13-1
Kw 的改变对碱溶液的[H+]及 Kw de gǎibiàn duì jiǎn
pH 表征影响较大
由于 pH 是[H+]的负对数，所以
温度改变对酸溶液的[H+]及 pH
计算，几乎没有什么影响。与常
温时完全一样，该用哪个近似计
算公式，就仍然用那个公式来计
算。把计算出的[H+]结果，直接
取负对数，得到得也就是 pH
值。
如，50 时 0.010 mol·L-1 的 HCl。
由于这是一个强酸，
[H+]=0.010（mol·L-
1），pH=2.00。
又如，50 时 0.10 mol·L-1 的
HAc（这个温度下的 Ka 假设是
3.25×10-5）。这时，可以用最简
式来进行这个计算。有
水的离子积常数变化对溶液 pH
的影响（mol·L-1），pH=2.74。
可见，这个高温下溶液中[H+]及
pH 的计算，与常温下的计算相
比较，几乎没有差别。
对高于或低于常温的碱溶液，在
计算其[OH-]及 pOH 时，与常温
时还是一样。只是在计算溶液的
[H+]及 pH 时要十分注意。因
为，在非常温的[OH-]与[H+]间、
及 pOH 与 pH 间的换算时，都必
须要用到水的离子积常数（而它
已被温度改变了）。
The change of Kw has a greater
róngyè de [H+] jí pH
biǎozhēng yǐngxiǎng
jiào dà
Yóuyú pH shì [H+] de fù
duì shù, suǒyǐ wēndù
gǎibiàn duì suān róngyè
de [H+] jí pH jìsuàn, jīhū
méiyǒu shé me yǐngxiǎng.
Yǔ chángwēn shí wánquán
yīyàng, gāi yòng nǎge jìnsì
jìsuàn gōngshì, jiù réngrán
yòng nàgè gōngshì lái
jìsuàn. Bǎ jìsuàn chū de
[H+] jiéguǒ, zhíjiē qǔ fù duì
shù, dédào dé yě jiùshì pH
zhí.
Rú,50 shí 0.010 Mol·L-1
de HCl. Yóuyú zhè shì
yīgè qiángsuān,
[H+]=0.010(Mol·L-
1),pH=2.00. Yòu rú,50 shí
0.10 Mol·L-1 de
HAc(zhège wēndù xià de
Ka jiǎshè shì 3.25×10-5).
Zhè shí, kěyǐ yòng zuì jiǎn
shì lái jìnxíng zhège
jìsuàn. Yǒu shuǐ de lízǐ jī
chángshù biànhuà duì
róngyè pH de yǐngxiǎng
(mol·L-1),pH=2.74.
Kějiàn, zhège gāowēn xià
róngyè zhōng [H+] jí pH de
jìsuàn, yǔ chángwēn xià
de jìsuàn xiāng bǐjiào, jīhū
méiyǒu chābié. Duì gāo yú
huò dī yú chángwēn de
jiǎn róngyè, zài jìsuàn qí
[OH-] jí pOH shí, yǔ
chángwēn shí háishì
yīyàng. Zhǐshì zài jìsuàn
róngyè de [H+] jí pH shí
yào shífēn zhùyì. Yīnwèi,
zài fēicháng wēn de [OH-]
yǔ [H+] jiān, jí pOH yǔ pH
jiān de huànsuàn shí, dōu
bìxū yào yòng dào shuǐ de
impact on the [H+] and pH
characterization of the alkaline
solution
Since pH is the negative logarithm
of [H+], temperature changes have
almost no effect on the [H+] and
pH calculations of acid solutions. It
is exactly the same as at normal
temperature. Which approximate
calculation formula should be used
is still calculated by that formula.
Take the negative logarithm of the
calculated [H+] result directly to
get the pH value.
For example, 0.010 mol·L-1 HCl at
50 o'clock. Since this is a strong
acid, [H+]=0.010 (mol·L-1),
pH=2.00.
Another example is the HAc of
0.10 mol·L-1 at 50 o'clock (Ka at
this temperature is assumed to be
3.25×10-5). At this time, you can
use the simplest form to perform
this calculation. Have
The effect of the change of the ion
product constant of water on the
pH of the solution (mol·L-1),
pH=2.74.
It can be seen that the calculation
of [H+] and pH in the solution at
this high temperature is almost
indistinguishable from the
calculation at room temperature.
For alkaline solutions higher or
lower than normal temperature,
the calculation of [OH-] and pOH is
still the same as normal
temperature. Just be careful when
calculating the [H+] and pH of the
solution. Because, in the
conversion between very warm
 lízǐ jī chángshù (ér tā yǐ bèi
wēndù gǎibiànle).
下面也举几个这类计算的例子。 Xiàmiàn yě jǔ jǐ gè zhè
lèi jìsuàn de lìzi. Rú,50
如，50 时 0.010 mol·L-1 的 NaOH shí 0.010 Mol·L-1 de
溶液。由于这是一个强碱， NaOH róngyè. Yóuyú
[OH-]=0.010（mol·L- zhè shì yīgè qiáng jiǎn,
1），pOH=2.00。这些都与酸性 [OH-]=0.010(Mol·L-
溶液中的计算方法，完全是一样 1),pOH=2.00. Zhèxiē
的。 dōu yǔ suānxìng
róngyè zhōng de jìsuàn
要注意的是下面的计算就不同 fāngfǎ, wánquán shì
了。这个 NaOH 溶液中的[H+]是 yīyàng de. Yào zhùyì
多少呢？要用到，Kw=[H+] de shì xiàmiàn de
[OH-]=5.6×10-14。也就是，[H+] = jìsuàn jiù bùtóngle.
Kw/ [OH-]=5.6×10- Zhège NaOH róngyè
14/0.010=5.6×10-12（mol·L- zhōng de [H+] shì
1）。所以，此溶液的 duōshǎo ne? Yào yòng
pH=11.25。 dào,Kw=[H+]
[OH-]=5.6×10-14. Yě
jiùshì,[H+] = Kw/
[OH-]=5.6×10-
14/0.010=5.6×10-
12(Mol·L-1). Suǒyǐ, cǐ
róngyè de pH=11.25.
当然，也可以从另一个途径来计 Dāngrán, yě kěyǐ cóng
算为，pH=pKw-pOH=13.25- lìng yīgè tújìng lái
2.00=11.25。 jìsuàn wèi,pH=pKw-
pOH=13.25-
可以将上面计算出来的 pH 为 2.00=11.25. Kěyǐ jiāng
“11.25”，与 25 时 0.010 mol·L-1 shàngmiàn jìsuàn
的 NaOH 溶液的 pH 为“12.00”， chūlái de pH wèi
相互比较一下。不难看出，同一 “11.25”, Yǔ 25 shí
个溶液（都是 0.010 mol·L-1 的 0.010 Mol·L-1 de
NaOH），在 25 时 pH 为 NaOH róngyè de pH
“12.00”，只是单纯地把温度升 wèi “12.00”, Xiānghù
高到 50，其 pH 就变成了 bǐjiào yīxià. Bù nánkàn
“11.25”。 温度的 25 度变化， chū, tóng yīgè róngyè
竟然导致 pH 数值出现了 0.75 的 (dōu shì 0.010 Mol·L-1
“剧烈”变动。 de NaOH), zài 25 shí
pH wèi “12.00”, Zhǐshì
dānchún de bǎ wēndù
shēng gāo dào 50, qí
pH jiù biàn chéngle
“11.25”. Wēndù de 25
dù biànhuà, jìngrán
[OH-] and [H+], and between pOH
and pH, the ion product constant
of water must be used (and it has
been changed by temperature).
Here are a few examples of such
calculations.
For example, 0.010 mol·L-1 NaOH
solution at 50 o'clock. Since this is
a strong base, [OH-]=0.010 (mol·L-
1), pOH=2.00. These are exactly
the same as the calculation
methods in acidic solutions.
It should be noted that the
calculation below is different.
What is the [H+] in this NaOH
solution? To be used, Kw=[H+]
[OH-]=5.6×10-14. That is, [H+] =
Kw/ [OH-]=5.6×10-
14/0.010=5.6×10-12 (mol·L-1).
Therefore, the pH of this solution
is=11.25.
Of course, it can also be calculated
from another way as pH=pKw-
pOH=13.25-2.00=11.25.
You can compare the pH calculated
above as "11.25" with the pH of
the 0.010 mol·L-1 NaOH solution at
25 o'clock as "12.00". It is not
difficult to see that the same
solution (both 0.010 mol·L-1
NaOH) has a pH of "12.00" at 25,
but simply raising the temperature
to 50, its pH becomes "11.25". The
25 degree change in temperature
actually caused a "violent" change
in the pH value of 0.75.
 dǎozhì pH shùzhí
chūxiànle 0.75 De
“jùliè” biàndòng.
又如，50 时 0.10 mol·L-1 的 NH3 Yòu rú,50 shí 0.10 Another example is a 0.10 mol·L-1
溶液（这个温度下的 Kb 假设是 Mol·L-1 de NH3 róngyè NH3 solution at 50 o'clock (Kb at
3.78×10-5）。这时，仍可以用最 (zhège wēndù xià de this temperature is assumed to be
简式来进行这个溶液的[OH-]计 Kb jiǎshè shì 3.78×10- 3.78×10-5). At this time, the
算。有 5). Zhè shí, réng kěyǐ simplest formula can still be used
yòng zuì jiǎn shì lái to calculate the [OH-] of this
jìnxíng zhège róngyè solution. Have
de [OH-] jìsuàn. Yǒu
shuǐ de lízǐ jī chángshù
水的离子积常数变化对溶液 pH biànhuà duì róngyè pH
的影响（mol·L-1），pOH=2.71。 de yǐngxiǎng (mol·L- The effect of the change of the ion
1),pOH=2.71. product constant of water on the
pH of the solution (mol·L-1),
pOH=2.71.
但是，在讨论这个溶液的 pH 值 Dànshì, zài tǎolùn However, one must be careful
时，就要小心了。pH=pKw- zhège róngyè de pH when discussing the pH of this
pOH=13.25-2.71=10.54。 zhí shí, jiù yào solution. pH=pKw-pOH=13.25-
xiǎoxīnle.PH=pKw- 2.71=10.54.
