, LINEAR BREAKS IN
CONTINUITY: SHORES, RAILROAD CUTS, EDGES OF DEVELOPMENT, WALLS.
- THESE EDGE ELEMENTS, ALTHOUGH PROBABLY NOT AS DOMINANT AS
PATHS, ARE FOR MANY PEOPLE IMPORTANT ORGANIZING FEATURES,
PARTICULARLY IN THE ROLE OF HOLDING TOGETHER GENERALIZED AREAS,

3. DISTRICTS:
- DISTRICTS ARE THE MEDIUM-TO-IARGESECTIONS OF THE CITY,
CONCEIVED OF ASHAVING TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXTENT, WHICH
THEII II OBSERVER MENTALLY ENTERS INSIDE OF, ANDWHICH ARE
RECOGNIZABLE AS HAVING SOMECOMMON, IDENTIFYING
CHARACTER.
- MOST PEOPLE STRUCTURE THEIR CITY TO SOMEEXTENT IN THIS
WAY, WITH INDIVIDUALDIFFERENCES AS TO WHETHER PATHS □R
DISTRICTSARE THE DOMINANT ELEMENTS.
- IT SEEMS TO DEPEND NOT ONLY UPON THEINDIVIDUAL BUT ALSO
UPON THE GIVEN CITY.4. NODES:

4. NODES
- NODES ARE POINTS, THE STRATEGIC SPOTSIN A CITY INTO WHICH
AN OBSERVER CAN ENTER, AND WHICH ARE THE INTENSIVE FOCI TO
AND FROM WHICH HE IS TRAVELING.
- THEY MAY BE PRIMARILY .JUNCTIONS, PLACES OF A BREAK IN
TRANSPORTATION, A CROSSING OR CONVERGENCE OF PATHS,
MOMENTS OF SHIFT FROM ONE STRUCTURE TO ANOTHER.

5. LANDMARKS:
-LANDMARKS ARE ANOTHER TYPE OF POINT-REFERENCE, BUT IN THIS
CASE THE OBSERVER DOES NOT ENTER WITHIN.
THEM, THEY ARE EXTERNAL.THEY ARE USUALLY A RATHER SIMPLY
DEFINED PHYSICAL OB.JECT: BUILDING, SIGN, STORE, OR MOUNTAIN

SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN ANUCAP SUBMITTED BY

LITERATURE STUDY STUDIO AR 425 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113
 Urbanisation Trends
Population trends: The Census 2011 and 2001 give useful indicators for the trends
in urbanisation in India. The three urban agglomerations, viz. Greater Mumbai, Delhi
and Kolkata, have crossed the 10 million mark in population,
The Million Plus population cities have shown a growth of over 48 Proposed Land use Structure of Urban Centres
per cent, but the number of such cities has gone up from 35 to 53 and five cities viz.
Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune have attained more than 50
lakh population. The total population in Class I cities (1 lakh +) constitutes 70% of the
total urban population, while the total population of million plus cities constitute
42.6% of the total urban population. What is more interesting is that the cities with
lower orders of population have exhibited higher rates of growth of population.

Urban Planning Approach

• The location, site and situation significantly contribute to growth and function of a
Settlement

