LESSON 1

Definition and Subject Matter

 History- has been known as the study of the past.
 Derived from the Greek Word “historia” which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”.
 It is the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical
evidence.
 It is also focused on writings about wars, revolutions and other important breakthrough.
 History as a discipline existed for around 2,400 years and is as old as mathematics and philosophy.

Definition and Etymology of history from different Historian

Burckhardt
 “History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another”.
Henry Johnson
 “History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened”.
Smith, V.S
 the value and interest of history depend largely on the degree in which the present is illuminated by the
past.
Rapson
 “History is a connected account of the course of events or progress of ideas”.
NCERT
 “History is the scientific study of the past happenings in all their aspects, in life of social group, in the
light of present happenings”.
Jawaharlal Nehru
 “History is the story of man’s struggle through the ages against nature and the elements: against wild
beasts and the jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and to exploit him for
their own benefits”.
 
Element of History
Politics, what government influenced society.
Economics, where money dominates and effect people. Most social classes are based on money and money is
usually what causes conflict in history.
Religion, a total impact on Europe during the 15th century. Religion is important as it affects one’s beliefs and
thought.
Social, how the upper class, middle class and poor class communicate; and how they interact with each other.
Intelligence and knowledge has progress in history.
Art paintings and pictures produced throughout the course of time.

No Documents, No History
 It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event then it cannot be considered
as historical facts.

Valid Historical Documents:

 Government Records
 Chronicle Accounts
 Personal Letters
 Family Tree
 Biography
 Receipts

Discrimination in the Validity of History

 Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a discrimination against other social classes who
were not recorded in paper.
Question and Issues in History
 What is history?
 Why study history?
And history for whom
 Indeed history as a discipline has already turned into complex and dynamics inquiry.
 In simple terms, Historiography is the “History of History”.
 History and Historiography should not be confused with each other.
 Lesson from the past can be used to make sense of the present.
 One of the problem confronted by history is the accusation that the history is always a victor.

HISTORY AND HISTORIAN

  If history is written with agenda or is heavenly influenced by the historia, , is it possible to come up with
an absolute historical truth, is history an objective discipline? If its not is still worthwhile to study?
 These question have haunted historian for many generation.
 Therefore, it is the historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret this
facts. “ Facts cannot speak for themselves”.
 Historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology,
Educations, and influence among others.
 Historical research requires rigor.
SOURCE OF HISTORICAL DATA
1. Published Documents
 Created for large audience and were distributed widely. (i.e. books, magazines, newspaper, government
documents, pamphlets, poster, laws and court decisions)
2. Unpublished Documents
 Personal in nature and may be difficult to find because of few copies existing (i.e. diaries, journals,
school report cards and business ledgers)
3. Oral traditions/ Oral histories
 Provide another way to learn about the past from people with firsthand knowledge of historical events.
4. Visual Documents and Articles
 Include photographs, films, paintings and other types of works. Visual documents usually capture
moments in time

HISTORICAL SOURCES
 With the past history’s subject matter, the historian’s most important research tools are historical
resources.
 In general historical sources can be classified between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources.
PRIMARY SOURCES
 Are those sources which we produce at the same time as the event, period or subject being studied.
Ex: If the historian wishes to study the Commonwealth Constitution of 1935. Historians must find and seek
documents that are happen on the exact or same date and event.
SECONDARY SOURCES
 Are those sources, which we produced by an author who used primary source to produce materials.
 In other words, Secondary Sources are historical sources, which studied a certain historical subject.
Ex: On the subject of Philippine Revolution 1896. Student can read Teodoro Agoncillo Revolt of the Masses the
story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan published originally in 1956.
The Philippine Revolution happen in the last year of the nineteenth century while Teodoro Agoncillo published
his work in 1956 which it is classified as secondary sources.
 Both Primary Sources and Secondary Sources are useful in writing and learning history.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining the physical characteristics
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced and the materials used for
evidence.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
 On the other hand, it is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.
Other Method also used are follows:
 POSITIVISM
 Is the school of thought that emerged between the 18 th and 19th century. This thought requires
empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true.
 Historians were required to show written primary document in order to write a particular knowledge
is true.
 Post-Colonialism
 Is the school of thoughts that emerged in the early 20 th century when formely colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating identities and understanding their societies against their shadow of
the colonial past.
 Post-Colonial history looks at two things in writing history.
1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlights their identity free from that colonial discourse
and knowledge.
2. To criticize the method effects and ideas of colonialism.
 Annales School of Thoughts
 Challenged the canon of history, stating that history should not only be concerned of states and
monarchs.
 Pantayong Pananaw- highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation and discourse
among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is understood by everyone.