可以得出一个一般性的结论“升 pOH=13.25-
温会导致碱溶液的 pH 值变 2.71=10.54. Kěyǐ dé A general conclusion can be drawn
小”。 chū yīgè yībān xìng de that "heating will cause the pH
jiélùn “shēngwēn huì value of the alkaline solution to
这是由于，升温会使溶液酸碱性 dǎozhì jiǎn róngyè de decrease."
的分界点（也可以说是标准）发 pH zhí biàn xiǎo”. Zhè
生了位移（数值减小了）。这种 shì yóuyú, shēngwēn This is due to the fact that the
判别标准的减小，对 pH 数值本 huì shǐ róngyè suān temperature rise will shift the
来就要更大一些的碱溶液来说， jiǎn xìng de fēnjiè diǎn point (or the standard) between
当然会有更为显著的影响。 (yě kěyǐ shuō shì the acid and alkalinity of the
biāozhǔn) fāshēngle solution (the value is reduced). The
wèiyí (shùzhí jiǎn reduction of this criterion will of
xiǎole). Zhè zhǒng course have a more significant
pànbié biāozhǔn dì jiǎn impact on the alkaline solution
xiǎo, duì pH shùzhí whose pH value should be larger.
běnlái jiù yào gèng dà
yīxiē de jiǎn róngyè lái
shuō, dāngrán huì yǒu
gèng wèi xiǎnzhù de
yǐngxiǎng.
三、Kw 对酸（或碱）溶液中 Sān,Kw duì suān (huò 3. The influence of Kw on the
[H+]近似计算公式选用的影响 jiǎn) róngyè zhōng [H+] selection of [H+] approximate
jìnsì jìsuàn gōngshì calculation formula in acid (or
xuǎnyòng de yǐngxiǎng alkali) solution
酸碱溶液有众多本质各异的体系 Suān jiǎn róngyè yǒu Acid-base solutions have many
（如强酸、弱酸、两性物质、缓 zhòngduō běnzhí gè yì systems with different natures
冲溶液……）。即便是某一体系 de tǐxì (rú qiángsuān, (such as strong acids, weak acids,
（如弱酸），由于溶液浓度和平 ruòsuān, liǎngxìng amphoteric substances, buffer
衡常数的不同，也要用不同的近 wùzhí, huǎnchōng solutions...). Even for a certain
似公式来计算其[H+]。 róngyè……). Jíbiàn shì system (such as weak acid), due to
mǒu yī tǐxì (rú the difference in solution
需要指出的是：当某计算公式中 ruòsuān), yóuyú concentration and equilibrium
包括有水的离子积常数（Kw） róngyè nóngdù hé constant, different approximate
项，或要用 Kw 来判断该公式的 pínghéng cháng shǔ de formulas must be used to calculate
使用条件，而温度又是“非常 bùtóng, yě yào yòng its [H+].
温”（不是常温）时。那就必须 bùtóng de jìnsì gōngshì
要用到已被改变了数值的 Kw。 lái jìsuàn qí [H+]. What needs to be pointed out is:
即便，讨论的还是一个酸溶液。 Xūyào zhǐchū de shì: when a calculation formula
Dāng mǒu jìsuàn includes the ion product constant
gōngshì zhōng bāokuò (Kw) of water, or Kw is used to
yǒu shuǐ de lízǐ jī judge the use conditions of the
chángshù (Kw) xiàng, formula, and the temperature is
huò yào yòng Kw lái "extremely warm" (not normal
pànduàn gāi gōngshì temperature). Then the Kw whose
de shǐyòng tiáojiàn, ér value has been changed must be
wēndù yòu shì used. Even though, the discussion
“fēichángwēn”(bùshì is still an acid solution.
cháng wēn) shí. Nà jiù
bìxū yào yòng dào yǐ
bèi gǎibiànle shùzhí de
Kw. Jíbiàn, tǎolùn de
háishì yīgè suān
róngyè.
如，计算 50 时 1.0×10-3 mol·L-1 Rú, jìsuàn 50 shí For example, calculate the [H+] of
的 HCN（这个温度下的 Ka 假设 1.0×10-3 Mol·L-1 de a solution of 1.0×10-3 mol·L-1 HCN
是 6.2×10-10）溶液的[H+]。 HCN(zhège wēndù xià (Ka at this temperature is assumed
de Ka jiǎshè shì to be 6.2×10-10) at 50 hours.
6.2×10-10) Róngyè de
[H+].
这个计算过程里的第一步工作， Zhège jìsuàn guòchéng The first step in this calculation process is to
select an appropriate approximate calculation
就是选用合适的近似计算公式。 lǐ de dì yī bù gōngzuò, formula. Whether the simplest formula can be
是否能用最简式来计算这个较稀 jiùshì xuǎnyòng héshì used to calculate the [H+] of this relatively dilute
且较弱酸溶液的[H+]，就要看它 de jìnsì jìsuàn gōngshì. and weak acid solution depends on whether
们是否满足条件“cKa>20Kw” Shìfǒu néng yòng zuì
they meet the condition "cKa>20Kw" (when the
error is 5%).
（误差为 5%时）。 jiǎn shì lái jìsuàn zhège
The process of judging the applicable conditions
jiào xī qiě jiào ruòsuān of the approximate calculation formula is
近似计算公式适用条件的判断过 róngyè de [H+], jiù yào usually: first calculate cKa=1.0×10-3×6.2×10-
程通常为：先计算 cKa=1.0×10- kàn tāmen shìfǒu 10=6.2×10-13, and then calculate
3×6.2×10-10=6.2×10-13，再计算 mǎnzú tiáojiàn 20Kw=20×1.0×10-14=2.0×10- 13. Comparing the
two phases, cKa=6.2×10-13>20Kw=2.0×10-13. In
出 20Kw=20×1.0×10-14=2.0×10- “cKa>20Kw”(wùchā this way, it seems that the requirement of
13。两相比较，cKa=6.2×10- wèi 5%shí). Jìnsì "cKa>20Kw" is satisfied, and it should be
13>20Kw=2.0×10-13。这样，似 possible to make a judgment that "the simplest
jìsuàn gōngshì shìyòng form can be used".
乎就满足了“cKa>20Kw”这个要 tiáojiàn de pànduàn
求，应该能作出“最简式可以使 guòchéng tōngcháng
用”，这样的判断。 wèi: Xiān jìsuàn
 cKa=1.0×10-3×6.2×10-
10=6.2×10-13, Zài
jìsuàn chū
20Kw=20×1.0×10-
14=2.0×10-13. Liǎng
xiāng
bǐjiào,cKa=6.2×10-
13>20Kw=2.0×10-13.
Zhèyàng, sìhū jiù
mǎnzúle “cKa>20Kw”
zhège yāoqiú, yīnggāi
néng zuòchū “zuì jiǎn
shì kěyǐ shǐyòng”,
zhèyàng de pànduàn.
Qíshí, zhège pànduàn In fact, this judgment is wrong.
其实，这个判断是错误的。因为 shì cuòwù de. Yīnwèi Because at 50, Kw=5.6×10-14
在 50 时，应该考虑的是 zài 50 shí, yīnggāi should be considered instead of
Kw=5.6×10-14，而不是 1.0×10- kǎolǜ de shì 1.0×10-14. The previously
14。前面计算出来的 cKa=6.2×10- Kw=5.6×10-14, Ér calculated cKa=6.2×10-13 should
13，应该去与 20Kw=20×5.6×10- bùshì 1.0×10-14. be compared with
13=1.1×10-12，相比较。这时将 Qiánmiàn jìsuàn chūlái 20Kw=20×5.6×10-13=1.1×10-12. At
是，cKa<20Kw，最简式是不能使 de cKa=6.2×10-13, this time, cKa<20Kw, the simplest
用的（会有大于 5%的计算误 Yīnggāi qù yǔ formula cannot be used (there will
差）。 20Kw=20×5.6×10- be a calculation error greater than
13=1.1×10-12, Xiāng 5%).
bǐjiào. Zhè shí jiāng
shì,cKa<20Kw, zuì jiǎn
shì shì bùnéng shǐyòng
de (huì yǒu dàyú 5%de
jìsuàn wùchā).
又如，计算 50 时、0.10mol·L-1 Yòu rú, jìsuàn 50 For another example, calculate the
Na2SO4 溶液的[H+]。 shí,0.10Mol·L-1 [H+] of a 0.10mol·L-1 Na2SO4
Na2SO4 róngyè de solution at 50 hours.
由于 HSO4-离子是一个强的质子 [H+]. Yóuyú HSO4-lízǐ
酸，所以 SO42-离子是一个弱的 shì yīgè qiáng de zhízǐ Since HSO4-ion is a strong proton
质子碱。如果，50 时 HSO4-离子 suān, suǒyǐ SO42-lízǐ acid, SO42-ion is a weak proton
的酸常数为 1.9×10-2。也就是该 shì yīgè ruò de zhízǐ base. If, at 50, the acid constant of
温度下 SO42-离子的碱常数 jiǎn. Rúguǒ,50 shí HSO4-ion is 1.9×10-2. That is, the
Kb=Kw/Ka=5.6×10-14/1.9×10- HSO4-lízǐ de suān alkali constant of SO42-ion at this
2=2.9×10-12。 chángshù wèi 1.9×10- temperature Kb=Kw/Ka=5.6×10-
2. Yě jiùshì gāi wēndù 14/1.9×10-2=2.9×10-12.
xià SO42-lízǐ de jiǎn
chángshù
Kb=Kw/Ka=5.6×10-
14/1.9×10-2=2.9×10-
12.
这是一个极弱的碱，应该用极弱 Zhè shì yīgè jí ruò de This is an extremely weak base,
式， jiǎn, yīnggāi yòng jí ruò and the extremely weak form
 shì,
Jìsuàn shí, yào yòng
计算时，要用 Kw=5.6×10 。 -14
Kw=5.6×10-14. Ér yǒu
而有 (mol·L-1).Z
（mol·L-1）。z
这个溶液的[H+]=Kw/ Zhège róngyè de
[OH-]=5.6×10-14/5.9×10- [H+]=Kw/[OH-]=5.6×10
7=9.4×10-8（mol·L- -14/5.9×10-7=9.4×10-
1），pH=7.02。 8(Mol·L-1),pH=7.02.
