ILOCOS SUR

POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

READINGS
IN THE
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY

PANGALAN:_______________________________________________________________
KURSO AT
TAON:____________________________________________________________________
Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
 ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

Readings in Philippine History

MIDTERM
a) Meaning and relevance of history, the distinction of primary and secondary
sources; external and internal criticism; repositories of primary sources, and different
kinds of primary sources

b) Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources; identification of the

historical importance of the text; and examination of the author's main argument and
point of view

c) INDIGENOUS BELIEFS
i. Reading: "Bangka, Kaluluwa at Katutubong Paniniwala" by Dr. Maria Bernadette L.
Abrera

d) BAYBAYIN
i. Reading: "Baybayin Revisited" by Damon L. Woods
https://www.baybayan.ph/

e) INDIGENOUS ASTRONOMY
i. Group Report No. 1: "Balatik: Katutubong Bituin ng mga Pilipino" by Dr. Dante L.
Ambrosio

f) SPANISH COLONIALISM AND THE PINTADOS

i. Reading: "Catechism of the Body" by Resil Mojares

g) HISTORY OF FILIPINO SURNAMES

i. Reading: Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos by Narciso Claveria
ii. Reading: "Claveria's Catalogue" by Paul Morrow

h) REDUCCION, POLO Y SERVICIOS AND TAXATION

i.  "Reduccion sa Bohol sa Dantaon 16 hanggang 19" ni Amelia S. Ferrer

i) TAGABAYAN VS TAONG LABAS

 i. Lecture: “Si Mariang Makiling” ni Jose Rizal
ii.  "Ang mga Taong Labas, ang Kabayanihan, at ang Diskurso ng Kapangyarihan at
Kasaysayan" ni Dr. Francis A. Gealogo

j) PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE ILUSTRADO CLASS

i. Reading: “Dasalan at Tocsohan” ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar

FINALS
Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
k) "One past but many histories": controversies and conflicting views in Philippine
history
   
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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i. Site of the First Mass

   ii. Cavite Mutiny
   iii. Retraction of Rizal
  iv. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin

L) Social, political, economic and cultural issues in Philippine history

Mandated topics:
      1. Agrarian Reform Policies
      2. The Philippine Constitution:1899 Malolos Constitution; 1935 Constitution; 1973
Constitution; 1987 Constitution
      3. Taxation

Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE

Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
 ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

MODULE FOR MIDTERM:

Let me ask you four simple questions and you decide for yourself:

(a) Do you appreciate the preservation of our old buildings?

(b)  Do you have the intention of visiting the historical places in Cavite?
(c) Would you watch historical movies or documentaries?
(d)  Have you ever been to the National Museum?

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

"A future with your past"

MEANING OF HISTORY:

Accdg. to Institute of Historical Research

-the bodies of knowledge about the past produced by historians, together with
everything that Gen
Course Code: is involved
Ed 102 in the production, communication of, and
Instructor: MA. a ARCE
JOY T. teaching about
thatDescriptive
knowledge. Title: Readings in the Philippine History

Accdg. To New World Encyclopedia

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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

- it is a word of multiple meanings, all related to the past. When used as the
name of a field study, history traditionally refers to the study and interpretation of the
written record of past human activity, people, societies, and civilizations leading up to
the present day.

Why study
history? 

 History will give you a combination of skills and insights that will help you to: 
• Prepare you for work 
• Enable you to participate fully in society 
• Develop you as a person (John Redmond, 1893)
 • History is very relevant to modern life 
• Many books, films, and plays are inspired by historical events 
• Many people enjoy history as a hobby, as can be seen in the popularity of history
books, films and documentaries -Michael Collins Arthur Griffith
• History also helps us to understand many of the issues that affect the world today
 • By broadening your knowledge of current affairs, you are developing yourself
personally and preparing yourself more fully for adult and working life 
• History is unique in that it investigates how human life has changed over time 
• You will develop your understanding of change through the perspectives of political,
social, cultural, economic, religious and scientific history -Michael Collins, Apollo 11