DECEPTION CASE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1. HOAX CODE OF KALANTIAW
 One of the most scandalous case of deception in the Philippine History.
 The code was a set of rules contained in an Epic Maragtas which was allegedly written by Datu
Kalantiaw.
 The document was sold to the National Library and was regarded as pre-colonial documents until 1968.
  An American Historian namely William Henry Scott debunk the authenticity of the code due to
anachronism and lack of evidence to prove that the code existed in the Pre-colonial History.
 
2. FERDINAND MARCOS as WW II SOLDIER
 This was widely believed by student of history and Marcos had war medals to show. This claim was
disproven when historian counterchecked Marcos claims with the war records of the United States.

The task of the historian is to look at the available historical sources and select the most relevant and
meaningful for history and for the subject matter that he is studying.

HISTORICAL AGENCIES
1. National Historical Commission of the Philippines
 The NHCP undertake the commemoration of significant events and personages in and safeguard the
blazoning of the national government and its political divisions and instrumentalities.
 It has five divisions:
1. Finance and Administrative
2. Historic Preservation
3. Historic Site and Education
4. Research Publications and Heraldry
5. Material Research Conservation.
6. National Archives of the Philippines
 Government institution of the Republic of the Philippines mandated to collect, store, preserve and make
available, archival records of the government and other primary sources.
1. National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2. National Library.
Has complete microfilm copies of the Philippines Revolutionary Records; compilation of Aguinaldo’s
Revolutionary government; compilation of historical data papers.

LESSON 2
Introduction to History
History has always been known as the study of the past; it was derived from the Greek word historia
which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation. History as a discipline existed around 2,400
years and is as old as mathematics and philosophy. This term was then adapted to classical Latin where it
acquired a new definition. Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people
through written documents and historical evidences. That meaning stuck until the early parts of the 20th
century. History became an important academic discipline. It is the historian’s duty to write about the lives of
important individuals like monarchs, saints, and nobilities.

History also focused on writing about wars, revolutions and other important breakthroughs. It is thus
important to ask: What counts as history? Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no document, no
history.” It means that, unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be
considered as historical fact. Thus, there are valid documents that are being used to record history like receipts,
personal letters, chronicle’s accounts, government records etc. There has also been discrimination on the
validity of history; whereas, restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a discrimination against
other social classes who were not recorded in paper. Others got their historical documents burned or destroyed
in the events of war or colonization. Nobilities, monarchs, the elite and even the middle class would have their
birth, education, marriage, and death as matters of the government and historical record. But the peasant
families and indigenous group did not give much thought on being registered to the government records. There
is a question lingering to our minds; does the absence of documents mean that people of no history or past? Nor
they even existed?

History as a discipline has already turned into a complex and dynamic inquiry. Thus, this
produced various perspectives on the discipline regarding questions such as: What is history? Why study
history? These can be answered through historiography. Historiography is the writing of history, especially
the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the
authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of
critical examination. The term historiography also refers to the theory and history of historical writing. History
and historiography should not be confused with one another. The former is focused with the study is the past,
the events that occurred in the past, and the cause of such events. While, the latter’s object of study is the
history itself (i.e., How was a certain historical text written? Who wrote it? What was the context of its
publication? What particular historical method was employed? What were the sources used?), so on and so
forth. Thus, historiography helps learners to understand more about history.
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
History is a meaningful record of human achievement. It is not merely a list of chronological events but
a truthful, integrated account of the relationships between persons, events, times and places. History is used to
understand the past and to unravel the present in the light of past events and developments. In this modern
world, there are plenty of materials that include history in it. It is important to explain the meaning and
significance of those materials, and to elaborate, analyze, synthesize and philosophize the ideas in the light of
the knowledge we possess. However, historians and students of history need to truly scrutinize these historical
sources to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth. Valid criticisms can be done through
External and Internal criticisms.
 External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the
materials used for the evidence. Example of the things that will be examined in conducting external
criticism of a document includes quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the language and words
used in the material among others.
  Internal criticism on the other hand, is the examination of the evidence. It looks at the content of the
source and examines the circumstance of its production. Internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source; its context; the agenda behind its
creation; the knowledge which informed it; and intended purpose, among others. For example, Japanese
reports and declarations during the period of war should not be taken as a historical fact hastily. Internal
criticism entails the historian acknowledges and analyzes how reports can be manipulated to be used as
war propaganda.