Yào zhùyì de shì,
要注意的是，这个 pH=7.02，虽 zhège pH=7.02, Suīrán
然反映出的是这个溶液呈弱碱 fǎnyìng chū de shì
性。但是，这个溶液的碱性不该 zhège róngyè chéng
用比“7.00”偏高了“0.02”这个 ruò jiǎn xìng. Dànshì,
pH 差值来度量。因为在 50 时， zhège róngyè de jiǎn
中性溶液的 pH 标准是“6.63”。 xìng bù gāi yòng bǐ
“7.00” Piān gāole
“0.02” Zhège pH chà
zhí lái dùliàng. Yīnwèi
zài 50 shí, zhōng xìng
róngyè de pH biāozhǔn
shì “6.63”.
注：一些酸或碱 50 时的 Ka 与 Zhù: Yīxiē suān huò jiǎn
Kb，是很难被查找到的。故本文 50 shí de Ka yǔ Kb, shì
hěn nán bèi cházhǎo dào
中加有下划线的 4 个数据，都是
de. Gù běnwén zhōng jiā
臆造出来的（把 25 时的数据随 yǒu xiàhuáxiàn de 4 gè
意扩大了一些）。其相关计算所 shùjù, dōu shì yìzào chūlái
得的数值，也没有多少准确性可 de (bǎ 25 shí de shùjù
言。 suíyì kuòdàle yīxiē). Qí
xiāngguān jìsuàn suǒdé de
shùzhí, yě méiyǒu
duōshǎo zhǔnquè xìng kě
yán.
尽管用化学热力学的方法，可以 Jǐnguǎn yòng huàxué
获得这几个 Ka 与 Kb 在 50 时的具 rèlìxué de fāngfǎ, kěyǐ
体数值，但比较麻烦。何况这些 huòdé zhè jǐ gè Ka yǔ
数据的不准确，也不会影响 Kw Kb zài 50 shí de jùtǐ
使用方法的介绍。见谅。 shùzhí, dàn bǐjiào
máfan. Hékuàng
zhèxiē shùjù de bù
zhǔnquè, yě bù huì
yǐngxiǎng Kw shǐyòng
fāngfǎ de jièshào.
Jiànliàng.
should be used,
When calculating, use Kw=5.6×10-
14. And there is (mol·L-1). z
The solution of
[H+]=Kw/[OH-]=5.6×10-14/5.9×10-
7=9.4×10-8 (mol·L-1), pH=7.02.
It should be noted that this
pH=7.02, although it reflects that
this solution is weakly alkaline.
However, the alkalinity of this
solution should not be measured
by a pH difference of "0.02" higher
than "7.00". Because at 50 o'clock,
the pH standard of the neutral
solution is "6.63".
Note: It is difficult to find the Ka
and Kb of some acids or bases at
50 o'clock. Therefore, the four
underlined data in this article are
all contrived (the data at 25 o'clock
has been expanded at will). There
is not much accuracy in the
calculated values.
Although it is possible to obtain
these specific values of Ka and Kb
at 50 using chemical
thermodynamic methods, it is
more troublesome. What's more,
the inaccuracy of these data will
not affect the introduction of Kw
usage. Excuse me.
原子的核外电子排布和性质有明 Yuánzǐ de hé wài There are obvious regularities in
显的规律性，科学家们是按原子 diànzǐ pái bù hé the arrangement and properties of
序数递增排列，将电子层数相同 xìngzhì yǒu míngxiǎn the electrons outside the nucleus
的元素放在同一行，将最外层电 de guīlǜ xìng, of atoms. Scientists arrange the
子数相同的元素放在同一列。 kēxuéjiāmen shì àn elements with the same number of
yuánzǐ xùshù dìzēng electrons in the same row and the
páiliè, jiāng diànzǐ céng elements with the same number of
shù xiāngtóng de electrons in the outermost layer in
yuánsù fàng zài tóngyī the same column according to the
xíng, jiāng zuì wài céng increasing atomic number.
diànzǐ shù xiāngtóng
de yuánsù fàng zài
tóngyī liè.
元素周期表有 7 个周期，16 个 Yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo yǒu 7 The periodic table of the elements
族。每一个横行叫作一个周期， gè zhōuqí,16 gè zú. Měi has 7 periods and 16 groups. Each
每一个纵行叫作一个族（VIII 族 yīgè héngxíng jiào zuò
horizontal row is called a cycle,
yīgè zhōuqí, měi yīgè zòng
包含三个纵列）。这 7 个周期又 xíng jiào zuò yīgè zú (VIII and each vertical row is called a
可分成短周期（1、2、3）、长 zú bāohán sān gè zòng family (Group VIII contains three
周期（4、5、6、7）。共有 16 liè). Zhè 7 gè zhōuqí yòu columns). These 7 cycles can be
个族，从左到右每个纵列算一族 kě fēnchéng duǎn zhōuqí divided into short cycles (1, 2, 3)
（VIII 族除外）。例如：氢属于 (1,2,3), zhǎng zhōuqí and long cycles (4, 5, 6, 7). There
IA 族元素，而氦属于 0 族元素。 (4,5,6,7). Gòngyǒu 16 gè
are 16 families in total, and each
zú, cóng zuǒ dào yòu měi
gè zòng liè suàn yīzú (VIII column from left to right counts as
zú chúwài). Lìrú: Qīng one family (except for Group VIII).
shǔyú IA zú yuánsù, ér hài For example: Hydrogen belongs to
shǔyú 0 zú yuánsù. group IA element, while helium
belongs to group 0 element.
元素在周期表中的位置不仅反映 Yuánsù zài zhōuqí biǎo The position of an element in the
了元素的原子结构，也显示了元 zhōng de wèizhì bùjǐn periodic table not only reflects the
素性质的递变规律和元素之间的 fǎnyìngle yuánsù de atomic structure of the element,
内在联系。使其构成了一个完整 yuánzǐ jiégòu, yě but also shows the evolutionary
的体系，被称为化学发展的重要 xiǎnshìle yuánsù law of element properties and the
里程碑之一。 xìngzhì de dì biàn guīlǜ internal connection between
hé yuánsù zhī jiān de elements. It constitutes a complete
nèizài liánxì. Shǐ qí system and is known as one of the
gòuchéngle yīgè important milestones in the
wánzhěng de tǐxì, bèi development of chemistry.
chēng wèi huàxué
fāzhǎn de zhòngyào
lǐchéngbēi zhī yī.
同一周期内，从左到右，元素核 Tóngyī zhōuqí nèi, cóng zuǒ dào In the same period, from left to
yòu, yuánsù hé wài diànzǐ céng
外电子层数相同，最外层电子数 shù xiāngtóng, zuì wài céng right, the number of electron
依次递增，原子半径递减（0 族 diànzǐ shù yīcì dìzēng, yuánzǐ layers outside the element core is
bànjìng dìjiǎn (0 zú yuánsù
元素除外）。失电子能力逐渐减 chúwài). Shī diànzǐ nénglì zhújiàn the same, the number of electrons
弱，获电子能力逐渐增强，金属 jiǎnruò, huò diànzǐ nénglì zhújiàn in the outermost layer increases
性逐渐减弱，非金属性逐渐增 zēngqiáng, jīnshǔ xìng zhújiàn
sequentially, and the atomic radius
jiǎnruò, fēi jīnshǔ xìng zhújiàn
强。元素的最高正氧化数从左到 zēngqiáng. Yuánsù de zuìgāo decreases (except for group 0
右递增（没有正价的除外），最 zhèng yǎnghuà shù cóng zuǒ dào
yòu dìzēng (méiyǒu zhèng jià de
低负氧化数从左到右递增（第一 chúwài), zuìdī fù yǎnghuà shù
周期除外，第二周期的 O、F 元 cóng zuǒ dào yòu dìzēng (dì yī
zhōuqí chúwài, dì èr zhōuqí de
素除外）。 O,F yuánsù chúwài).
同一族中，由上而下，最外层电 Tóng yīzú zhōng, yóu
子数相同，核外电子层数逐渐增 shàng ér xià, zuì wài céng
多，原子半径增大，原子序数递 diànzǐ shù xiāngtóng, hé
增，元素金属性递增，非金属性 wài diànzǐ céng shù
zhújiàn zēngduō, yuánzǐ
递减。 [2]
bànjìng zēng dà, yuánzǐ
元素周期表的意义重大，科学家 xùshù dìzēng, yuánsù
正是用此来寻找新型元素及化合 jīnshǔ xìng dìzēng, fēi
物。 jīnshǔ xìng dìjiǎn. [2]
Yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo de
yìyì zhòngdà, kēxuéjiā
zhèng shì yòng cǐ lái
xúnzhǎo xīnxíng yuánsù jí
huàhéwù.
2015 年 12 月 31 日美国《科学新 2015 Nián 12 yuè 31 rì
měiguó “kēxué xīnwén”
闻》双周刊网站发表了题为《四 shuāng zhōukān wǎngzhàn
种元素在元素周期表上获得永久 fābiǎole tí wèi “sì zhǒng
席位》的报道。国际纯粹与应用 yuánsù zài yuánsù zhōuqí
化学联合会（IUPAC）宣布俄罗 biǎo shàng huòdé yǒngjiǔ
斯和美国的研究团队已获得充分 xíwèi” de bàodào. Guójì
chúncuì yǔ yìngyòng huàxué
的证据，证明其发现了 115、117 liánhé huì (IUPAC) xuānbù
和 118 号元素。此外，该联合会 èluósī hé měiguó de yánjiū
已认可日本理化学研究所的科研 tuánduì yǐ huòdé chōngfèn de
人员发现了 113 号元素。两个研 zhèngjù, zhèngmíng qí
fāxiànle 115,117 hé 118 hào
究团队通过让质量较轻的核子相 yuánsù. Cǐwài, gāi liánhé huì
互撞击，并跟踪其后产生的放射 yǐ rènkě rìběn lǐhuàxué yánjiū
性超重元素的衰变情况，合成了 suǒ de kēyán rényuán
上述四种元素。 fāxiànle 113 hào yuánsù.
