Time Superposition

(Convolution)

Open
Superposition

• To represent the response due to several wells by adding up the individual well responses.
• To represent various reservoir boundaries.
• To determine the reservoir response to a well flowing at variable rate, by using only constant
rate solutions.
Time Superposition

• Multirate Tests
IARF

70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

𝑝𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
Multirate

𝛼2 = 0.0002637
Buildup Tests

p D (t D ) = p D (t p D +  t D ) − p D (  t D )
IARF Solution (Line Source)

70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

Open
IARF Solution (Log Approx.)

162. 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑡) = − log 𝑡 + log − 3.228
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

162. (−𝑞)𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑗 (𝑡) = − log 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝 + log − 3.228
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘 162.(−𝑞)𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log 𝜙𝜇𝑐 𝑟 2 − 3.228 − log 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝 + log 2 − 3.228
𝑘ℎ 𝑡 𝑤 𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤

162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘 162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log 2 − 3.228 + log 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝 + log 2 − 3.228
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤

162.𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑝𝑤𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 − log 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝
𝑘ℎ

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡

162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡 162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡

𝑝𝑤𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log = 𝑝𝑖 − log
𝑘ℎ 𝑡−𝑡𝑝 𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡

Open
Horner Time
162.𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑝𝑤𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 − log 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝
𝑘ℎ

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡

162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡 162.𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡𝑝 +∆𝑡

𝑝𝑤𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log = 𝑝𝑖 − log
𝑘ℎ 𝑡−𝑡𝑝 𝑘ℎ ∆𝑡

𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∶
∆𝑡

𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡 𝑡
lim = lim =1
𝑡→∞ ∆𝑡 𝑡→∞ 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑝

162.𝑞𝐵𝜇
lim 𝑝𝑤𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − log 1 = 𝑝𝑖
𝑡→∞ 𝑘ℎ

Open
Buildup Tests

141 .2 qB   1  k (t p +  t ) k t  
p ws = pi −   ln − ln 
2 
kh 2  ct rw2
ct rw  

162 .6 qB  t p + t
p ws = pi − log
kh t
Hornor Plot

4950

4850
Pressure [psi]

4750

4650

0 1 2 3 4
Superposition Time Function

𝑡𝑝 + ∆𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑡
 Build up Superposition

Open
Flowrate
Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure
Construct Superposed Flowrate
Construct Superposed Pressure
Flowrate Difference
Pressure Differences
Areal Superposition
[Example] - Superposition

• The pressure drop in the reservoir at point A due to the production of two wells at B and C.

Δ𝑝
70.7𝑞𝐵 𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐵2
= −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
70.7𝑞𝐶 𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐶2
+ −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
 Boundary

Open
Flow and Pressure
 𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
− −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

X
𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑅2
− −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

X
R
 70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 2
948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤
𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑅 2
− −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

X
𝑅
2
X
Construct Superposed Pressure
Construct Superposed Pressure
Distance to The Fault
Semi-Log (DD)
Log-Log (DD)
Log-Log (DD)
Pressure Behavior
Pressure Behavior

Early Time
– Superposition effect by imaginary well is negligible
– IARF
Later Time
– Double Gradient in Log scale
Distance to Sealing Boundary
Horner Plot (BU)
Distance to The Fault
Distance to the No Flow Boundary

70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − ln 𝑡 + ln − 7.4316 + 2𝑠
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − ln 𝑡 + ln − 7.4316 + 2𝑠 = 𝑝𝑖
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑅 2

70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
ln 𝑡 + ln − 7.4316 = 0
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
𝑘
ln 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛 − 7.4316 = 0
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2

𝑘 7.4316
𝑒 7.4316
𝑙𝑛 = 7.4316 − ln 𝑡 = ln 𝑒 − ln 𝑡 = ln
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2 𝑡

𝑘𝑡
2𝐿 =
1688.5𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑘𝑡
𝐿 = 0.0122
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡
Log Approximation vs Actual Solution
Drainage
Drainage
Drainage
Drainage
Each Imaginary Well Effect
Superpositioned
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Image Wells for two parallel no-flow boundaries
Linear Flow
 70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 2
948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (2𝐿)2
𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑖 − −𝐸𝑖 − −2 −𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (4𝐿)2 70.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 (6𝐿)2
−2 −𝐸𝑖 − −2 𝑘ℎ −𝐸𝑖 − -…………………
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
Linear Flow
Linear Flow

𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
0.0002637 = 𝜙𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡

𝑘
D = 0.00026367
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇 −𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 2 𝜋𝐷𝑡 exp − 𝜋𝑥 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
𝑘ℎ𝑤 4𝐷𝑡 2 𝐷𝑡
 𝑘𝑡
𝑡𝐷𝑏 = 0.0002637
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑤 2

𝑥
𝑥𝐷 =
𝑤

−𝑥𝐷 2 𝑥𝐷
𝑝𝐷 = 2 𝜋𝑡𝐷𝑏 exp − 𝜋 𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
4𝑡𝐷𝑏 2 𝑡𝐷𝑏
 ∞
2
erfc(𝑥) = 1 − erf(x) = (−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
exp⁡
𝜋 𝑥
𝑥
2
erf(𝑥) = (−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
exp⁡
𝜋 0
∞ 𝑥 ∞
2 2 2
(−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 +
exp⁡ (−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 =
exp⁡ (−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 = 1
exp⁡
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 0 𝜋 0
∞
1
(−𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 =
exp⁡ 𝜋
0 2

erf(0) = 0
lim erf(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→∞
When x → 0

𝑝𝐷 = 2 𝜋𝑡𝐷𝑏 − 𝜋𝑥𝐷

141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 2 𝜋𝐷𝑡 − 𝜋𝑥
𝑘ℎ𝑤
When x = 0

𝑝𝐷 = 2 𝜋𝑡𝐷𝑏

141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 2 𝜋𝐷𝑡
𝑘ℎ𝑤

𝑘
D = 0.00026367
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 −
ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡
 8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 −
ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − ∆𝑝

8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡
∆𝑝 =
ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑑𝑝 1 8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 1 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑘ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑡
 8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡
∆𝑝 =
ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑡 𝟏 8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 1
log ∆𝑝 = log = log 𝑡 + log
ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝟐 ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑑𝑝 8.128𝑞𝐵𝜇 1 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 2ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑝 4.064𝑞𝐵𝜇 1
−𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑑𝑝 4.064𝑞𝐵𝜇 1 𝟏 4.064𝑞𝐵𝜇 1
log −𝑡 = log 𝑡 = log 𝑡 + log
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝟐 ℎ𝑤 𝑘𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡
 100
Pressure [psi]

10

1
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Time [hr]
Each Imaginary Well Effects and Superpositioned
Radius of Investigation

• Drainage Area
Reservoir pressure behavior

pi

t
p

r
 𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.029
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.03
𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 0.032
948𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡

Open
 70.7𝑞𝐵 𝐵𝜇 948.1𝜙𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝐵2
• 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − −𝐸𝑖 − + 2𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