HISTORICAL SOURCES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

The most important research tool of a historian is historical resources. Historical resources can be classified into
two categories; primary and secondary sources. The classification of these sources depends on the historical
subject being studied.
Primary sources are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being
studied. For example, if a historian wishes to study the Commonwealth Constitution Convention of 1935, his
primary source can include minutes of the convention, newspaper clippings, Philippine Commission reports of
the US Commissioners, records, draft of the Constitution, or even photographs.
On the other hand, secondary sources can be defined in two ways: it is anything about a historical event
which was created using primary sources, and/or which was one or more stages removed from the time period
and the event.
A secondhand item; for instance, school textbooks tell you about a time period, but they are all
secondary sources as they were written later, usually by people who weren’t there, and discuss the primary
sources they used when being created. Secondary sources frequently quote or reproduce primary sources, such
as a book using a photograph. The key point is that the people who made these sources are relying on other
testimony rather than their own.
Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history; and in conclusion with
that, validating historical sources is important because the use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful historical
sources can lead to equally false conclusions. Thus, without thorough criticisms of historical evidences,
historical deceptions and lies will be highly probable.

LESSON 3
Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENT
The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio Pigaffeta
 This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the sixteenth
century.
 It was written on board one of the 5 ships that was first circumnavigate the world during an expedition
that was led by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and After his death during the Voyage, by
Juan Sebastian Elcano. The expedition started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1512.
  Name of Spanish fleet that was led by Ferdinand Magellan: Armada de Molucca.
 Provided by King Charles V, included by ships:
 The Trinidad- ( 55 crew) under the command of Magellan.
 The San Antonio- ( 60 crew) under the command of Juan de Cartageña.
 The Concepcion- (45 crew) under the command of Gaspar de Queseda
 The Santiago- ( 32 crew ) under the command of Juan Rodriguez Serrano
 The Victoria- ( 43 crew) under the command of Luz Mendoza.
• Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented copies of his account to several high personages, including
Pope Clement VII, mother of King France I.
• His original diary was lost and it is not known in what language it was written.
• Survive in 4 manuscript version; one in Italian 3 in French.
 Background of the Author
Antonio Pigafetta
 Born sometime in the closing year of the 15th century
 Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zoga
 The eldest child among his sibling of 2.
 Was a native of Vicenza, a town about a hundred-kilometer west of Venice, Italy.
 He studied astronomy, geography and cartography.
 Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Sebastian Elcano in the Famous Expedition to
Mollucas which began in August 1519 and ended September 1522.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL IMFORMATION FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT
• Throughout the expedition, there served a Translator named Enrique.
• Enrique was from Sumatra ( present day Indonesia) and was a slave of Ferdinand Magellan.
• Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malacca.
• CHRONOLOGICAL EVENT OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• March 17, 1521
• -Originally March 16
• -Arrival in Zamal ( Samar at present)
• -The island called Humunu ( now Homohon)
• -Magellan and his men called it The Watering place of Good Signs.
• There are many island in that district and therefore they called them the archipelago of San Lazaro as
they were discovered on the Sunday of St. Lazarus.
April 1, 1521
 originally March 31
 The First Mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua ( Limasawa)
 It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu , Raia Siagu, Spanish Voyagers, and the local islanders.
April 8, 1521
 originally April 7
 Magellan and His men entered the Port of Zubu.
April 8 1521
 Initially Magellan and his men encountered some struggle when first entering the port of Zubu.
 The King of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but Magellan refused and told
the translator that they are working for the King of Spain and threaten him with war.
April 15, 1521
 originally April 14
 A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people attendong the ceremony.
 800 Soul was baptized.
 Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Lady a very beautiful wooden child Jesus and a Cross.
 She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in place of her idols and this image of Child Jesus is now
known as the Sto. Niño found in Cebu.
April 27, 1521
 originally April 26
 According to Zula the Chief of Mactan, Lapu-Lapu refused to obeyed the King Of Spain.
 Magellan was not pleased since they went to Mactan to garner food for their expedition.
April 28, 1521
 originally April 27
 At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets and helmets, Christian King, Prince,
some of the chief men 20 or 30 Balanghais.
 The Local Islander had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire.
 They shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off his head
twice.
Contribution of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative in Philippine History
 Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described what the local islander wore, what they ate, how they
communicated and how they lived.
  Pigafetta’s journal is the only known document about Lapu-Lapu’s Life
 Considered the best source today of the custom and usages of the Filipinos in the early 16th century due
to the daily notes Pigafetta took details about the expedition that he wrote.