• Guidelines for Study on Location, Site and situation of

Settlement
 Location
Location attributes to be considered in a planning exercise: Urban Planning Approach
 latitude and longitude, Though urban development increasingly accounts for a large share in the National
 population size and economy, huge gap between the need of infrastructure services and available
 area and resource still remains unbridged as a major concern. It adversely effects provision of
 connectivity with other settlements employment, mobility and lifestyle of large sections of city’s population. Challenges
 Nodal significance like environmental sustainability, changing but stressed lifestyle put pressure on
 Presence of high productive economic activities mobility and health. In order to reduce pressure on land and response to climate
 Presence of large scale market change impact, alternative approaches of city planning and building is the need of the
 Site hour.
 Site attributes to be studied for planning exercise: Urban Planning Approach
 Conditions of site: Green City
 Value and importance of the site Green cities are those where economic growth and development is fostering, that
 Analysis of climate type reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the
 Limiting and the favourable factors of site pressure on ecosystem services.
 Situation analysis A clean or effective production and
 growth in size of the city/town and for the enhancement of its functions consumption of facilities related to
 interrelated aspects  movement of people and goods,
 Physical configuration  waste management and recycling,
 Route patterns  pollution prevention,
 extent of the territory  treatment,
 measures to retain the value of site  energy,
 abatement,
 Hinterland  design,
The endowment of the hinterland is another factor on which growth of an urban  construction,
centre rests. An urban centre, for example, can establish a mutually interacting  maintenance,
relationship with its hinterland if the hinterland has a variety and extent of natural  resource extraction,
resources in terms of both agriculture and economic potentials.  agriculture,
The development of the regional economy helps the  natural resource management
growth of small towns, which in the process become the main service centres for their  other environmental services,
hinterlands are the prime component of a green city.
 Peri‐urban area
 Periurban is the zone which is within the planning area limits but outside the limit of the Key Benefits of Green city
municipal corporation / authority or metropolitan planning committee or authority. Effective Land Use: Green cities promote effective land use and get rid of urban sprawl by
encouraging compact mixed‐use developments.
 Finally, very large cities extend a particularly intensive influence over the areas around
them; so much so that these can be well defined peri‐urban areas. Habitat Prevention and Restoration: These cities aim to prevent damage to the natural
landscape, productivity of agricultural land, biodiversity and natural habitat. Such green spaces
Leapfrog Development and Urban Sprawl improve the quality of air and canopy covers reduces noise level.
Leapfrog development refers to the occurrence of urban settlement in places
separated from denser areas by open space and land under agricultural production. Efficient Transportation Management: Green city increases opportunities for non‐motorised
This development has “jumped” land unavailable for such development because it is movement, bicycling, pedestrian friendly network, reduction in the number of automobile trips,
held by the state, by other private owners, or because it is under the control of promoting public transportation and use of vehicles with alternative fuels.
traditional authorities.
Effective Use of Resources: Limits the usage of resources by incorporating efficient systems, like:
Urban sprawl refers to urban growth; along transportation routes in linear form with peri‐urban areas Water Efficiency: Green city includes “R3” (reduce‐recycle‐reuse) strategies and can save potable
and are neither covered under Municipal laws not under any water to an extent of 30‐40% including water harvesting.
planning regulations as the location is outside the limits of municipality or even a
planning authority. Energy Efficiency: On‐site power generation using various renewable energy technologies and
Urban Planning Approach other clean fuels can significantly reduce the load on grid power supply. There can be energy
Accessibility saving to the tune of 20‐30%.
• Accessibility is the dominant factor influencing the location, growth and functions of
• urban centres. It is to combine at least three elements: Waste Management: Waste management in Green Cities are well planned which takes into
♦ the location of a place within a region account waste reduction initiatives by planning and implementation of efficient and effective
♦ the form of the transport system systems for collection, transportation, treatment, recycling and reuse or disposal of municipal solid
♦ accessibility within the area of the activities: access to waste. Also, Waste‐to‐energy is a key component of green city.
 employment opportunities
 population, Other Benefits: Reduced maintenance costs, resource consumption, waste generation along with
 educational or health facilities, etc. higher marketability and speedy environmental clearance approvals.
Green mobility and TOD demand a focus on better accessibility by nonmotorised
mobility and public transport.
Green city Planning Components
Socio‐Economic Profile Site Selection and Planning
City is not alone a characteristic of its physical or locational forms; its population and Green city initiatives should on publically owned land with minimum site disturbance should be preferred
its characteristics determine the social processes that set the City culture. Socioeconomic during Priority should be given to the already developed land in order to achieve green redevelopment.
class‐wise distribution of the population is a key indicator of the social Urban Planning Approach
parameters in a settlement. Land Use & Transportation Planning guidelines for green cities
1. Urban sprawl is controlled by practicing higher density development
Spatial plan is usually influenced by living and work places of different of population classes. 2.
This principle of Urban Strategic Planning33should in consonance with the income The proximities of basic transportation mode should be in walk‐able distance.
distribution structure of the city region with the urban poor located near public a. Eco‐ friendly transportation services should be preferred which runs on CNG, bio‐fuels, solar
transport nodes/links and specially providing space for the urban poor in battery etc
master/development plans for living, selling and working ‐ at city, zone and local b. Requirements:
levels. i. Rail Station Proximity: Locate a city project within 1/2‐mile (800‐meter) walking
distance as far as possible (measured from a station building entrance) of an existing or
Distribution of Land Use planned commuter rail, light rail or subway station.
Developed Area Average Densities ii. Bus Stop Proximity: Locate a city project within 1/4‐mile (400‐meter) walking distance
For the purpose of these guidelines, the densities mentioned in this section are the as far as possible (measured from a main building entrance) of 1 or more stops for 2 or
Gross Population Densities defined as person per unit area (in hectares) for more public, campus, or private bus lines usable by building occupants.
developed area only. iii. Public Transportation Proximity: Locate the project within ¼‐mile (400‐meter) walking
Fixation of density norms should be based on carrying capacity analysis focusing on distance as far as possible from the bus stop. Rideshare options should be promoted which
parameters ‐ include passenger ferry terminals, vans and IPT, such as rickshaws, that are authorized by
 space per person, the local transit authority and that meet the definition of public transportation.
 access to facilities, 3. About 25‐35 % of total area should be earmarked as recreational and open spaces within the Green
 available piped water per capita, City in addition to environmental sensitive areas, which must be protected.
mobility and safety factors. 4. Locate basic amenities within walk‐able distances to reduce dependency on automobiles
a. Basic amenities like ATM, Parking, Convenience shopping, religious facilities, crèche etc.
should be within 600‐800 meters.
b. Amenities such as School, Medical Clinic, Community hall with sports facilities, Restaurant
etc. within 1.6 ‐ 2 km.
5. Provide a non‐industrial mixed land use by including at least 3‐4 developments like Offices,
Hospitals, Retails, Recreational areas, etc.
6. Economic sustainability and resilience are important aspects of green cities. Provide good
connectivity and accessibility by green mobility. Provision of TOD to create economic opportunities
and facilities around multimodal nodes of infrastructure.
7. The need of differently abled / physically challenged / disabled people should also be adequately
addressed.
SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN ANUCAP SUBMITTED BY
LITERATURE STUDY STUDIO AR 425 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113
 Infrastructure Resource Management
Green cities are required to be developed as a self‐sustained entity