Liǎng gè yánjiū tuánduì
tōngguò ràng zhìliàng jiào
qīng de hézǐ xiānghù
zhuàngjí, bìng gēnzōng qí
hòu chǎnshēng dì
fàngshèxìng chāozhòng
elements). The ability to lose
electrons gradually weakens, the
ability to gain electrons gradually
increases, the metallicity gradually
weakens, and the non-metallicity
gradually increases. The highest
positive oxidation number of
elements increases from left to
right (except for those without
positive valence), and the lowest
negative oxidation number
increases from left to right (except
for the first cycle, except for the O
and F elements in the second
cycle).
In the same family, from top to
bottom, the number of electrons in
the outermost layer is the same,
the number of electron layers
outside the core gradually
increases, the atomic radius
increases, the atomic number
increases, the element metallicity
increases, and the non-metallicity
decreases. [2]
The periodic table of the elements
is of great significance, and
scientists use it to find new
elements and compounds.
On December 31, 2015, the US
"Science News" biweekly website
published a report entitled "Four
Elements Get Permanent Seats on
the Periodic Table of Elements".
The International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
announced that the Russian and
American research teams have
obtained sufficient evidence to
prove that they have discovered
elements 115, 117 and 118. In
addition, the federation has
recognized the discovery of
element 113 by researchers from
the Institute of Physics and
Chemistry in Japan. The two
 yuánsù de shuāibiàn
qíngkuàng, héchéngle
shàngshù sì zhǒng yuánsù.
IUPAC 执行理事林恩·瑟比说，有 IUPAC zhíxíng lǐshì lín
关确认新元素的报告将于 2016 ēn·sè bǐ shuō, yǒuguān
quèrèn xīn yuánsù de
年初公布。官方对这些元素的认
bàogào jiāng yú 2016
可意味着它们的发现者有权为其 niánchū gōngbù.
命名并设计符号。113 号元素将 Guānfāng duì zhèxiē
成为首个由亚洲人发现并命名的 yuánsù de rènkě yìwèizhe
元素，于 2016 年 6 月正式命名 tāmen de fǎ xiàn zhě yǒu
为 Nihonium，符号 Nh。 quán wéi qí mìngmíng
bìng shèjì fúhào.113 Hào
yuánsù jiāngchéng
wéishǒu gè yóu yàzhōu
rén fà xiàn bìng mìngmíng
de yuánsù, yú 2016 nián 6
yuè zhèngshì mìngmíng
wèi Nihonium, fúhào Nh.
2015 年 12 月 30 日，国际纯粹与 2015 Nián 12 yuè 30 rì,
应用化学联合会宣布第 guójì chúncuì yǔ
113、115、117、118 号元素存 yìngyòng huàxué
在，它们将由日本、俄罗斯和美 liánhé huì xuānbù dì
国科学家命名。IUPAC 官方宣 113,115,117,118 hào
布，元素周期表已经加入 4 个新 yuánsù cúnzài, tāmen
元素。 [3] jiāngyóu rìběn, èluósī
hé měiguó kēxuéjiā
mìngmíng.IUPAC
guānfāng xuānbù,
yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo
yǐjīng jiārù 4 gè xīn
yuánsù. 
2016 年 6 月 8 日，国际纯粹与应 2016 Nián 6 yuè 8 rì, guójì
用化学联合会宣布，将合成化学 chúncuì yǔ yìngyòng
元素第 113 号（Nh）、115 号 huàxué liánhé huì xuānbù,
jiāng héchéng huàxué
（Mc）、117 号（Ts）和 118 号
yuánsù dì 113 hào
（Og）提名为化学新元素。 [4] (Nh),115 hào (Mc),117 hào
(Ts) hé 118 hào (Og)
tímíng wèi huàxué xīn
yuánsù.
2017 年 5 月 9 日，中国科学院、 2017 Nián 5 yuè 9 rì,
国家语言文字工作委员会、全国 zhōngguó kēxuéyuàn,
科学技术名词审定委员会在北京 guójiā yǔyán wénzì
联合举行新闻发布会，正式向社 gōngzuò wěiyuánhuì,
quánguó kēxué jìshù
会发布 113 号、115 号、117
míngcí shěndìng
号、118 号元素中文名称，分别 wěiyuánhuì zài běijīng
为“鉨”、“镆”、“石田”、 liánhé jǔxíng xīnwén fābù
“气奥”。 huì, zhèngshì xiàng shèhuì
research teams synthesized the
above four elements by allowing
lighter nuclei to collide with each
other and tracking the decay of the
radioactive superheavy elements
produced thereafter.
Lynn Surby, IUPAC executive
director, said that a report on
identifying new elements will be
announced in early 2016. The
official recognition of these
elements means that their
discoverers have the right to name
and design symbols for them.
Element 113 will be the first
element to be discovered and
named by an Asian. It will be
officially named Nihonium in June
2016 with the symbol Nh.
On December 30, 2015, the
International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry announced the
existence of elements 113, 115,
117, and 118, which will be named
by Japanese, Russian and American
scientists. IUPAC officially
announced that 4 new elements
have been added to the periodic
table.
On June 8, 2016, the International
Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry announced that it had
nominated synthetic chemical
elements No. 113 (Nh), No. 115
(Mc), No. 117 (Ts) and No. 118
(Og) as new chemical elements.
On May 9, 2017, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, the National
Language and Writing Committee,
and the National Scientific and
Technical Terms Review
Committee jointly held a press
conference in Beijing to officially
 fābù 113 hào,115 hào,117
hào,118 hào yuánsù
zhōngwén míngchēng,
fēnbié wèi
“xǐ”,“mò”,“shítián”,“qì ào”.
s 区元素 S qū yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo
zhōng dì 1 liè hé dì 2 liè wèi s
周期表中第 1 列和第 2 列为 s 区 qū yuánsù, tāmen de jià
元素，他们的价电子构型分别为 diànzǐ gòu xíng fēnbié wèi
ns1 和 ns2。其中第 1 列包括氢 ns1 hé ns2. Qízhōng dì 1 liè
（H）和碱金属锂（Li）、钠 bāokuò qīng (H) hé jiǎn jīnshǔ electron configurations are ns1
lǐ (Li), nà (Na), jiǎ (K), rú (Rb),
（Na）、钾（K）、铷（Rb）、 sè (Cs), fāng (Fr), jí dì 1 zhǔ
铯（Cs）、钫（Fr），即第 1 主 zú (I A). Dì 2 liè bāokuò jiǎntǔ column includes hydrogen (H) and
族（I A）。第 2 列包括碱土金属 jīnshǔ pī (Be), měi (Mg), gài
(Ca), sī (Sr), bèi (Ba), léi (Ra),
铍（Be）、镁（Mg）、钙 jí dì 2 zhǔ zú (II A). Zhè liǎng
（Ca）、锶（Sr）、钡（Ba）、 zú yuánsù wèiyú yuánsù
镭（Ra），即第 2 主族（II A）。 zhōuqí biǎo zuǒ cè, tāmen zài the first main group (IA) . The
huàxué fǎnyìng zhōng cānyù
这两族元素位于元素周期表左
chéng jiàn de zhǐshì s diànzǐ,
侧，它们在化学反应中参与成键 suǒyǐ huàxué xìngzhì bǐjiào
的只是 s 电子，所以化学性质比 jiǎndān, zuìwéi túchū de shì
较简单，最为突出的是其氧化物 qí yǎnghuà wù hé qīng
和氢氧化物的碱性，因而得名。 yǎnghuà wù de jiǎn xìng,
yīn'ér dé míng.
p 区元素 P qū yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo lǐ de p-zone elements
dì 13~18 liè, jí III A~VIIA hé
周期表里的第 13~18 列，即 III líng zú, gòng 6 zú,31 zhǒng
A~VIIA 和零族，共 6 族、31 种元 yuánsù wèi p qū yuánsù.
素为 p 区元素。它们的价电子构 Tāmen de jià diànzǐ gòu xíng
wèi ns2np1~6. Zài B,Si,As,Te and 31 elements are p-zone
型为 ns2np1~6。在
xiàhuáxiàn, kě jiāng zhège
B、Si、As、Te 下划线，可将这 qūyù yī fēn wéi èr, yòushàng
个区域一分为二，右上方为非金 fāng wéi fēi jīnshǔ qū, zuǒxià
属区，左下方为金属区。21 种非 fāng wéi jīnshǔ qū.21 Zhǒng
fēi jīnshǔ yuánsù wèiyú
金属元素位于右上方，其中在常 yòushàng fāng, qízhōng zài
温常压下，单质为气态的共 10 chángwēn cháng yā xià,
种，其名字都有“气”字头； dānzhì wéi qìtài de gòng 10
zhǒng, qí míngzì dōu yǒu “qì”
zì tóu;
release the Chinese names of
elements No. 113, No. 115, No.
117, and No. 118 to the public,
respectively It is "鉨", "镆",
"Ishida" and "Qiao".
s area element
The first and second columns of
the periodic table are elements in
the s region, and their valence
and ns2, respectively. The first
alkali metals lithium (Li), sodium
(Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb),
cesium (Cs), francium (Fr), that is,
second column includes the
alkaline earth metals beryllium
(Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium
(Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba),
radium (Ra), which is the second
main group (II A). These two
groups of elements are located on
the left side of the periodic table.
They are only s electrons involved
in the formation of bonds in
chemical reactions, so the
chemical properties are relatively
simple. The most prominent is the
alkalinity of their oxides and
hydroxides, hence the name.
In the 13th to 18th columns of the
periodic table, namely III A to VIIA
and group zero, a total of 6 groups
elements. Their valence electron
configuration is ns2np1~6.
Underline B, Si, As, and Te to
divide this area into two, the upper
right is the non-metal area, and
the lower left is the metal area. 21
kinds of non-metal elements are
located on the upper right side, of
which 10 kinds of elements are in
gaseous state under normal
temperature and pressure, and
their names all have the prefix

单质为液态的只有一种，就是 Dānzhì wèi yètài de zhǐyǒu yī
溴，它的名字有“氵”旁；其他 zhǒng, jiùshì xiù, tā de míngzì
yǒu “shui” páng; qítā 10
10 种非金属在常温常压下为固 zhǒng fēi jīnshǔ zài
态，都是“石”为旁。左下方的 chángwēn cháng yā xià wèi
金属元素都有“钅”字旁。在斜 gùtài, dōu shì “shí” wèi páng.