LESSON 4
The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan and Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine
Independence” 
Introduction:
 The kartilya ng Katipunan serves as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out
the group’s rules and principles. It was primarily written by Andres Bonifacio. Kartilya ng Katipunan
has 13 paragraphs that contains the values that a Katipunero should have. Each paragraph is unique in
such way that they tackle different aspect of a person’s life.
Founding of the Katipunan
7 July 1892
 The Katipunan was established by Andres Bonifacio together with Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz,
Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato Arellano in a house in Azacarraga Street (Claro M. Recto) in Tondo,
Manila.
 The Katipunan was a secret revolutionary society of Filipino Patriots.
Aims/Objectives of Katipunan:
 Politcal Goal- to completely separate the Philippines from Spain and declaring the country’s
independence.
 Moral Goal- to teach Filipinos good manner, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals and how to guard
themselves against religious fanaticism.
 Civic Goal- to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.
KKK (Kaastaasan, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan)
 Is the most of important organization formed in the Philippine History.
 It was the only Katipunan that envisioned:
1. A United Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for
2. The total independence of the country from Spain. 
Previous armed revolts have already occurred before the foundation of the Katipunan but none of them
envisioned a Unified Filipino nation revolting against the colonizer.
Example:
1. Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who took up his arms and led one of the longest running revolt in
the country. Silang, however was mainly concerned about his locality and referred himself As “ El Rey
de Ilocos” ( the King of Ilocos).
 2. The propaganda movement led by the “ Ilustrados” like Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena and
Jose Rizal but did not envision a total separation of the Philippines from Spain, but only demanded equal
rights, representation and protection from the abuses of the friar.
 In the conduct of their struggle, Katipunan created a complex structure and a defined value system that
would guide the organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal.
 The original title of the document was “Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” or Lesson
of the Organization of the “Sons of Country”
Authors Background:
Andres Bonifacio
 The Great Plebian
 Born in Tondo on November 30, 1863, the first child of poor parents.
 Named after the St. Andrew the Patron Saint of Manila.
 He had three brothers and Two sister:
 Ciriaco
 Procopio
 Espiridiona
 Troadio
 Maxima
 His parent died when he was 14 years old.
 He supported his siblings by selling in bamboo canes and paper fan in the city street.
 He also worked as a warehouse keeper in a mosaic tile factory Sta.Mesa
 He also worked as a messenger and promoted as an agent in Fleming and company but he transferred to
Fressell and Company for a higher wage.
 He started his education in the school of Guillermo Osmeña, a private primary school in Tondo.
 He educated himself by extensive reading of good books in learning Spanish by Self-study.
 Monica- first wife of Bonifacio who died because of leprosy.
 Gregoria De Jesus- second wife of Bonifacio whom he had a son named Andres who died because of
smallpox.
 
Emilio Jacinto
 Brain of the Katipunan
 The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896.
 Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement.
 He was a law student at the Universidad de San Tomas.
 Became the secretary of the organization and took charge of the short-lived printing press of the
Katipunan.
 On April 15, 1897, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the in Northern Luzon, Jacinto was
22 years old.
 He died on April 16,1899 at the age of 23 because of malaria.
 Katipunan Government
 Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)- for the whole country.
 Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)- for every Province.
 Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council)- for every town.
 The Judicial Council- of KKK was exercised by the Sanggunian Hukuman (Judicial Council)
 It decided cases involving treachery among the members and quarrels between them.
 Katipunan Assembly- composed
 