Addressing water supply: It should be mandatory for a green city to practice the rainwater
harvesting to enhance groundwater table though recharging and reduce municipal water demand.

Efficient energy: Green cities shall majorly emphasize on non‐conventional sources of energy, at least
10% of city’s peak electricity load36. Solar energy, Waste‐to‐energy, Landfill Gas Energy and Wind
energy are some of the alternative sources that can be integrated with the green city development to
reduce the load on grid power.
Planning Approach
2. Water bodies: Since water has a relatively high latent heat of vaporisation, it absorbs a large
amount of heat from the surrounding air for evaporation, which cools the air. The wind pattern
at a site is also influenced by the presence of water body. Therefore, water bodies such as lakes,
ponds or fountains should be provided.
3. Open spaces & Vegetation: Open spaces such as courtyards can be designed, that can act as
heat sinks. Grass cover and shading which gives cooling effect. Plants adsorb radiations and cool
the environment. Planting a deciduous plant (e.g. Mulberry, Champa) on East and West side
provides shade from intense and glazing morning and evening sun in summers, cut off hot
breeze, and also allow solar radiations in winter as they shed the leaves in that period.
High‐rise development may limit the access of light to the lower storeys and therefore
demands slender buildings or appropriate setbacks from the boundary wall.
The recommendations of the Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) for high‐rise buildings
are:
􀂃􀂃 The height of the building should be linked with the width of the road on which the proposed
building is to be located;
􀂃􀂃 Also the distance of Fire Station from the building so that in case of emergency, the Fire Tender
may reach in the shortest possible time.
The EAC also recommended that the provisions and the guidelines, as applicable, of
the State Departments and National/State Disaster Management Authority should be
strictly followed