角线两侧的元素如 Zuǒxià fāng de jīnshǔ yuánsù
Si、Ge、As、Sb、Te 等既有金属 dōu yǒu “jīn” zì páng. Zài xié
jiǎo xiàn liǎng cè de yuánsù
性也有非金属性，有半金属之 rú Si,Ge,As,Sb,Te děng jì yǒu
称，是制造半导体材料的重要元 jīnshǔ xìng yěyǒu fēi jīnshǔ
素。p 区元素最重的性质是氧化 xìng, yǒu bàn jīnshǔ zhī
还原性和酸碱性。 chēng, shì zhìzào bàndǎotǐ
cáiliào de zhòngyào yuánsù.P
qū yuánsù zuì zhòng dì
xìngzhì shì yǎnghuà
huányuán xìng hé suān jiǎn
xìng.
d 区元素 D qū yuánsù d qū yuánsù shì
zhǐ zhōuqí biǎo zhōng dì
d 区元素是指周期表中第 3~12， 3~12, jí III B,IV B,V B,VI
即 III B、IV B、V B、VI B、VIII、I B,VIII,I B hé II B zú de
B 和 II B 族的元素，共有 30 种金 yuánsù, gòngyǒu 30 zhǒng
jīnshǔ yuánsù, qí jià diànzǐ
属元素，其价电子构型为（n-
gòu xíng wèi (n-
1）d1~10ns1~2，因为位于典型 1)d1~10ns1~2, yīnwèi wèiyú
的金属元素（s 区元素）与典型 diǎnxíng de jīnshǔ yuánsù (s
的非金属元素（p 区元素）之 qū yuánsù) yǔ diǎnxíng de fēi
jīnshǔ yuánsù (p qū yuánsù)
间，d 区元素和 f 区元素又共称 zhī jiān,d qū yuánsù hé f qū
为过渡元素或过渡金属。 yuánsù yòu gòng chēng wéi
guòdù yuánsù huò guòdù
jīnshǔ.
d 区第四周期被称为第一过渡 D qū dì sì zhōuqí bèi
系，第五和第六周期分别为第二 chēng wèi dì yī guòdù
过度系和第三过度系。d 区元素 xì, dì wǔ hé dì liù zhōuqí
各族元素性质的差异源于次外层 fēnbié wèi dì èr guòdù xì
d 电子的不同，所以和主族元素 hé dì sān guòdù xì.D qū
相比，各族之间的差别较小。 yuánsù gè zú yuánsù
xìngzhì de chāyì yuán
yú cì wài céng d diànzǐ
de bùtóng, suǒyǐ hé zhǔ
zú yuánsù xiāng bǐ, gè
zú zhī jiān de chābié
jiào xiǎo.
"Qi";
The only element that is liquid is
bromine, and its name is next to
"氵"; the other 10 non-metals are
solid at room temperature and
pressure, all of which are "stone".
The metal elements on the lower
left are all next to the word "钅".
The elements on both sides of the
diagonal line, such as Si, Ge, As, Sb,
Te, etc., are both metallic and non-
metallic. They are called semi-
metals and are important
elements for the manufacture of
semiconductor materials. The
heaviest properties of p-zone
elements are redox and acid-base
properties.
d zone elements
The elements in block d refer to
the elements of groups 3-12 in the
periodic table, namely III B, IV B,
VB, VI B, VIII, IB, and II B group
elements. There are 30 kinds of
metal elements, and their valence
electron configuration is (n- 1)
d1~10ns1~2, because it is located
between typical metal elements (s-
zone elements) and typical non-
metal elements (p-zone elements),
d-zone elements and f-zone
elements are collectively called
transition elements or transition
metals.
The fourth period of the d zone is
called the first transition system,
and the fifth and sixth periods are
the second transition system and
the third transition system,
respectively. The difference in the
properties of the elements of the
d-zone groups stems from the
difference in the d electrons in the
secondary outer layer, so
compared with the main group
elements, the differences between
the groups are smaller.
第 11 列的 IB 族的铜（Cu）、银 Dì 11 liè de IB zú de tóng
（Ag）、金（Au）和第 12 列的 (Cu), yín (Ag), jīn (Au) hé
dì 12 liè de IIB zú de xīn
IIB 族的锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、
(Zn), gé (Cd), gǒng (Hg)
汞（Hg）最外层有 ns1~2 价电 zuì wài céng yǒu ns1~2 jià
子，容易形成+1 或+2 价化合 diànzǐ, róngyì xíngchéng
物，在认识周期律的初期认为它 +1 huò +2 jià huàhéwù, zài
们与元素 I A 族和 II A 族相似，所 rènshí zhōuqí lǜ de chūqí
以将它们标记为 I B 副族和 II B 副 rènwéi tāmen yǔ yuánsù I
族，如今可知其次外层为 18 电 A zú hé II A zú xiāngsì,
suǒyǐ jiāng tāmen biāojì
子结构，与 s 区次外层为 8 电子 wèi I B fù zú hé II B fù zú,
结构不同，故归于 d 区或另立 ds rújīn kězhī qícì wài céng
区都可以。 wèi 18 diànzǐ jiégòu, yǔ s
qū cì wài céng wèi 8 diànzǐ
jiégòu bùtóng, gù guīyú d
qū huò lìng lì ds qū dōu
kěyǐ.
f 区元素 F qū yuánsù f qū yuánsù
f 区元素由镧系元素和锕系元素 yóu lán xì yuánsù hé ā xì
yuánsù zǔchéng, gòng 30
组成，共 30 种元素，位于元素
zhǒng yuánsù, wèiyú
周期表下方，多数具有 f 电子。 yuánsù zhōuqí biǎo
其中，15 种镧系元素以及 IIIB 族 xiàfāng, duōshù jùyǒu f
的钪（Sc）、钇（Y）共计 17 种 diànzǐ. Qízhōng,15 zhǒng
元素又被称为稀土元素。 lán xì yuánsù yǐjí IIIB zú de
kàng (Sc), yǐ (Y) gòngjì 17
zhǒng yuánsù yòu bèi
chēng wèi xītǔ yuánsù.
强酸间酸性强弱的比较 Qiángsuān jiān
suānxìng qiáng ruò de
bǐjiào
HClO4 盐酸
H2SO4 硫酸
HBr 溴化氢
HCl 盐酸
HNO3 硝酸
此后随酸的浓度不断增大，始终 Cǐhòu suí suān de
有 HClO4> H2SO4> HBr > HCl> nóngdù bùduàn zēng
HNO3。 dà, shǐzhōng yǒu
HClO4> H2SO4> HBr
> HCl> HNO3.
在电离理论中人们规定，强电解 Zài diànlí lǐlùn zhōng
质是在水溶液中能够完全电离的 rénmen guīdìng, qiáng
物质。也就是说，像盐酸、硫 diànjiězhì shì zài
酸、硝酸这些所谓的强酸，在水 shuǐróngyè zhōng
The copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold
(Au) of the IB group in the 11th
column and the zinc (Zn), cadmium
(Cd) and mercury (Hg) of the IIB
group in the 12th column have
ns1~2. Valence electrons are easy
to form +1 or +2 valence
compounds. In the early stage of
understanding the periodic law,
they were considered to be similar
to the elements IA and II A, so they
were labeled as the IB subgroup
and II B subgroup. Now it is known
that the second outer layer It has
an 18-electron structure, which is
different from the 8-electron
structure of the s-zone sub-outer
layer, so it can be classified into
the d-zone or a separate ds-zone.
f area element
The elements in the f zone are
composed of lanthanides and
actinides. There are 30 kinds of
elements in total, which are
located under the periodic table,
and most of them have f electrons.
Among them, 15 kinds of
lanthanide elements, scandium
(Sc) and yttrium (Y) of group IIIB, a
total of 17 kinds of elements, are
also called rare earth elements.
Comparison of acidity between
strong acids
Yánsuān
liúsuān
xiù huà qīng
yánsuān
xiāosuān
Since then, with the increasing
concentration of acid, there is
always HClO4> H2SO4> HBr> HCl>
HNO3.
In the theory of ionization, it is
stipulated that a strong electrolyte
is a substance that can be
completely ionized in an aqueous
中均会 100%的电离，而不用再 nénggòu wánquán solution. In other words, so-called
去考虑其电离常数是多少。 diànlí de wùzhí. Yě strong acids such as hydrochloric
jiùshì shuō, xiàng acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid
yánsuān, liúsuān, will be 100% ionized in water,
xiāosuān zhèxiē without having to consider their
suǒwèi de qiángsuān, ionization constant.
zài shuǐzhōng jūn huì
100%de diànlí, ér
bùyòng zài qù kǎolǜ qí
diànlí chángshù shì
duōshǎo.
由于这个观念的影响，人们往往 Yóuyú zhège guānniàn Because of the influence of this
忽略掉了，所谓的强酸是相对于 de yǐngxiǎng, rénmen concept, people often ignore it.
弱酸而言的，是溶剂水对这些酸 wǎngwǎng hūlüè The so-called strong acid is relative
有拉平效应而造成的一个宏观结 diàole, suǒwèi de to the weak acid. It is a
果。 qiángsuān shì xiāngduì macroscopic result caused by the
yú ruòsuān ér yán de, leveling effect of solvent water on
shì róngjì shuǐ duì these acids.
zhèxiē suān yǒu lāpíng
xiàoyìng ér zàochéng
de yīgè hóngguān
jiéguǒ.
其实，不仅是在非水溶剂中，即 Qíshí, bùjǐn shì zài fēi In fact, not only in non-aqueous
便是在水溶液中各种强酸的强度 shuǐ róngjì zhōng, solvents, but even in aqueous
也是各不相同的，强酸间也是有 jíbiàn shì zài solutions, the strengths of various
电离常数的差别，并且相互间可 shuǐróngyè zhōng gè strong acids are different. There
以直接进行数值的比较。 zhǒng qiángsuān de are also differences in ionization
qiángdù yěshì gè bù constants between strong acids,
xiāngtóng de, and they can be directly compared
qiángsuān jiān yěshì with each other.
yǒu diànlí cháng shǔ
de chābié, bìngqiě
xiānghù jiān kěyǐ zhíjiē
jìnxíng shǔ zhí de
bǐjiào.