 Relevance to life 

• You will develop an appreciation of the society in which you live and of other
societies, past and
Course Code: Gen Edpresent
102 • You will also developInstructor:
a greater MA.
awareness of your own
JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings
identity and traditions in the Philippine History
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
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MODULE
• You will learn more about the particular role of women in shaping the past -Mary
Robinson Hanna Sheehy Skeffington
 Relevance to careers Employers tends to see those with a history education as: 
• Independent thinkers 
• Open-minded and objective 
• Disciplined 
• Good communicators 
• Able to analyze issues and problems 
• Able to put together logical arguments

 Relevance to careers Historians

       are regarded as having had an education that trains their minds to assemble,
organize and present facts and opinions and this is a very useful quality in many
walks of life and careers … history is excellent preparation for very many other
jobs [Which? magazine, 2000] Eucharistic Congress, 1932

Communication skills 
• The study of history is not just about interpreting the past but also presenting your
thoughts 
• History helps you to write in an organized, coherent, logical way, supporting your
views with evidence 
• This will help you in your other subjects, as well as in life and work later

Research skills 
Your study of the past will introduce you to many different types of evidence, such as
• Maps 
• Photographs 
• Political cartoons 
• Diary entries 
• Memoirs 
• Photographs 
Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
• Official records 
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• By exploring these types of evidence you will enhance your research skills 
• You will become skilled at locating historical data from different sources, evaluating
it and recording and presenting your findings 
• You will also realize the importance of looking at issues from more than one point
of view

 Analytical skills
• You will also develop your ability to think critically, to evaluate the usefulness of
sources, to detect bias or propaganda

 Information and Communication Technology ICT skills

• History allows you to access ICT, developing skills that are relevant to life and work
today
• The Internet offers a huge range of appropriate historical web sites
• Many other electronic resources also exist for the study of histories, such as CD-
ROMs, library databases and catalogs
• The use of modern digital media makes studying history very enjoyable and
stimulating

" History is who we are and why we are the way we are "(David McCullough) 

In conclusion, Choosing history allows you to acquire a combination of skills and

insights that will
• broaden your understanding of the world
• develop you as a person
• prepare you for a future career
• enable you to participate fully in society

IMPORTANT SOURCES OF HISTORY (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

SOURCES)
Article shared by : 
        The secondary source is the evidence of someone who was not present at the
time of occurrence of the event e.g., books written by historians. The secondary
source is also of great historical importance to historians. Although the secondary
source is itself dependent on primary sources.

    Course
   A primary source may contain secondary Instructor:
Code: Gen Ed 102
information e.g., newspapers are
MA. JOY T. ARCE
usually considered
Descriptive primaryinsources
Title: Readings but the
the Philippine information provided by the newspaper is
History
not all based on primary sources. Such as certain incidents reported by the paper
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
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MODULE
may be such which the correspondent saw or in he actually took part while certain
offer information may be based on official information or sources considered reliable.

Primary Sources:

The primary sources can be classified into the following categories:

(1) Contemporary Records:
These types of primary sources are in the form of the instruction documents,
stenographic and phonographic records. The business and legal paper and
autobiographies, etc. The instruction documents may be in the form of an
appointment notification, and direction from a foreign office to the ambassador, etc.
Generally, such documents have very little chance of error but it is essential to
ascertain their authenticity.

The Business and legal letters consist of the bills, journals, leases, wills, tax records
which gives an insight into the working of the firms as well as the persons. The
autobiographies are a credible source of history because they are very close to the
events with which they deal and written by a person himself. These are non-
prejudicial.