4. Semipervious Multifunctional use in time:

ground cover: Semi‐pervious paving which allow percolation of water into the
underground water table.
5. Green Buildings: A green building is one, which uses less water, optimises energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants,
as compared to a conventional building.
6. Solar Passive Design38: Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for heating
and cooling of living spaces. In this approach, the building itself or some element of it takes
advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun.
The key features lies with solar passive design are:
♦ Orientation of building,
♦ Sunshades,
♦ Window design
♦ Building insulation,
♦ Roof treatment,
♦ Evaporative cooling,
♦ Landscaping,
♦ Surface to volume ratio,
♦ Passive heating,
♦ Earth air tunnel,
♦ Solar chimney,
♦ Wind tower.
7. Green Roof: Green roofs are roofs that have a layer of living plants on top of the standard
structure and waterproofing elements. It helps in reducing Urban Heat Island Effect and also
delays storm‐water runoff. It also reduced energy consumption.
An effective design of green city for its various components can even reduce crime.
Green cities promote features that maximize visibility of people, open spaces in and
around the campuses and building entrances looking over the streets and parking
areas, pedestrian‐friendly sidewalks, which allows natural surveillance.
Redevelopment of brownfield sites
Priority shall be given to redevelopment of contaminated and dense sites, which are
environmentally degraded or demographically saturated. Focus should be on green
redevelopment of such site, which can improve the overall condition of existing sites.
A public space or a building can have different functions at different time periods. For
example use of spaces even buildings can be used in shifts in a day allowing different
types of uses in different shifts.
Smart City
A smart city uses information, communication and technology to enhance its
liveability, workability and sustainability. A smart city is build‐up by key basic
functions: Information collection, communicating, and crunching (analysing). The two
basic steps towards Smart city are:
Smart grid concept
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information
and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in an automated
fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity. Metering and Smart power generations are
the two basic steps taken in the direction of handling power in cities.
a. Smart meter‐ Smart meters help utilities to better detect and manage outages. Smart meters
coupled with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) helps to pinpoint problems in the grid,
allowing determination of faults and failures in no time.
b. Smart power generatorSmart
power generation is a concept of matching electricity
production with demand using multiple generators, alternatively to buffer the peak and high
demand for load balancing.
Smart Transportation Concept
The smart transportation refers to the integration of information and communication
technologies with transport infrastructure to improve economic performance, safety,
Urban Planning Approach
Application of Built Environment Data
The built environment data of the city is captured by the different departments to
develop a blue print of the city and its attributes for virtual representation of the
physical city. This data forms the DNA for the smart city. It includes:
 Demographic distribution
 Land uses
 Transportation and other infrastructure framework
 Forests and parks
 General urban plan
 Space and organization plan: This data when linked with the Information communication and
technology develops the digital DNA, which forms the basis for the Smart city. The software and
service layers for the built environment data can contain the following layers44:
 Data layer: that presents all the information, which is required, produced and collected in the
smart city.
 Service layer: This incorporates all the particular e‐services being offered by the smart city.
 Infrastructure layer: that contains network, information systems and other facilities, which
contribute to e‐Service deployment.
 User layer: that concerns all e‐service end‐users and the stakeholders of a smart city for
dialoguing and in decision‐making

City Typology
Situation of the city: Situation of the city is the prime factor to be considered while
planning.
Cities, besides multi‐functional, can be also defined on the basis of the prime economic activity and/or
evolution of the city. Such cities with typical location, situation and functions need focused approach
while planning, to address the associated issues. Some of such kinds are:
• Hill cities,
• Inner cities/ walled cities,
• Industrial cities,
• Religious cities,
• Tourism cities,
Intensive Use of land
• Heritage cities,
The intensive land use offers cities the possibility of
• Port cities,
(re)development of urban areas
• Medi‐cities (townships),
for a number of functions that, in combination, can
• Sports cities (townships)
offer residents, workers and
Site and situation specific solutions: These cities, owning to its nature of
visitors high quality services.
development and population, and either permanent, new settlers or floating
population, have specific functions and therefore have associated issues. Some of the
generic ones are:
combination also helps to utilize the full • Lack of alternative economic activities,
potential of an urban site, leaving sufficient • Stagnation of city growth,
open spaces for a greener surrounding. A • Strict segregation of classes by profession and income,
mixed‐use high‐rise development • High crime rate,
diversifies the use of space within a single • Lack of public spaces,
building structure, which in turn saves • Lack of recreational activities,
horizontal travelling, and hence additional land • Lack of educational facilities for low income class/ poor, Significant ratio of bachelor population,
requirement. • Lack of gender specific health facilities and other facilities,
Mixed layer development provides • Investment oriented land/property ownership,
(re)development opportunities that ease the • Others: pressure on public utilities, lack of social guidance in case of exposure to cultural variation
way
towards Compact Cities. This concept should Mix of economic activities such as service industries and social activities should be promoted to
be preferred for abandoned sites within encourage the avenues for wholesome development.
the city instead of building on greenfield sites Therefore to promote sustainability of cities, its situation in terms of its function and
on the edge of town. its social behaviour shall be addressed. Such cases need emphasis on complimentary
requirements of the city, besides its prime economic activity and physical
Such planned areas are proposed to have high infrastructure for holistic development of the city.
average density up to 800‐1000 pph, with large
open spaces and inter‐block margins. Typically, Some of the complementary activities are suggested below‐
this form of vertical integration land use • Promotion of service industries,
development has commercial/retail on the • Educational facilities with emphasis on technical institutes
street level with offices and recreational • TOD mix of institutional and administrative land use,
commercial on the top levels, while the • Social infrastructure, targeting needs of specific strata of population
intermediate levels are for residential, well • Recreational facilities, also theme based facilities
developed open spaces, institutional. • Heritage and religious activities to be promoted for mixing of economic base and population
• Earmarked spaces for the urban poor / informal sector residents or their activities45.

SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN ANUCAP SUBMITTED BY

LITERATURE STUDY STUDIO AR 425 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113
 SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN ANUCAP SUBMITTED BY
LITERATURE STUDY STUDIO AR 425 B ARCH : 4.2 Y17AP0113