比如，化学教学中一般都会告诉 Bǐrú, huàxué jiàoxué For example, in chemistry
学生，主要是由于键能的不同， zhōng yībān dūhuì teaching, students are generally
对氢卤酸有酸性 HI>HBr>HCl，这 gàosù xuéshēng, told that it is mainly due to the
样的变化序列。 zhǔyào shi yóuyú jiàn difference in bond energy, the
néng de bùtóng, duì acidity of halogen acid is
qīng lǔ suān yǒu HI>HBr>HCl, such a change
suānxìng HI>HBr>HCl, sequence [1].
zhèyàng de biànhuà
xùliè.
而对含氧酸来说，作为非金属性 Ér duì hán yǎng suān For oxo acids, as a manifestation of
强弱的一种表现，HClO4 的酸性 lái shuō, zuòwéi fēi non-metallicity, HClO4 is more
要强于同周期的 H2SO4；由于 jīnshǔ xìng qiáng ruò acidic than H2SO4 of the same
HNO3 有分子内氢键的存在，而 de yī zhǒng biǎoxiàn, period; because HNO3 has
酸性要“比其它强酸稍弱”。所 HClO4 de suānxìng intramolecular hydrogen bonds,
以也有酸性 HClO4> H2SO4> yàoqiáng yú tóng the acidity is "slightly weaker than
HNO3，这样的变化序列[2]。 zhōuqí de H2SO4; other strong acids." So there is also
yóuyú HNO3 yǒu fèn zi a sequence of acidic HClO4>
要把这两个序列叠加在一起间， nèi qīng jiàn de cúnzài, H2SO4> HNO3 [2].
会得到一个什么样的结果呢？这 ér suānxìng yào “bǐ qítā
当然会是学生比较关注的一个问 qiángsuān shāo ruò”. If you want to superimpose these
题。 Suǒyǐ yěyǒu suānxìng two sequences together, what kind
HClO4> H2SO4> of result will you get? This will of
HNO3, zhèyàng de course be a problem that students
biànhuà xùliè [2]. Yào are more concerned about.
bǎ zhè liǎng gè xùliè
diéjiā zài yīqǐ jiān, huì
dédào yīgè shénme
yàng de jiéguǒ ne? Zhè
dāngrán huì shì
xuéshēng bǐjiào
guānzhù de yīgè wèntí.
常见强酸酸性强弱的不同排序 Chángjiàn qiángsuān Different sorts of common strong
suānxìng qiáng ruò de acids
要对强酸的酸性进行最为直接地 bùtóng páixù yào duì
比较，当然就是找出他们在水中 qiángsuān de suānxìng The most direct comparison of the
电离常数的具体数值。尽管在一 jìnxíng zuìwéi zhíjiē dì acidity of strong acids is of course
般的化学数据表中只有弱酸的电 bǐjiào, dāngrán jiùshì to find out the specific values of
离常数，但是在某些教材或化学 zhǎo chū tāmen zài their ionization constants in water.
手册中还是可以看到强酸的这些
shuǐzhōng diànlí cháng Although there are only weak acid
数据。
shǔ de jùtǐ shùzhí. ionization constants in general
只是，有一些相互间不能吻合的 Jǐnguǎn zài yībān de chemistry data sheets, these data
现象， huàxué shùjù biǎo for strong acids can still be seen in
zhōng zhǐyǒu ruòsuān some textbooks or chemistry
de diànlí chángshù, manuals.
dànshì zài mǒu xiē
jiàocái huò huàxué However, there are some
shǒucè zhōng háishì phenomena that cannot be
kěyǐ kàn dào consistent with each other,
qiángsuān de zhèxiē
shùjù. Zhǐshì, yǒu yīxiē
xiānghù jiān bùnéng
wěnhé de xiànxiàng,
1. 在某化学手册的《25℃水中无 1. Zài mǒu huàxué 1. In the table of "Proton Transfer
机物的质子转移反应》表中，就 shǒucè de Reaction of Inorganic Substances
酸的 pKa 值，给出了如下的数据 “25℃shuǐzhōng wújī in Water at 25℃" in a chemical
（部分摘抄，并按酸性由强到弱 wù de zhízǐ zhuǎnyí manual, the following data is given
顺序排列 fǎnyìng” biǎo zhōng, jiù for the pKa value of acid (partially
suān de pKa zhí, gěi excerpted, and arranged in order
chū liǎo rúxià de shùjù of acidity from strong to weak)
(bùfèn zhāichāo, bìng
àn suānxìng yóu qiáng
 dào ruò shùnxù páiliè

给人最明显的感受是，这几个含 Jǐ rén zuì míngxiǎn de The most obvious feeling is that

氧酸的酸性都不如氢卤酸。 gǎnshòu shì, zhè jǐ gè these oxyacids are not as acidic as
hán yǎng suān de halogen acids.
suānxìng dōu bùrú
qīng lǔ suān.
2. 在某《中级无机化学》教材的 2. Zài mǒu “zhōngjí 2. In the table "Acidity Constants
《25℃水溶液中一些常见酸的酸 wújī huàxué” jiàocái de of Some Common Acids in 25℃
度常数》表中，就酸的 pKa 值， “25℃shuǐróngyè zhōng Aqueous Solution" in a textbook of
给出了如下的数据（部分摘抄， yīxiē chángjiàn suān de "Intermediate Inorganic
并按酸性由强到弱顺序排列） suāndù chángshù” biǎo Chemistry", the following data is
zhōng, jiù suān de pKa given for the pKa value of the acid
zhí, gěi chū liǎo rúxià (partially excerpted, and in the
de shùjù (bùfèn order of acidity from strong to
zhāichāo, bìng àn weak) arrangement)
suānxìng yóu qiáng
dào ruò shùnxù páiliè)

与“1”表中的数据比较，HClO4 Yǔ “1” biǎo zhōng de Compared with the data in the "1"
的位置有很大幅度地提升，其酸 shùjù bǐjiào,HClO4 de table, the position of HClO4 has
度常数的数值大于了 HBr 与 wèizhì yǒu hěn dà fúdù been greatly improved, and the
HCl。H2SO4 的酸性还是不如 de tíshēng, qí suāndù value of its acidity constant is
HCl。 cháng shǔ de shùzhí greater than that of HBr and HCl.
dàyúle HBr yǔ H2SO4 is still not as acidic as HCl.
当然，这各表中数据的精密度很 HCl.H2SO4 de
差，连一位有效数字都没有，只 suānxìng háishì bùrú Of course, the precision of the data
反映出了数据相互间的数量级差 HCl. Dāngrán, zhè gè in these tables is very poor, there
别， biǎo zhōng shùjù de is not even a significant figure, it
jīngmì dù hěn chà, lián only reflects the order of
yī wèi yǒuxiào shùzì magnitude difference between the
dōu méiyǒu, zhǐ data.
fǎnyìng chūle shùjù
 xiānghù jiān de
shùliàngjí chābié,
3.某《分析化学》教材在讨论 3. Mǒu “fēnxī huàxué” 3. When discussing the "leveling
“溶剂的拉平效应与分辨效应” jiàocái zài tǎolùn effect and resolution effect of
时指出，在冰醋酸介质中，四种 “róngjì de lāpíng solvents" in a textbook of
常见强酸的电离常数如下 xiàoyìng yǔ fēnbiàn "Analytical Chemistry", it was
xiàoyìng” shí zhǐchū, pointed out that in glacial acetic
zài bīng cùsuān jièzhì acid medium, the ionization
zhōng, sì zhǒng constants of four common strong
chángjiàn qiángsuān acids are as follows
de diànlí chángshù
rúxià

即，它们在溶剂冰醋酸中都变成 Jí, tāmen zài róngjì That is, they all become weak acids
了弱酸。且有酸性，HClO4> bīng cùsuān zhòng dōu in the solvent glacial acetic acid.
H2SO4> HCl > HNO3，这样的一个 biàn chéngle ruòsuān. And it is acidic, HClO4> H2SO4>
顺序。冰醋酸是是它们的分辨溶 Qiě yǒu HCl> HNO3, such an order. Glacial
剂，把它们在水中所表现出的不 suānxìng,HClO4> acetic acid is their distinguishing
明显差别，给放大出来了。 H2SO4> HCl > HNO3, solvent, and the insignificant
zhèyàng de yīgè difference they show in water is
在这个顺序中，H2SO4 的酸性是 shùnxù. Bīng cùsuān magnified.
要强于 HCl 的。 shì shì tāmen de
fēnbiàn róngjì, bǎ In this sequence, the acidity of
tāmen zài shuǐzhōng H2SO4 is stronger than that of HCl.
suǒ biǎoxiàn chū de bù
míngxiǎn chābié, gěi
fàngdà chūláile. Zài
zhège shùnxù
zhōng,H2SO4 de
suānxìng shì yàoqiáng
yú HCl de.
4. 在某些化学手册中确实有 HCl 4. Zài mǒu xiē huàxué 4. In some chemistry manuals, it is
的 pKa 为-2.36，这样的记载（在 shǒucè zhōng quèshí true that the pKa of HCl is -2.36.
上世纪 80 年代初的化学手册 yǒu HCl de pKa wèi- This is the record (in the chemistry
中，当时只记下了数据、而没记 2.36, Zhèyàng de jìzǎi manuals in the early 1980s, only
下出处。哪位同仁要能碰到，请 (zài shàng shìjì 80 the data was recorded at that
告诉我）。HCl 的酸性不如 niándài chū de huàxué time, but the source was not
H2SO4 强。 shǒucè zhōng, dāngshí recorded. Which colleague should
zhǐ jì xiàle shùjù, ér méi be able to Encounter, please tell
总之，这些数据不仅精度不高， jì xià chūchù. Nǎ wèi me). HCl is not as acidic as H2SO4.
且相互间多有矛盾。在这样的情
况下，教师很难就它们酸性的强 tóngrén yào néng pèng
弱，给出自己的判断。 dào, qǐng gàosù In short, these data are not only
wǒ).HCl de suānxìng inaccurate, but also contradictory
bùrú H2SO4 qiáng. to each other. Under such
Zǒngzhī, zhèxiē shùjù circumstances, it is difficult for
bùjǐn jīngdù bù gāo, qiě teachers to give their own
xiānghù jiān duō yǒu judgments on their acidity.
máodùn. Zài zhèyàng
de qíngkuàng xià,
jiàoshī hěn nàn jiù
tāmen suānxìng de
qiáng ruò, gěi chū zìjǐ
de pànduàn.