(2) Confidential Reports:

The confidential reports are not intended for a general audience and are less reliable
than the contemporary sources. These types of reports are generally in the forms of
military and diplomatic dispatches, Journals, diaries or memoirs, and personal
letters.
(3) Public Reports:
The public reports are meant for the general public and less reliable. There are three
types of public reports and each possesses a different degree of reliability, such as—
Newspaper reports and dispatches are more reliable which depends upon the
agency from which it originated and the newspaper in which it is published; Memoirs
and autobiographies are another public reports which are written for the public at the
close of the life when the memoirs of author is fading and are, therefore, not very
reliable and the official histories of the activities of government or business house
are also an important kind of public reports. They possess incriminating material and
less reliable.
(4) Government Documents:
Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
Numerous government documents are compiled which are also a source of vita!
importance to historians such as statistics about the fiscal, census and vital matters
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE
which can be made use of by the historians. All these reports have first-hand
importance but require proper evaluation before the use.
(5) Public Opinion:
The public opinion as expressed in editorials, speeches, pamphlets, letter to the
editor is another important source available to the historian, But the authenticity of
this must be corroborated by other evidence because public opinion may not be
always reliable,
(6) Folklores and Proverbs:
The folklores which reveal the stories of legendary heroes are also an important
source of history. They tell us about the aspirations, superstitions, and customs of
the people among whom- the stories developed, e.g. “Alla-Uddal” the hero
Rajputana.
To make the use of these folklores the historian should not only possess a thorough
knowledge of the history of the period but also able to distinguish between the
legendary and authentic elements. Similarly, proverbs can give us an idea but
scholars must have a thorough knowledge of the customs and traditions.

Secondary Sources:

The primary sources can be of great help to the historian if he has acquired a
thorough knowledge of the background through the study of secondary sources, i.e.
the works of the great and important historians of the proposed area and period of
research. On the basis of this knowledge, he can utilize the contemporary document
at a relevant places and can correct the secondary sources.
Criticism:

As the historian draws his conclusions and generalizations on the basis of these
documents and facts it is essential to check up the authenticity of the documents and
facts. It is the duty of the historian to doubt every statement until it has been critically
tested. This criticism can be of two types, i.e. External and Internal.

Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE

Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

by: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Internal-and-External-Criticism-from-
Neuman-2003-p421_fig1_279943052

(1) External Criticism:

The ‘External Criticism’ is of a less intellectual type of criticism of the documents. It
includes examinations of documents like manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps,
inscriptions, and monuments. The problem of authenticity of document arises more
in the case of manuscripts than the printed documents because the printed
document has already been authenticated by the editor.

Historian has to resort to a number of tests to determine the authenticity of a

particular document in his proposed area of research such as— ‘Authorship’ the first
question while examining the authenticity of a document is its author. Even the
anonymous writings can provide us useful and important knowledge. But the
discovery of an author’s or writer’s name adds the authenticity of the information
because of the character, connections and trustworthiness of the author determine
the Course
authenticity.
Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

Secondly, “Date of Document”, i.e. the time, place of publication of the document
must be inquired to determine the authenticity of the document. In the modern
publications year and place of publication is indicated on the book or document on
the title page or backside (overleaf). However, in the old manuscript where the data
and place are absent, it can be found out from the language or from the date of birth
and death of the author.

Thirdly, the historian confronts the textual errors which may be either unintentional or
deliberately committed. Unintentional error can take place in the copies of the
documents (originals are not available). These mistakes may be caused by the
scribe, typist or printer.

An intention error may creep in when the effort is made to modify, supplement or
continue the original. This problem can be overcome through textual criticism. Under
this technique, the effort is made to collect as many copies of dubious text as
possible and they are compared.

If the ideas and style do not match or resemble the idea and style of the author it can
be safely assumed that they were not parts of the original manuscript and were
forged by the later ones. Further’ more, the textual accuracy can be solved with the
help of “sciences auxiliary” to history such as “Paleographists” have authenticated
numerous documents of the medieval period by their handwriting and have
published easily legible printed versions.

The “archaeologists” provides rich information to the historians, the “numismatists”

by dating the coins, medals and deciphering their inscriptions render valuable
assistance. Fourthly, after the confirmation of the authenticity of the sources
historians confronted with the different terms used in the document.