Procedure of Katipunan Membership
 Hazing
 Entrance Fee- 25 centavos
 Monthly Payment- 12 centavos
 
3 Grades Types of the Katipunan Membership
 Katipon (Password: Anak ng Bayan)
 Kawal (Password: Gomburza)
 Bayani (Password: Rizal)

 Officers of KKK
 The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was organized in August 1, 1892.It was composed of the
following:
 President (Supremo)- Deodato Arellano
  Comptroller (Intervenor) – Andres Bonifacio
 Fiscal-Ladislao Diwa
 Secretary- Teodoro Plata
 Treasurer- Valentin Diaz
 Deodato Arellano- was the first President of Katipunan.
 Roman Basa- became the Supremo because Bonifacio was disgusted over the performance of Arellano.
Two years after, another election was held with the following as officers:
 Supremo- Andres Bonifacio
 Secretary of State- Emilio Jacinto
 Secretary of War- Teodoro Plata
 Secretary of Justice- Briccio Pantas
 Secretary of Interior- Aguedo Del Rosario
 Secretary of Finance- Enrique Pacheco
Women of Katipunan
 At the beginning, the Katipunan was exclusively for men.
 Women were lately admitted to preserve peace in the family, because the wives of the Katipuneros were
becoming jealous of the nightly absences of their husbands and the reduction of their monthly earnings.
Qualifications for Female Members:
 Wife of a Katipunero
 Daughter of a Katipunero.
 Sister of a Katipunero.
 Any close relative of a Katipunero 
Prominent Katipuneras:
 Gregoria de Jesus
 Maria Dizon
 Simeona de Remigio
 Josefa Rizal
 Trinidad Rizal
 Melchora Ramos y Aquino
Service of the Women in the Katipunan
 They guarded the secret documents and paraphernalia of the society.
 They helped recruiting new members of the society.
 Whenever the Katipuneros were holding their secret meeting, they held a gay party to cover up the
revolutionary activity.
Literature of the Katipunan 
Emilio Jacinto
 Youngest and greatest writer of the Katipunan.
 His pen name was Dimas-Ilaw.
 He wrote the following:
 A la Patria - his poetical masterpiece.
 Liwanag at Dilim- a series of essays on human rights, liberty, equality of men, labor and love of
country.
 Kartilya ng Katipunan- contains the teachings of the KKK.
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 The physician of the Katipunan.
 He helped Jacinto in putting up the Kalayaan, the Katipunan’s newspaper.
 Madlang Away (fight of the people)-his pen name.
 Collaborated with his best friend Bonifacio in writing the manifesto entitled Sa Mga Kababayan.
 
Kalayaan
 Newspaper of the KKK.
 Realizing the value of the printed word. Bonifacio and his friends established a printing press and an
organ of for the society.
 
Isabelo delos Reyes
 The printing press was purchased from him.
 The money used to by the printing press was donated by two visayan katipuneros.
 Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban- whose ticket won the lottery.
 
 The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains fourteen rules that instruct the way
a Katipunero should be have and which specific values should he uphold. Generally, the rules stated in the
kartilya can be classified into two:
1. The first group contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual and
2. The second group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men.
 Below is the translated version of the rules in Kartilya:
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and words
to what is in itself reasonable.
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty
are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
VI. To the honorable man his word is sacred.
VII. Do not waste thy time wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children, if he who guides move toward evil
those whom he guides will also go there.
XI. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with
thee the penalties of life; her physical weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee
of mother who bore thee and reared thee.
XII. What thou not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a king , because his no is aquiline, and his color white, not because
he is a priest, a servant of god, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is
worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does not good, keep his words, is worthy and
honest , he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but of his own.
ANALYSIS OF THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 Similar to what we have done to the account of Pigafetta, this primary sources also needs to analyzed in
terms of content and context.
1. As a document written for a fraternity whose main purpose is to overflow a colonial regime. We can
explain the content and provisions of the Kartilya and as a reaction and response to certain value
systems and they found despicable in the present state of things that they struggled against with.
2. Moreover, one can analyze the values upheld in the document as a consistent with burgeoning rational
and liberal ideas in the eighteen and nineteenth century.
 3. In the contemporary eyes the Katipunan can be criticized because of these provisions, However, one
must not forget the context where the organization.