二、对这些数据的理论分析 Èr, duì zhèxiē shùjù de 2. Theoretical analysis of these
lǐlùn fēnxī zài data
在上面的 4 组数据中，第二组数 shàngmiàn de 4 zǔ
据可以被忽略掉，因其过于粗 shùjù zhōng, dì èr zǔ Among the above 4 sets of data,
糙。 shùjù kěyǐ bèi hūlüè the second set of data can be
diào, yīn qí guòyú ignored because it is too rough.
第一与第三组数据，虽是在不同 cūcāo. Dì yī yǔ dì sān
溶剂体系中得到的，但是可转化 zǔ shùjù, suī shì zài Although the first and third sets of
为同一体系中的数据，以便相互 bùtóng róngjì tǐxì zhōng data are obtained in different
间进行验证与比较。当然，这个
dédào de, dànshì kě solvent systems, they can be
转换要助于“固有酸度”的概念
zhuǎnhuà wéi tóngyī converted into data in the same
tǐxì zhōng de shùjù, system for mutual verification and
yǐbiàn xiānghù jiān comparison. Of course, this
jìnxíng yànzhèng yǔ conversion should help the
bǐjiào. Dāngrán, zhège concept of "intrinsic acidity"
zhuǎnhuàn yào zhù yú
“gùyǒu suāndù” de
gàiniàn
下面再简述一下有关“固有酸 Xiàmiàn zài jiǎn shù The main points about "intrinsic
度”的主要观点： yīxià yǒuguān “gùyǒu acidity" are briefly described
suāndù” de zhǔyào below:
从两性溶剂中会有质子自递反应 guāndiǎn: Cóng
的角度来看，两性溶剂 SH 中的 liǎngxìng róngjì zhōng From the perspective of the proton
质子自递反应可表示为， huì yǒu zhízǐ zì dì autotransmission reaction in the
fǎnyìng de jiǎodù lái amphoteric solvent, the proton
SH+SH 强酸间酸性强弱的比较 kàn, liǎngxìng róngjì autotransmission reaction in the
SH2++S- ……（1） SH zhōng de zhízǐ zì dì amphoteric solvent SH can be
fǎnyìng kě biǎoshì wèi, expressed as,
这个反应的平衡常数 Ks 也被称 SH+SH qiángsuān jiān
作溶剂的质子自递常数。 suānxìng qiáng ruò de The comparison between SH+SH
bǐjiào SH2++S- ……(1) strong acid and weak acidity SH2+
zhège fǎnyìng de +S- ……（1）
pínghéng chángshù Ks
yě bèi chēng zuò róngjì The equilibrium constant Ks of this
de zhízǐ zì dì reaction is also called the proton
 chángshù. autotransmission constant of the
solvent.
酸度函数 Ho=(pKHB+)水 Suāndù hánshù The acidity function
+log(CB/CHB+)溶剂，以对硝基苯 Ho=(pKHB+) shuǐ Ho=(pKHB+)water+log(CB/CHB+)so
胺的 pKHB+=0.99 为参比，而得 +log(CB/CHB+) róngjì, lvent, with pKHB+=0.99 of p-
到的数值。 yǐ duì xiāo jī běn'ān de nitroaniline as a reference, and the
pKHB+=0.99 Wèi cān value obtained.
在一些教材中则介绍为：在非水 bǐ, ér dédào de shùzhí.
质子溶剂的溶液中、无水纯酸溶 Zài yīxiē jiàocái zhōng In some textbooks, it is introduced
液中、或浓水溶液中，常用酸度 zé jièshào wèi: Zài fēi as: in a solution of a non-aqueous
函数来描述酸的强度。也就是， shuǐ zhízǐ róngjì de protic solvent, an anhydrous pure
用弱碱指示剂的质子化程度来表 róngyè zhōng, wú shuǐ acid solution, or a concentrated
示酸给出质子的多少。 chún suān róngyè aqueous solution, the acidity
zhōng, huò nóng function is often used to describe
shuǐróngyè zhōng, the strength of the acid. That is,
chángyòng suāndù hán the degree of protonation of the
shǔ lái miáoshù suān weak base indicator is used to
de qiángdù. Yě jiùshì, express how much the acid gives
yòng ruò jiǎn zhǐshì jì protons.
de zhízǐ huà chéngdù
lái biǎoshì suān gěi chū
zhí zǐ de duōshǎo.
涉及的反应为 B+H+=BH+。这里 Shèjí de fǎnyìng wèi The reaction involved is
的 B 是弱碱指示剂。KHB+是 BH+ B+H+=BH+. Zhèlǐ de B B+H+=BH+. B here is a weak base
的电离常数。 shì ruò jiǎn zhǐshì indicator. KHB+ is the ionization
jì.KHB+shì BH+de constant of BH+.
在水中，Ho 就相当于 pH。Ho 值 diànlí chángshù. Zài
越小，表示溶液的酸度越大。反 shuǐzhōng,Ho jiù In water, Ho is equivalent to pH.
之，Ho 值越大，表示溶液的碱 xiāngdāng yú pH.Ho The smaller the Ho value, the
性越强。 zhí yuè xiǎo, biǎoshì greater the acidity of the solution.
róngyè de suāndù yuè Conversely, the larger the Ho
也就是说，这个表中的数据实际 dà. Fǎnzhī,Ho zhí yuè value, the stronger the alkalinity of
就是各种酸溶液中的实测酸度。 dà, biǎoshì róngyè de the solution.
jiǎn xìng yuè qiáng. Yě
这些 Ho 数值，似乎反映出了不 jiùshì shuō, zhège biǎo In other words, the data in this
同酸溶液中的更实际一些的情 zhōng de shùjù shíjì table is actually the measured
况。 jiùshì gè zhǒng suān acidity in various acid solutions.
róngyè zhōng de shícè
suāndù. Zhèxiē Ho These Ho values seem to reflect
shùzhí, sìhū fǎnyìng more realistic conditions in
chū liǎo bùtóng suān different acid solutions.
róngyè zhōng de gèng
shíjì yīxiē de
qíngkuàng.
对每个纵列的一种酸来说，始终 Duì měi gè zòng liè de For an acid in each column, there
都有随着酸的浓度增大（由上而 yī zhǒng suān lái shuō, is always a phenomenon that as
下），溶液的酸度也逐渐增大， shǐzhōng dōu yǒu the concentration of the acid
这样的现象（当然，其中 H3PO4 suízhe suān de nóngdù increases (from top to bottom),
与 HF 列的数据与本文的讨论内 zēng dà (yóu shàng ér the acidity of the solution also
容无关）。 xià), róngyè de suāndù gradually increases (of course, the
yě zhújiàn zēng dà, data in the columns of H3PO4 and
需要特别注意的是，在酸溶液浓 zhèyàng de xiànxiàng HF It has nothing to do with the
度相同时（看表的横行），不同 (dāngrán, qízhōng discussion in this article).
种酸溶液的酸度大小顺序是可以 H3PO4 yǔ HF liè de
被改变的。 shùjù yǔ běnwén de It is important to note that when
tǎolùn nèiróng the concentration of the acid
wúguān). Xūyào tèbié solution is the same (see the
zhùyì de shì, zài suān horizontal row of the table), the
róngyè nóngdù xiāng order of the acidity of different
tóngshí (kàn biǎo de acid solutions can be changed.
héngxíng), bùtóng
zhǒng suān róngyè de
suāndù dàxiǎo shùnxù
shì kěyǐ bèi gǎibiàn de
如，在浓度均为 0.1mol•L-1 Rú, zài nóngdù jūn wèi For example, when the
时，H2SO4 的酸性最强 0.1Mol•L-1 shí,H2SO4 concentration is 0.1mol•L-1,
（Ho=+0.83）。而 de suānxìng zuì qiáng H2SO4 has the strongest acidity
HBr、HCl、HNO3 的酸度均相同 (Ho=+0.83). Ér (Ho=+0.83). The acidity of HBr, HCl,
（Ho=+0.98）。 HBr,HCl,HNO3 de and HNO3 are all the same
suāndù jūn xiāngtóng (Ho=+0.98).
在浓度均为 0.5mol•L-1 (Ho=+0.98). Zài
时，H2SO4 的酸性还是最强的 nóngdù jūn wèi When the concentration is
（Ho=+0.13），HClO4 次之 0.5Mol•L-1 shí,H2SO4 0.5mol•L-1, the acidity of H2SO4 is
（Ho=+0.18）。而 HBr、HCl 的酸 de suānxìng háishì zuì still the strongest (Ho=+0.13),
度仍相同（Ho=+0.20）。HNO3 qiáng de followed by HClO4 (Ho=+0.18). The
最弱（Ho=+0.21）。 (Ho=+0.13),HClO4 cì acidity of HBr and HCl is still the
zhī (Ho=+0.18). Ér same (Ho=+0.20). HNO3 is the
当浓度变为 1.0mol•L-1 HBr,HCl de suāndù weakest (Ho=+0.21).
时，HClO4 的酸性就超过 H2SO4 réng xiāngtóng
了。 (Ho=+0.20).HNO3 zuì When the concentration becomes
ruò (Ho=+0.21). Dāng 1.0mol•L-1, the acidity of HClO4
nóngdù biàn wèi exceeds that of H2SO4.
1.0Mol•L-1 shí,HClO4
de suānxìng jiù
chāoguò H2SO4 le.