The meaning of words often changes from generation to generation. Therefore

historians must find out the meaning and sense in which it has been used in the
document. The misinterpretation of terms may lead to a misunderstanding of
historical development.

In this way,
Course even
Code: Gen after
Ed 102the historian established Instructor:
the authenticity
MA. JOYof the documents
T. ARCE
andDescriptive
discoveredTitle:
theReadings
meaningin the
of Philippine
the text History
his duty is not over. He is confronted with
another important problem with the credibility of the document.
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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2) Internal Criticism:

While collecting the material, it must be remembered that a document contains the
idea of the man who wrote. A historian must analyze the contents of the documents
with a view to determining the real meaning. He must try to avoid the laps such as
avoid the reading into meaning which author did not mean to convey, etc., and make
a sincere effort to find out the facts even if they are contrary to his set notions and
theories.

He must be able to understand the literal and real meaning of the document which is
termed as ‘Positive Criticism’. It reveals us with the author’s conceptions and general
notion which he represents. On another hand, historian sometimes comes across
documents which contradict each other. Hence the need for eliminating statements
and facts which are obviously wrong and false arises.

Therefore, historians have come to hold the view that all that cannot be proved must
be temporarily regarded as doubtful because of the incompetence and unreliability of
the author which prevents him from telling the truth even when he knows. To assess
the correctness of the fact, the historian must ascertain whether the author had the
opportunity to know the facts as an eyewitness or not.

What wasCode:
Course his source of information and how much
Gen Ed 102 time elapsed
Instructor: MA. JOYbetween
T. ARCE the event
andDescriptive
the record? But
Title: the dependable
Readings testimony
in the Philippine History depends on a number of factors such
as ability and willingness to tell the truth, the accuracy of the report and independent
corroboration. However, it may be noted that there is a possibility that a skillful liar
 ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE
may deliberately create the condition, i.e. ability and willingness to tell the truth with
accuracy to establish the credibility of his statements.

Therefore, in those cases, the credibility must not be accepted without proper
investigation. Moreover, if there is an agreement between documents, we cannot
draw the conclusion that the facts are definitive but we must ensure that the facts are
harmonious and prove each other are interconnected.

Activity #1: WORDHUNT

Instruction: Find and encircle the correct answer on the board. Read carefully the
question. Good Luck!

A S Q W P G A E C J
K D A I O X Z J K L
P R I M A R Y D V L
S G E W P G H J C P
E A S Y U E T T U I
C O U B B J T E I P
O A F M L S Y K U O
N W A H I S T O R Y
D S U W C E W R U O
A B B R O P G H S A
R A J T P E T Y U O
Y V K U I A Q D G U
L Y A K N R T W G O
O T U L I E R T J H
P R I Q O P A S Y W
Y C P B N N M G J Y
E E X T E R N A L O

Question:
1. It is unique in that it investigates how human life has changed over time.
2. It may contain secondary information e.g., newspapers are usually considered
primary sources but the information provided by the newspaper is not all based on
primary sources.
3. TheCode:
Course worksGenof Ed
the102
great and important historiansInstructor:
of the proposed area
MA. JOY and period of
T. ARCE
research are one of the examples of this kind
Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History of source.
4. It is as expressed in editorials, speeches, pamphlets, letter to the editor is another
important source available to the historian.
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SantaCOLLEGE
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MODULE

5. It includes examinations of documents like manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps,

inscriptions, and monuments
Activity #2. ESSAY. 5 points each.

1. Differentiate primary sources and secondary sources?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________

2. When do you say information is primary or secondary sources?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________

3. Is history important as a source of information? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________

4. How does Internal Criticism differ on External Criticism? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________

Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE

Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History
 ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
SantaCOLLEGE
Maria Campus

MODULE

ACTIVITY #3. ORIGIN OF YOUR NAME.

1. Write the history/etymology of your name.

Course Code: Gen Ed 102 Instructor: MA. JOY T. ARCE

Descriptive Title: Readings in the Philippine History