UNIT-I

1. a) Define machine learning. Write the steps associated with machine learning.
For ‘A checkers learning problem’ discuss the following
i. Choosing the training experience
ii. Choosing the target function and
iii. Choosing a function approximation algorithm.
b) Find a maximally specific hypothesis using FIND-S Algorithm for the training
examples given in Table 1.
2. a) Define machine learning. Write various applications of machine learning.
Write the FIND-S Algorithm which finds a maximally specific hypothesis.
b) Apply candidate elimination algorithm to obtain the final version space for the
training examples given in Table 1.

UNIT-II

3. a) What is a decision tree & discuss the use of decision tree for classification purpose
with an example.
b) Construct a decision tree using ID3 algorithm considering data given in Table 2.
4. a) Discuss issues of decision tree learning.
b) Construct a decision tree using ID3 algorithm considering data given in Table 3.

UNIT-III

5. a) What is Bayes theorem and maximum posterior hypothesis? Derive an equation for
MAP hypothesis using Bayes theorem.
b) It is known that in a population, one in 50,000 has X-disease and one in 20 has red
eye. It is also observed that 50 percent of the X-disease patients have red eye. A
doctor observes that a patient has red eye. What is the probability that the patient
has X-disease?
6. a) Discuss about Brute-force Map learning algorithm. Discuss how new instances are
classified using Bayes optimal classifier.
b) Explain Naive Bayes classifier with example considering data given in Table 2 and
Bayesian belief networks.

UNIT-IV

7. a) Write short notes on:

i. Error of a hypothesis
ii. Pac learnability
b) Explain locally weighted linear regression.
8. a) Discuss about instance based learning. Explain K-Nearest neighbour algorithm by
taking suitable example.
b) Write short notes on:
i. Estimating hypothesis accuracy
ii. Agnostic learning

UNIT-V

9. a) Define sequential covering algorithm. Explain Learn-One-Rule concept.

b) Discuss about FOIL. How candidate literals can be generated by using FOIL?
10. a) Discuss about guiding the search in FOIL.
b) Explain about induction as inverted deduction.
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 Table 1
Sl. No Sky AirTemp Humidity Wind Water Forecas EnloySport
t
1 Sunny Warm Normal Strong Warm Same Yes
2 Sunny Warm High Strong Warm Same Yes
3 Rainy Cold High Strong Warm Change No
4 Sunny Warm High Strong Cool Change Yes

Table 2
Day Outlook Temperature Humidity Wind PlayTennis
1 Sunny Hot High Weak No
2 Sunny Hot High Strong No
3 Overcast Hot High Weak Yes
4 Rainy Mild High Weak Yes
5 Rainy Cool Normal Weak Yes
6 Rainy Cool Normal Strong No
7 Overcast Cool Normal Strong Yes
8 Sunny Mild High Weak No
9 Sunny Cool Normal Weak Yes
10 Rainy Mild Normal Weak Yes
11 Sunny Mild Normal Strong Yes
12 Overcast Cool High Strong Yes
13 Overcast Hot Normal Weak Yes
14 Rainy Mild High Strong No

Table 3
Day A1 A2 A3 Classification
1 True Hot High No
2 True Hot High No
3 False Hot High Yes
4 False Cool Normal Yes
5 False Cool Normal Yes
6 True Cool High No
7 True Hot High No
8 True Hot Normal Yes
9 False Cool Normal Yes
10 False Cool High No