Bonus
盐酸 HCl 、 氢硫酸 H2S、 亚硫酸 H2SO3、
硝酸 HNO3 硫酸 H2SO4 、 碳酸 H2CO3、
磷酸 H3PO4 乙酸（ 醋酸）CH3COOH 氢氧化钾 KOH、
2
氢氧化钙 Ca(OH)2 氨水 NH3·H2O 氢氧化钠 NaOH 、
氢氧化钠(NaOH) Qīng yǎnghuà nà Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
氢氧化钾(KOH) (NaOH) Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
氨水 qīng yǎnghuà jiǎ (KOH) Ammonia
氢氧化铁 ānshuǐ Ferric hydroxide
氢氧化亚铁 qīng yǎnghuà tiě Ferrous hydroxide
一水合氨 qīng yǎnghuà yǎ tiě Ammonia monohydrate
氢氧化铜 yī shuǐhé ān Copper hydroxide
氧化银 qīng yǎnghuà tóng Silver oxide
氢氧化镁 yǎnghuà yín qīng magnesium hydroxide
氢氧化铝 yǎnghuà měi qīng Aluminum hydroxide
氢氧化锌 yǎnghuà lǔ qīng Zinc hydroxide
yǎnghuà xīn
氢硫酸 H2S Qīng liúsuān H2S, Hydrogen sulfuric acid H2S,
亚硫酸 H2SO3 yà liúsuān H2SO3, Sulfurous acid H2SO3,
硫酸 H2SO4 liúsuān H2SO4, Sulfuric acid H2SO4 、
碳酸 H2CO3 tànsuān H2CO3, Carbonic acid H2CO3,
磷酸 H3PO4 Línsuān H3PO4 Phosphoric acid H3PO4
乙酸（ 醋酸）CH3COOH yǐsuān Acetic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH
(cùsuān)CH3COOH

氢氧化钾 KOH、 Qīng yǎnghuà jiǎ KOH, Potassium hydroxide KOH,

氢氧化钠 NaOH 、 qīng yǎnghuà nà Sodium hydroxide NaOH 、
氨水 NH3·H2O NaOH, Ammonia NH3·H2O
ānshuǐ NH3·H2O
氢氧化钾 KOH
氢氧化钠 NaOH
氨水 NH3·H2O

氢硫酸 H2S
亚硫酸 H2SO3
硫酸 H2SO4
碳酸 H2CO3

一水合氨
氢氧化铜
氧化银
氢氧化镁
氢氧化铝
氢氧化锌
氢氧化钙 Ca(OH)2 Qīng yǎnghuà gài Ca(OH)2, Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
qīng yǎnghuà bèi Ba(OH)2,
氢氧化钡 Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 、
qīng yǎnghuà tóng Cu(OH)2￬,
氢氧化铜 Cu(OH)2↓ qīng yǎnghuà měi Mg(OH)2￬, Copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2↓、
氢氧化镁 Mg(OH)2↓ qīng yǎnghuà yǎ tiě Magnesium hydroxide
氢氧化亚铁 Fe(OH)2↓ Fe(OH)2￬ Mg(OH)2↓、
Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2↓
氢氧化铁 Fe(OH)3↓ Qīng yǎnghuà tiě Fe(OH)3￬, Iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3↓、
氢氧化铝 Al(OH)3↓ qīng yǎnghuà lǔ Al(OH)3￬ Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3↓
氢氧化钙 Ca(OH)2
氢氧化钡 Ba(OH)2
氢氧化铜 Cu(OH)2↓
氢氧化镁 Mg(OH)2↓
氢氧化亚铁 Fe(OH)2↓
氢氧化铁 Fe(OH)3↓
氢氧化铝 Al(OH)3↓
氯化银 AgCl↓ Lǜ huà yín AgCl￬, Silver chloride AgCl↓,
氯化钾 KCl lǜ huà jiǎ KCl, Potassium chloride KCl 、
氯化钠 NaCl lǜ huà nà NaCl Sodium chloride NaCl
氯化铜 CuCl2 Lǜ huà tóng CuCl2, Copper chloride CuCl2,
氯化镁 MgCl2 lǜhuàměi MgCl2, Magnesium chloride MgCl2,
氯化钙 CaCl2 lǜ huà gài CaCl2, Calcium chloride CaCl2
氯化锌 ZnCl2 lǜ huà xīn ZnCl2, Zinc chloride ZnCl2
氯化钡 BaCl2 lǜ huà bèi BaCl2, Barium chloride BaCl2
氯化亚铁 FeCl2 lǜ huà yǎ tiě FeCl2 Ferrous chloride FeCl2
氯化铁 FeCl3
氯化铝 AlCl3
氯化钴 CoCl3
氯化银 AgCl↓
氯化钾 KCl
氯化钠 NaCl
氯化铜 CuCl2
氯化镁 MgCl2
氯化钙 CaCl2
氯化锌 ZnCl2
氯化钡 BaCl2
氯化亚铁 FeCl2
硫酸钠 Na2SO4 Liúsuān nà Na2SO4, Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 、
硫酸钾 K2SO4 liúsuān jiǎ K2SO4 Potassium sulfate K2SO4
硫酸钡 BaSO4↓ Liúsuān bèi BaSO4￬ Barium sulfate BaSO4↓
硫酸铜 CuSO4 liúsuān tóng CuSO4 Copper sulfate CuSO4
硫酸锌 ZnSO4 liúsuān xīn ZnSO4 Zinc sulfate ZnSO4
硫酸钙 CaSO4 liúsuān gài CaSO4 Calcium sulfate CaSO4
硫酸镁 MgSO4 liúsuān měi MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate MgSO4
硫酸亚铁 FeSO4 liúsuān yǎ tiě FeSO4 Ferrous sulfate FeSO4
硫酸铁 Fe2(SO4)3 Liúsuān tiě Fe2(SO4)3 Iron sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
硫酸铝 Al2(SO4)3 liúsuān lǚ Al2(SO4)3 Aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3
碳酸钠 Na2CO3 Tànsuān nà Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
碳酸钾 K2CO3 tànsuān jiǎ K2CO3 Potassium carbonate K2CO3
碳酸铵(NH4)2CO3 tànsuān ǎn Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
(NH4)2CO3
碳酸钙 CaCO3↓ Tànsuān gài CaCO3￬ Calcium carbonate CaCO3↓
碳酸镁 MgCO3 tànsuān měi MgCO3 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
碳酸钡 BaCO3↓ tànsuān bèi BaCO3￬ Barium carbonate BaCO3↓
碳酸铜 CuCO3↓ tànsuān tóng CuCO3￬ Copper carbonate CuCO3↓
碳酸锌 ZnCO3↓ Zinc carbonate ZnCO3↓
tànsuān xīn ZnCO3￬
碳酸亚铁 FeCO3 Ferrous Carbonate FeCO3
tànsuān yǎ tiě FeCO3

硫酸钠 Na2SO4
硫酸钾 K2SO4
硫酸钡 BaSO4↓
硫酸铜 CuSO4
硫酸锌 ZnSO4
硫酸钙 CaSO4
硫酸镁 MgSO4
硫酸亚铁 FeSO4
硫酸铁 Fe2(SO4)3
硫酸铝 Al2(SO4)3
碳酸钠 Na2CO3
碳酸钾 K2CO3
碳酸铵(NH4)2CO3
碳酸钙 CaCO3↓
碳酸镁 MgCO3
碳酸钡 BaCO3↓
碳酸铜 CuCO3↓
碳酸锌 ZnCO3↓
碳酸亚铁 FeCO3
碳酸铁 Fe2(CO3)3 Tànsuān tiě Iron carbonate
Fe2(CO3)3 Fe2(CO3)3
碳酸铝 Al2(CO3)3 tànsuān lǚ Al2(CO3)3 Aluminum carbonate
硝酸钠 NaNO3 xiāosuān nà NaNO3 Al2(CO3)3
硝酸银 AgNO3 xiāosuān yín AgNO3 Sodium nitrate NaNO3
xiāosuān jiǎ KNO3 Silver nitrate AgNO3
硝酸钾 KNO3 xiāosuān tóng Potassium Nitrate KNO3
硝酸铜 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
Copper nitrate
xiāosuān měi
硝酸镁 Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2
硝酸钙 Ca(NO3)2 xiāosuān gài Magnesium nitrate
Mg(NO3)2
硝酸锌 Zn(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2
Calcium nitrate
xiāosuān xīn
硝酸钡 Ba(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 xiāosuān Ca(NO3)2
硝酸铁 Fe(NO3)3 bèi Ba(NO3)2 Zinc Nitrate Zn(NO3)2
硝酸铝 Al(NO3)3 xiāosuān tiě Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)3 xiāosuān Iron nitrate Fe(NO3)3
lǚ Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate
Al(NO3)3
氯化铵 NH4Cl Lǜ huà ǎn NH4Cl Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

硝酸铵 NH4NO3 xiāosuān ǎn NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

碳酸铵(NH4)2CO3 tànsuān ǎn(NH4)2CO3 Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3

硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4 liúsuān ǎn (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
硫化钠 Na2S liúhuà nà Na2S Sodium sulfide Na2S
硫化亚铜 Cu2S liúhuà yǎ tóng Cu2S Cuprous sulfide Cu2S
碘化钾 KI
diǎnhuàjiǎ KI Potassium iodide KI
溴化锌 ZnBr
氯酸钾 KClO3 xiù huà xīn ZnBr
lǜsuānjiǎ KClO3
Zinc Bromide ZnBr
Potassium Chlorate KClO3
高锰酸钾 KMnO4
gāo měng suān jiǎ Potassium Permanganate KMnO4
锰酸钾 K2MnO4 KMnO4 Potassium Manganate K2MnO4
měng suān jiǎ K2MnO4
甲烷(天然气)CH4 jiǎwán (tiānránqì)CH4 Methane (natural gas) CH4
乙醇(酒精) C2H5OH
yǐchún (jiǔjīng) Ethanol (alcohol) C2H5OH
铜锈 Cu2(OH)2CO3 C2H5OH Copper Rust Cu2(OH)2CO3
tóngxiù Cu2(OH)2CO3
铁锈 Fe2O3.nH2O Rust Fe2O3.nH2O
tiěxiù Fe2O3.NH2O
氯化铵 NH4Cl
硝酸铵 NH4NO3
碳酸铵(NH4)2CO3
硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4
硫化钠 Na2S
硫化亚铜 Cu2S
碘化钾 KI
碳酸铁 Fe2(CO3)3
碳酸铝 Al2(CO3)3
硝酸钠 NaNO3
硝酸银 AgNO3
硝酸钾 KNO3
硝酸铜 Cu(NO3)2
硝酸镁 Mg(NO3)2
硝酸钙 Ca(NO3)2
硝酸锌 Zn(NO3)2
硝酸钡 Ba(NO3)2
硝酸铁 Fe(NO3)3
 硝酸铝 Al(NO3)3
溴化锌 ZnBr
氯酸钾 KClO3
高锰酸钾 KMnO4
锰酸钾 K2MnO4
甲烷(天然气)CH4
乙醇(酒精) C2H5OH
铜锈 Cu2(OH)2CO3
铁锈 Fe2O3.nH2O

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